Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
high protein foods, ultraprocessed foods, ad libitum energy intake, metabolic chamber, energy balance, macronutrient oxidation, appetite control
Brief summary
Aim of the study is to investigate the effects of high-protein, ultraprocessed foods on the regulation of energy balance in a metabolic chamber. The primary outcome parameter of the study is the energy balance (ad libitum energy intake and energy expenditure).
Detailed description
Each of the two study weeks starts with a 3-day run-in period with controlled diet at home, following 48 hours in a metabolic chamber. On the day the participants leave the metabolic chamber, they keep a food record over the rest of the day at home. 1. week: meals containing 30 % protein (80 % ultraprocessed high-protein foods), physical activity level (PAL) 1.45, 2 intervention days in the metabolic chamber: ad libitum energy intake 2. week: meals containing 13 % protein (80 % ultraprocessed foods with moderate protein content), physical activity level (PAL) 1.45, 2 intervention days in the metabolic chamber: ad libitum energy intake
Interventions
OTHERhigh protein diet
48 hours intervention with a 'high protein' ad libitum diet (30 % protein; 80 % commercially available ultraprocessed foods) to measure energy balance in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.45
OTHERmoderate protein diet
48 hours intervention with a 'moderate protein' ad libitum diet (13 % protein; 80 % commercially available ultraprocessed foods) to measure energy balance in a metabolic chamber at physical activity level of 1.45
Sponsors
University of Kiel
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Intervention model description
all subjects are undergoing each intervention
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* healthy * BMI 19-29 kg/m2 * low-medium habitual physical activity * women with regular menstrual cycle (during intervention in follicular phase)
Exclusion criteria
* smoking * chronic illnesses (e.g. renal dysfunction) * regular intake of medication * food allergies / intolerances * vegans and vegetarians * regular high physical activity (exercise \>1 hour/d) * current weight loss diet / weight loss of \>5 kg in the last 3 months * pregnant / lactating women * persons incapable of giving informed legal consent * restraint eaters (according to the German version of the 'Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire', Stunkard und Messick (1985))
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ad libitum energy intake | 24 hours | ad libitum energy intake (kcal/day) of the foods consumed (breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks) |
| energy expenditure | 24 hours | measured with indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber (kcal/day) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| eating rate | 3 x 30 per 24 hours (during main meals) | time to finish the meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner), (kcal/min; g/min) |
| oral processing behaviour (chewing) | 3 x 30 per 24 hours (during main meals) | chews per bite, bite size, oral exposure per bite |
| gastric emptying | 5 hours after breakfast on first day of each intervention; intervals 15 min | measured with 13C-octanoic acid breath test |
| macronutrient oxidation | 24 hours | measured with indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber (respiratory quotient, RQ) |
| appetite regulating hormone - GLP-1 | 5 hours after breakfast on second day of each intervention; intervals 30 min | Glucose Like Peptide-1 concentration in plasma (15 hours AUC; pg/mL) |
| appetite regulating hormone - PYY | 5 hours after breakfast on second day of each intervention; intervals 30 min | Peptide YY concentration in plasma (15 hours AUC; pg/mL) |
| appetite control - subjective feelings of hunger | 5 hours after breakfast on first day of each intervention; intervals 30 min | measured with visual analogue scales (5 hours AUC; mm x 5 hours). The scale consists of a 10 cm vertical line anchored with not hungry at all at the left side and with extremely hungry at the right side. |
| appetite regulating hormone - ghrelin | 5 hours after breakfast on second day of each intervention; intervals 30 min | Ghrelin concentration in plasma (15 hours AUC; pg/mL) |
| glycemia - glucose AUC | 24 hours | glucose AUC from continuous glucose monitoring data (mg/dL x 24 hours) |
Countries
Germany
Outcome results
None listed