Healthy Aging
Conditions
Brief summary
The present study aims at analyzing the dose-response effects of a recreational team handball-based exercise programme on cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal and physical fitness markers of inactive middle-aged and older men, without previous experience with the sport. The researchers hypothesized a positive weekly training frequency effect on health and physical fitness outcomes.
Interventions
All training sessions consisted of a standardized 15-min warm-up (running, coordination, strength, flexibility and balance exercises), followed by 3x15-min periods of recreational team handball matches interspersed by 2-min breaks, performed in an indoor team handball court. The matches were played as small and formal game formats (4v4, 5v5, 6v6 or 7v7).
Sponsors
Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development
Universidade do Porto
Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto
University of Southern Denmark
Porto Sports Medicine Center (IPDJ, IP)
Gaia City Hall
Portuguese Handball Federation
São João University Hospital Centre
EPIUnit, Public Health Institute, University of Porto
University Institute of Maia
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
50 Years to 75 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Male participants; inactive with 50 or more years of age (i.e., not complying with the physical activity guidelines for the last 6 months).
Exclusion criteria
* Any medical contraindication to perform moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; incapacity to run or grip a ball.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in maximal oxygen uptake | Baseline and week 16 | Maximal oxygen uptake (mL/min/kg) was measured by pulmonary gas exchange measurements. The participants performed an incremental treadmill test until voluntary exhaustion in a laboratory, according to a standardized incremental protocol. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in diastolic blood pressure | Baseline and week 16 | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) was measured in a laboratory by an automatic upper arm blood pressure monitor (multiparameter patient monitor, Omron Z207, Kyoto, Japan) according to standardized procedures. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in resting heart rate | Baseline and week 16 | Resting heart rate (bpm) was measured in a laboratory by an automatic upper arm blood pressure monitor (multiparameter patient monitor, Omron Z207, Kyoto, Japan) according to standardized procedures. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in whole-body mass | Baseline and week 16 | Whole-body mass was measured by a whole-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left arm total mass | Baseline and week 16 | Left arm total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right arm total mass | Baseline and week 16 | Right arm total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left leg total mass | Baseline and week 16 | Left leg total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right leg total mass | Baseline and week 16 | Right leg total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in gynoid total mass | Baseline and week 16 | Gynoid total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in android total mass | Baseline and week 16 | Android total mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in whole-body fat mass | Baseline and week 16 | Whole-body fat mass was measured by a whole-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left arm fat mass | Baseline and week 16 | Left arm fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right arm fat mass | Baseline and week 16 | Right arm fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left leg fat mass | Baseline and week 16 | Left leg fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right leg fat mass | Baseline and week 16 | Right leg fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in gynoid fat mass | Baseline and week 16 | Gynoid fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in android fat mass | Baseline and week 16 | Android fat mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in whole-body lean mass | Baseline and week 16 | Whole-body lean mass was measured by a whole-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left arm lean mass | Baseline and week 16 | Left arm lean mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right arm lean mass | Baseline and week 16 | Right arm lean mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in left leg lean mass | Baseline and week 16 | Left leg lean mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in right leg lean mass | Baseline and week 16 | Right leg lean mass was measured by a regional-body dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry following standard procedures |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in whole-body bone mineral density | Baseline and week 16 | Whole-body bone mineral density dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry scans following standard procedures. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in whole-body bone mineral content | Baseline and week 16 | Whole-body bone mineral content dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry scans following standard procedures. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in lumbar spine bone mineral density | Baseline and week 16 | Lumbar spine bone mineral density dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry regional scans following standard procedures. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in lumbar spine bone mineral content | Baseline and week 16 | Lumbar spine bone mineral content dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry regional scans following standard procedures. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in femur bone mineral density | Baseline and week 16 | Femur bone mineral density dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry regional scans following standard procedures. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in femur bone mineral content | Baseline and week 16 | Femur bone mineral content dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry regional scans following standard procedures. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in procollagen type-1 amino-terminal propeptide | Baseline and week 16 | Plasma concentrations of biochemical bone turnover markers were analyzed by chemiluminescence method using a fully automated immunoassay system. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in osteocalcin | Baseline and week 16 | Plasma concentrations of biochemical bone turnover markers were analyzed by chemiluminescence method using a fully automated immunoassay system. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in carboxy-terminal type-1 collagen crosslinks | Baseline and week 16 | Plasma concentrations of biochemical bone turnover markers were analyzed by chemiluminescence method using a fully automated immunoassay system. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in sclerostin | Baseline and week 16 | Plasma concentrations of biochemical bone turnover markers were analyzed by chemiluminescence method using a fully automated immunoassay system. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in isometric upper body strength | Baseline and week 16 | Isometric upper body strength was measured by a handgrip dynamometer (kg). |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in postural balance | Baseline and week 16 | Postural balance was evaluated by the number of falls in a single-legged flamingo balance test. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in upper and lower body strength, and coordination | Baseline and week 16 | Upper and lower body strength (N), and coordination (s) tests were measured according to Rikili and Jones ( 2013) standardized protocols. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in aerobic performance | Baseline and week 16 | Aerobic performance (Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 test; YYIE1) (m) was evaluated on an indoor team handball court, acording to a standardized protocol. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in total cholesterol | Baseline and week 16 | Total cholesterol (mg/dl) was determined by an automated analyzer. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | Baseline and week 16 | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) was determined by an automated analyzer. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | Baseline and week 16 | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) was determined by an automated analyzer. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in triglycerides | Baseline and week 16 | Triglycerides (mg/dl) was determined by an automated analyzer. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in glycosylated haemoglobin | Baseline and week 16 | Glycosylated haemoglobin (%) was determined by an automated analyzer. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in systolic blood pressure | Baseline and week 16 | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) was measured in a laboratory by an automatic upper arm blood pressure monitor (multiparameter patient monitor, Omron Z207, Kyoto, Japan) according to standardized procedures. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in insulin | Baseline and week 16 | Fasting blood insulin (µmol/L) was determined was determined by an automated analyzer. |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in total antioxidant status | Baseline and week 16 | Total antioxidant status (TAS) (mmol/L) was measured in plasma samples using AU5800 (Beckman-Coulter®, USA) |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in glutathione reductase | Baseline and week 16 | Glutathione reductase (GR) (U/L) was measured in plasma samples using AU5800 (Beckman-Coulter®, USA) |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in glutathione peroxidase | Baseline and week 16 | Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (U/L) was measured in plasma samples using AU5800 (Beckman-Coulter®, USA) |
| Within-group changes from baseline to 16 weeks, and between-group changes in week 16, in glucose | Baseline and week 16 | Glucose (mg/dl) was determined by an automated analyzer. |
Countries
Portugal
Outcome results
None listed