Behavior Problem, Parenting
Conditions
Keywords
child screen media use; behavior; parenting
Brief summary
This project is a study funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to develop and pilot test an adapted parenting intervention to decrease excessive/inappropriate screen media use in young children with externalizing behavior problems.
Detailed description
The goal of this study is to develop and pilot test an adapted screen time intervention for parents of young children with externalizing behavior problems. As young children's access and exposure to different types of screen media devices has increased, so has public health concern around the links between unhealthy early screen media use (including excessive use and exposure to inappropriate content) and poor child outcomes. Research shows that exposure to screen media and externalizing behavior problems in young children are linked. Externalizing behavior problems also present a significant barrier to parents attempting to adhere to screen media use recommendations. Despite these public health concerns, screen media use interventions have not yet specifically targeted children with externalizing behavior problems. To address this need, the investigators propose to explore a novel approach to intervening around screen time, by adapting a behavioral parenting intervention designed for parents of children with externalizing behavior problems to integrate content around screen time. Leveraging an existing evidence-based parenting intervention will allow for the intervention to target parenting generally, as well as screen time specific parenting, without requiring additional resources. This study will focus on adapting a group-based parenting intervention, the School Readiness Parenting Program (SRPP). The SRPP is an 8-week parenting intervention based on a group Parent-Child Interaction Therapy model. In total, 55 parents of preschool-aged children with externalizing behavior problems will be recruited. Following a development phase, the investigators will conduct a small open trial (n = 15) to assess the feasibility of the screen time adapted intervention and families' satisfaction and response to treatment. At this phase, the investigators will also pilot a multimodal method of tracking child screen use using objective data from mobile devices and parent-completed media use logs. Upon making modifications based on results of the open trial and feedback from an external advisory panel of experts and community stakeholders, a pilot randomized controlled trial (n = 40) will follow. Parents will be randomly assigned to receive either the screen time adapted SRPP (n = 20) or the original SRPP (n = 20) program. Assessment measures will be completed at prettest, posttest, and at a 1 month follow up. The investigators will examine feasibility and acceptability of the screen time adapted intervention in the randomized controlled trial. The investigators will also examine children's screen use patterns, including overall screen time, proportion of screen time that is educational, and frequency of parent-child co-use of screen media. In an exploratory fashion, the investigators will examine the effect of the intervention on child externalizing behavior problems.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALScreen media adapted School Readiness Parenting Program
For the screen time adapted parenting intervention, screen time intervention components will be infused into the SRPP (described below) to address three primary areas shown in research to play an important role in healthy screen media use: (1) reducing and managing screen time use; (2) maximizing benefits of screen time content; and (3) promoting positive parent-child interactions during co-use of screen media. Psychoeducation and practice of these strategies will be incorporated into sessions of the SRPP in which relevant behavioral concepts are addressed.The screen time adapted parenting intervention will utilize the same format (large group, 8 weekly 1.5 hour sessions) as the SRPP.
BEHAVIORALSchool Readiness Parenting Program
The SRPP is an 8-week parenting program for parents of preschool aged children with externalizing behavior problems. The SRPP targets child externalizing behavior problems specifically, as well as to help parents promote children's school readiness skills. The SRPP follows a group Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) model and also uses motivational interviewing and modelling problem solving approaches. The SRPP utilizes a large group format (10-15 parents) with weekly sessions lasting 1.5 hours. The SRPP curriculum contains traditional aspects of behavioral management strategies (e.g., improving parenting skills and the parent-child relationship; discipline strategies such as time out). Specific sessions of the SRPP also directly target parental interactions during children's learning activities and setting up homework and household structure and routines. In its original form, SRPP does not address children's screen time.
Sponsors
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
Florida International University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Teachers rating behavior and independent coders assessing parent-child interactions will be masked to condition.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
54 Months to 66 Months
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* eligible child who is 54 to 66 months old at Spring intake (i.e. will be entering Kindergarten after the summer) * parent-reported externalizing behavior problems on the Kiddie-Disruptive Behavior Disorder Schedule (parent report) or the Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale (teacher report) that meet criteria for a disruptive behavior disorder diagnosis * child general cognitive ability score 70 or above on the Differential Abilities Scales-II, - caregiver willing and able to attend weekly parent groups conducted in English.
Exclusion criteria
* Families with children with major sensory impairments (e.g., deafness, blindness) or severe problems that impair mobility (e.g., cerebral palsy)are excluded.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Child Screen Media Use (Time) | Change from baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) and follow-up (week 16) | Child screen media use will be measured with parent-reported data on screen use duration (including TV and other screen devices) and content. The outcome variable will be total screen use per weekend day. |
| Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational) | Change from baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) and follow-up (week 16) | The proportion of child screen media use that parents report is educational. |
| Treatment Attitude Inventory (TAI) | Posttest (Week 8) | The TAI is a parent-report measure that assesses parent satisfaction with treatment. Test-retest reliability over 4 months and correlations between the TAI and both parent-rating scales and observational measures of treatment change have been demonstrated. The TAI total score will be administered to assess parent satisfaction with the intervention. The minimum value is 0 and the maximum is 50, with higher scores indicating better satisfaction. |
| Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | Change from baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) and follow-up (week 16). | Parents' perceived efficacy in managing children's screen time will be assessed using the Perceived Parental Efficacy subscale of the Parent Perceptions of Technology Scale (PPTS), which assesses parents' self-efficacy in using electronic media and managing children's screen time (e.g., I won't bother setting parental controls or passwords because my kids will hack around them.). The 5 items are rated on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were reverse scored and averaged to create the overall scale score, with higher scores meaning better perceived efficacy. |
| Technology-related Parenting Scale | Change from baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) and follow-up (week 16) | The Technology-related Parenting Scale is an 8-item self-report survey assessing parents' use of rules (e.g., I set limits on the amount of time) and enforcement strategies (I use passwords on these devices) for children's technology use on a 3-point scale from 0 (not true) to 2 (very true). Items will be averaged to create an overall score, with higher scores meaning more limit setting. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants for the open trial (n = 10) and the pilot RCT (n = 34) were recruited from families attending Summer Academy, an 8-week summer camp for preschoolers with externalizing behavior.
Pre-assignment details
For the open trial period, 28 participants were assessed for eligibility, and 10 were eligible and elected to participate (all assigned to Screen media adapted School Readiness Parenting Program). For the RCT period 142 participants were assessed for eligibility, and of these, 34 met criteria and were randomized to treatment. Participants in the open trial did not participate in the RCT.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program Screen media adapted School Readiness Parenting Program (Once weekly session of 1.5 hours for 8 weeks)
Screen media adapted School Readiness Parenting Program: For the screen time adapted parenting intervention, screen time intervention components will be infused into the SRPP (described below) to address three primary areas shown in research to play an important role in healthy screen media use: (1) reducing and managing screen time use; (2) maximizing benefits of screen time content; and (3) promoting positive parent-child interactions during co-use of screen media. Psychoeducation and practice of these strategies will be incorporated into sessions of the SRPP in which relevant behavioral concepts are addressed.The screen time adapted parenting intervention will utilize the same format (large group, 8 weekly 1.5 hour sessions) as the SRPP. | 26 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program Original School Readiness Parenting Program (Once weekly session of 1.5 hours for 8 weeks)
School Readiness Parenting Program: The SRPP is an 8-week parenting program for parents of preschool aged children with externalizing behavior problems. The SRPP targets child externalizing behavior problems specifically, as well as to help parents promote children's school readiness skills. The SRPP follows a group Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) model and also uses motivational interviewing and modelling problem solving approaches. The SRPP utilizes a large group format (10-15 parents) with weekly sessions lasting 1.5 hours. The SRPP curriculum contains traditional aspects of behavioral management strategies (e.g., improving parenting skills and the parent-child relationship; discipline strategies such as time out). Specific sessions of the SRPP also directly target parental interactions during children's learning activities and setting up homework and household structure and routines. In its original form, SRPP does not address children's screen time. | 15 |
| Total | 41 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial | Lost to Follow-up | 1 | 0 |
| Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial | Withdrawal by Subject | 2 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Total | Original School Readiness Parenting Program |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 34.26 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.168 | 33.85 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.59 | 33.21 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.71 |
| Child screen media use (average weekday) | 190.57 minutes per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 148.27 | 209.63 minutes per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 151.47 | 242.67 minutes per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 156.35 |
| Child screen media use (average weekend day) | 256.15 minutes per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 152.35 | 245.12 minutes per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 172.61 | 226.00 minutes per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 207.51 |
| Child screen media use (proportion educational) | .33 proportion of total screen media use STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.21 | .35 proportion of total screen media use STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.22 | .39 proportion of total screen media use STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.23 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 4 Participants | 9 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 22 Participants | 32 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | 4.11 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.58 | 4.20 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.61 | 4.34 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.64 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 18 Participants | 27 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 7 Participants | 12 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 23 Participants | 27 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 3 Participants | 14 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Technology-related Parenting Scale | 1.36 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.62 | 1.39 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.55 | 1.45 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.42 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 26 | 0 / 15 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 26 | 0 / 15 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 26 | 0 / 15 |
Outcome results
Primary
Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational)
The proportion of child screen media use that parents report is educational.
Time frame: Change from baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) and follow-up (week 16)
Population: Analysis population includes participants in the open trial who attended more than haft of the groups sessions (n = 7) as well as participants in the randomized trial. All participants in the randomized trial who began the intervention program were included in the analyses (n = 31). One participant in the pilot RCT was lost to follow up at the follow up (week 16) time point.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational) | Open Trial - Baseline | .36 proportion of total media content | Standard Deviation 0.15 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational) | Open trial - Follow-Up | .34 proportion of total media content | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational) | Pilot RCT - Baseline | .34 proportion of total media content | Standard Deviation 0.22 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational) | Pilot RCT - Posttest | .38 proportion of total media content | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational) | Open Trial - Posttest | .37 proportion of total media content | Standard Deviation 0.17 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational) | Pilot RCT - Follow-Up | .41 proportion of total media content | Standard Deviation 0.18 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational) | Pilot RCT - Baseline | .39 proportion of total media content | Standard Deviation 0.23 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational) | Pilot RCT - Follow-Up | .40 proportion of total media content | Standard Deviation 0.22 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Proportion Educational) | Pilot RCT - Posttest | .40 proportion of total media content | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
Comparison: Preliminary outcome analysis for the open trial (n = 7). The analysis was a paired samples t-test comparing baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) scores.p-value: 0.88t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Preliminary outcome analysis for the open trial (n = 7). The analysis was a paired samples t-test comparing baseline(week 0) to follow-up (week 16) scores.p-value: 0.87t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANCOVA analysis for the pilot RCT, comparing the outcome variable at posttest (Week 8) between the two groups, with pretest (baseline) scores, annual household income and household size (to approximate income-to-needs ratio), caregiver education, and child externalizing behavior as covariates.p-value: 0.1ANCOVA
Comparison: ANCOVA analysis for the pilot RCT, comparing the outcome variable at follow-up (Week 16) between the two groups, with pretest (baseline) scores, annual household income and household size (to approximate income-to-needs ratio), caregiver education, and child externalizing behavior as covariates.p-value: 0.9ANCOVA
Primary
Child Screen Media Use (Time)
Child screen media use will be measured with parent-reported data on screen use duration (including TV and other screen devices) and content. The outcome variable will be total screen use per weekend day.
Time frame: Change from baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) and follow-up (week 16)
Population: Analysis population includes participants in the open trial who attended more than haft of the groups sessions (n = 7) as well as participants in the randomized trial. All participants in the randomized trial who began the intervention program were included in the analyses (n = 31). One participant in the pilot RCT was lost to follow up at the follow up (week 16) time point.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Time) | Open Trial - Posttest | 267.86 minutes per weekend day | Standard Deviation 124.76 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Time) | Pilot RCT - Follow-Up | 160.00 minutes per weekend day | Standard Deviation 80.29 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Time) | Pilot RCT - Baseline | 290.00 minutes per weekend day | Standard Deviation 177.29 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Time) | Open Trial - Follow-up | 163.57 minutes per weekend day | Standard Deviation 100.57 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Time) | Open Trial - Baseline | 210.00 minutes per weekend day | Standard Deviation 89.58 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Time) | Pilot RCT - Posttest | 155.94 minutes per weekend day | Standard Deviation 76.38 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Time) | Pilot RCT - Follow-Up | 198.67 minutes per weekend day | Standard Deviation 183.08 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Time) | Pilot RCT - Baseline | 226.00 minutes per weekend day | Standard Deviation 207.51 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Child Screen Media Use (Time) | Pilot RCT - Posttest | 225.00 minutes per weekend day | Standard Deviation 210.56 |
Comparison: Preliminary pre-post outcome analysis for the open trial (n = 7). The analysis was a paired samples t-test comparing baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) scores.p-value: 0.29t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Preliminary outcome analysis for the open trial (n = 7). The analysis was a paired samples t-test comparing baseline(week 0) to follow-up (week 16) scores.p-value: 0.34t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANCOVA analysis for the pilot RCT, comparing the outcome variable at posttest (Week 8) between the two groups, with pretest (baseline) scores, annual household income and household size (to approximate income-to-needs ratio), caregiver education, and child externalizing behavior as covariates.p-value: 0.02ANCOVA
Comparison: ANCOVA analysis for the pilot RCT, comparing the outcome variable at follow-up (Week 16) between the two groups, with pretest (baseline) scores, annual household income and household size (to approximate income-to-needs ratio), caregiver education, and child externalizing behavior as covariates.p-value: 0.04ANCOVA
Primary
Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale
Parents' perceived efficacy in managing children's screen time will be assessed using the Perceived Parental Efficacy subscale of the Parent Perceptions of Technology Scale (PPTS), which assesses parents' self-efficacy in using electronic media and managing children's screen time (e.g., I won't bother setting parental controls or passwords because my kids will hack around them.). The 5 items are rated on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were reverse scored and averaged to create the overall scale score, with higher scores meaning better perceived efficacy.
Time frame: Change from baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) and follow-up (week 16).
Population: Analysis population includes participants in the open trial who attended more than haft of the groups sessions (n = 7) as well as participants in the randomized trial. All participants in the randomized trial who began the intervention program were included in the analyses (n = 31). One participant in the pilot RCT was lost to follow up at the follow up (week 16) time point.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | Pilot RCT - Follow- Up | 4.11 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | Open Trial - Baseline | 4.12 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | Open Trial - Posttest | 4.36 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | Open Trial - Follow-Up | 4.62 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | Pilot RCT - Baseline | 4.05 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | Pilot RCT - Posttest | 4.23 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | Pilot RCT - Follow- Up | 4.53 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | Pilot RCT - Posttest | 4.50 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.55 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Perceived Parental Efficacy Scale | Pilot RCT - Baseline | 4.34 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
Comparison: Preliminary outcome analysis for the open trial (n = 7). The analysis was a paired samples t-test comparing baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) scores.p-value: 0.35t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Preliminary outcome analysis for the open trial (n = 7). The analysis was a paired samples t-test comparing baseline(week 0) to follow-up (week 16) scores.p-value: 0.049t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANCOVA analysis for the pilot RCT, comparing the outcome variable at posttest (Week 8) between the two groups, with pretest (baseline) scores, annual household income and household size (to approximate income-to-needs ratio), caregiver education, and child externalizing behavior as covariates.p-value: 0.45ANCOVA
Comparison: ANCOVA analysis for the pilot RCT, comparing the outcome variable at follow-up (Week 16) between the two groups, with pretest (baseline) scores, annual household income and household size (to approximate income-to-needs ratio), caregiver education, and child externalizing behavior as covariates.p-value: 0.2ANCOVA
Primary
Technology-related Parenting Scale
The Technology-related Parenting Scale is an 8-item self-report survey assessing parents' use of rules (e.g., I set limits on the amount of time) and enforcement strategies (I use passwords on these devices) for children's technology use on a 3-point scale from 0 (not true) to 2 (very true). Items will be averaged to create an overall score, with higher scores meaning more limit setting.
Time frame: Change from baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) and follow-up (week 16)
Population: Analysis population includes participants in the open trial who attended more than haft of the groups sessions (n = 7) as well as participants in the randomized trial. All participants in the randomized trial who began the intervention program were included in the analyses (n = 31). One participant in the pilot RCT was lost to follow up at the follow up (week 16) time point.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Technology-related Parenting Scale | Pilot RCT - Follow-Up | 1.66 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Technology-related Parenting Scale | Open Trial -Posttest | 1.71 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Technology-related Parenting Scale | Pilot RCT - Posttest | 1.70 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.42 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Technology-related Parenting Scale | Open Trial - Baseline | .92 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Technology-related Parenting Scale | Open Trial - Follow-Up | 1.59 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Technology-related Parenting Scale | Pilot RCT - Baseline | 1.48 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Technology-related Parenting Scale | Pilot RCT - Posttest | 1.76 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Technology-related Parenting Scale | Pilot RCT - Follow-Up | 1.76 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Technology-related Parenting Scale | Pilot RCT - Baseline | 1.45 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.42 |
Comparison: Preliminary outcome analysis for the open trial (n = 7). The analysis was a paired samples t-test comparing baseline (week 0) to posttest (week 8) scores.p-value: 0.006t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Preliminary outcome analysis for the open trial (n = 7). The analysis was a paired samples t-test comparing baseline(week 0) to follow-up (week 16) scores.p-value: 0.011t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANCOVA analysis for the pilot RCT, comparing the outcome variable at posttest (Week 8) between the two groups, with pretest (baseline) scores, annual household income and household size (to approximate income-to-needs ratio), caregiver education, and child externalizing behavior as covariates.p-value: 0.22ANCOVA
Comparison: ANCOVA analysis for the pilot RCT, comparing the outcome variable at follow-up (Week 16) between the two groups, with pretest (baseline) scores, annual household income and household size (to approximate income-to-needs ratio), caregiver education, and child externalizing behavior as covariates.p-value: 0.25ANCOVA
Primary
Treatment Attitude Inventory (TAI)
The TAI is a parent-report measure that assesses parent satisfaction with treatment. Test-retest reliability over 4 months and correlations between the TAI and both parent-rating scales and observational measures of treatment change have been demonstrated. The TAI total score will be administered to assess parent satisfaction with the intervention. The minimum value is 0 and the maximum is 50, with higher scores indicating better satisfaction.
Time frame: Posttest (Week 8)
Population: Analysis population includes participants in the open trial (n = 10) as well as participants in the randomized trial. All participants in the randomized trial who began the intervention program were included in the analyses (n = 31).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Treatment Attitude Inventory (TAI) | Open trial - Posttest | 44.60 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.37 |
| Screen Media Adapted School Readiness Parenting Program | Treatment Attitude Inventory (TAI) | Pilot RCT - Posttest | 45.19 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.75 |
| Original School Readiness Parenting Program | Treatment Attitude Inventory (TAI) | Pilot RCT - Posttest | 45.64 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.92 |
Comparison: T-test analysis for the pilot RCT, comparing the outcome variable at posttest (Week 8) between the two groups.p-value: 0.8t-test, 2 sided