Tobacco Use
Conditions
Brief summary
While conventional cigarette use continues to decline among youth and young adults, e-cigarette (EC) use is on the rise. Specifically, the investigators will conduct a randomized control trial (RCT) where young adults are randomized to one of two conditions: 1) a regulated ad environment, with high impact EC ad features removed or 2) an unregulated ad environment, with high impact EC ad features left intact. Participants will view EC ads embedded in an online magazine 24 times over the course of 6 months. EC experimentation and sustained use will be the primary outcome of interest.
Detailed description
While conventional cigarette use continues to decline among youth and young adults, e-cigarette (EC) use is on the rise. The use of ECs during young adulthood, particularly 18 years of age, is especially alarming because it is not only a critical period in development but also a time when tobacco use is established. Additionally, the tobacco industry targets individuals of this age with the hope that they will one day progress to using combustible cigarettes. Advertising may be one of the reasons leading young people to use ECs, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now has the authority to regulate EC advertisement features. The goal of the proposed study is to determine which EC ad features most strongly influence young adults' attitudes, susceptibility, and intentions to use ECs, and determine if the restriction of these ad features influences EC attitudes, experimentation, and sustained use. The investigators will experimentally estimate the causal effect of restricting high impact EC ad features on tobacco use behavior. Specifically, the investigators will conduct a randomized control trial (RCT) where young adults are randomized to one of two conditions: 1) a regulated ad environment, with high impact EC ad features removed or 2) an unregulated ad environment, with high impact EC ad features left intact. Participants will view EC ads embedded in an online magazine 24 times over the course of 6 months. EC experimentation and sustained use will be the primary outcome of interest. We will also examine how sensation seeking, impulsivity, and sleep health impact EC use. Findings from this study will provide public health officials important and urgently needed information as to what advertising features are contributing to the sharp rise in the use of ECs among young adults, and if restrictions reduce the use of ECs among young adults.
Interventions
OTHERRegulated ad condition
This intervention will determine if restriction of appealing features in e-cigarette ads deter young adults from trying the product.
OTHERUnregulated ad condition
This intervention will determine if unrestricted appealing features in e-cigarette ads deter young adults from trying the product.
Sponsors
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
University of Massachusetts, Worcester
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 26 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* 18 to 26 years old, * fluent in English (earn a score of at least 4 on the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine) * biochemically confirmed abstinence of alcohol (BrAC=.00) and combusted tobacco or marijuana exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO\<6 parts per million) at time of visit, * reporting never trying an e-cigarette, not even a puff OR reporting tried and e-cigarette in the past but not in the past 30 days. Susceptibility to EC use, will be determined using the Susceptibility to Use Tobacco Products questionnaire, with only those identifying anything besides no curiosity/interest to all three susceptibility questions as susceptible users.
Exclusion criteria
* Out of age range 18-26 years * Use of an e-cigarette in past 30 days * Pregnant women
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Tobacco Use at 1 Month | 1 month | Use of any tobacco products |
| Tobacco Use at 3 Months | 3 months | Use of any tobacco products |
| Tobacco Use at 6 Months | 6 months | Use of any tobacco products |
| Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 1 Month | 1 month | Perceived severity of using e-cigarettes, a subconstruct of the Health Belief Model was assessed by participants' perceived significance, severity, and seriousness of health threats from e-cigarette use. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is severe. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is serious. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is significant. To determine score, the average is taken of the items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate greater perceived severity of e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser perceived severity of e-cigarette use. |
| Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 3 Months | 3 months | Perceived severity of using e-cigarettes, a subconstruct of the Health Belief Model was assessed by participants' perceived significance, severity, and seriousness of health threats from e-cigarette use. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is severe. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is serious. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is significant. To determine score, the average is taken of the items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate greater perceived severity of e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser perceived severity of e-cigarette use. |
| Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 6 Months | 6 months | Perceived severity of using e-cigarettes, a subconstruct of the Health Belief Model was assessed by participants' perceived significance, severity, and seriousness of health threats from e-cigarette use. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is severe. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is serious. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is significant. To determine score, the average is taken of the items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate greater perceived severity of e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser perceived severity of e-cigarette use. |
| Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 1 Month | 1 Month | Motivation to avoid e-cigarettes was assessed by participants' self-reported importance, confidence, readiness, and commitment to avoid e-cigarette use in the future. These items reflect constructs from behavior change theories such as the Transtheoretical Model, which emphasizes individual readiness and self-efficacy as key predictors of behavioral intention and action. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 0 to 10. 0 = Not at all 10 = Very How important is it to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How confident are you in avoiding e-cigarettes in the future? How ready are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How committed are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 0; Maximum Score = 10 Higher scores indicate greater motivation to avoid e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser motivation. |
| Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 3 Months | 3 Months | Motivation to avoid e-cigarettes was assessed by participants' self-reported importance, confidence, readiness, and commitment to avoid e-cigarette use in the future. These items reflect constructs from behavior change theories such as the Transtheoretical Model, which emphasizes individual readiness and self-efficacy as key predictors of behavioral intention and action. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 0 to 10. 0 = Not at all 10 = Very How important is it to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How confident are you in avoiding e-cigarettes in the future? How ready are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How committed are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 0; Maximum Score = 10 Higher scores indicate greater motivation to avoid e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser motivation. |
| Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 6 Months | 6 Months | Motivation to avoid e-cigarettes was assessed by participants' self-reported importance, confidence, readiness, and commitment to avoid e-cigarette use in the future. These items reflect constructs from behavior change theories such as the Transtheoretical Model, which emphasizes individual readiness and self-efficacy as key predictors of behavioral intention and action. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 0 to 10. 0 = Not at all 10 = Very How important is it to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How confident are you in avoiding e-cigarettes in the future? How ready are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How committed are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 0; Maximum Score = 10 Higher scores indicate greater motivation to avoid e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser motivation. |
| Behavioral Intentions at 1 Month | 1 month | Behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes were assessed using participants' self-reported interest and willingness to engage in future e-cigarette use. This construct is grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior, which identifies behavioral intention as the most immediate and reliable predictor of future behavior. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: How interested are you in trying e-cigarettes? How willing are you to try e-cigarettes? How willing would you be to purchase an e-cigarette? How willing would you be to try an e-cigarette if a friend offered you one? Responses were rated on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very). To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate stronger behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes. Lower scores indicate weaker intentions. |
| Behavioral Intentions at 3 Months | 3 months | Behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes were assessed using participants' self-reported interest and willingness to engage in future e-cigarette use. This construct is grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior, which identifies behavioral intention as the most immediate and reliable predictor of future behavior. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: How interested are you in trying e-cigarettes? How willing are you to try e-cigarettes? How willing would you be to purchase an e-cigarette? How willing would you be to try an e-cigarette if a friend offered you one? Responses were rated on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very). To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate stronger behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes. Lower scores indicate weaker intentions. |
| Behavioral Intentions at 6 Months | 6 months | Behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes were assessed using participants' self-reported interest and willingness to engage in future e-cigarette use. This construct is grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior, which identifies behavioral intention as the most immediate and reliable predictor of future behavior. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: How interested are you in trying e-cigarettes? How willing are you to try e-cigarettes? How willing would you be to purchase an e-cigarette? How willing would you be to try an e-cigarette if a friend offered you one? Responses were rated on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very). To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate stronger behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes. Lower scores indicate weaker intentions. |
| Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 1 Month | 1 month | Biochemical confirmation of tobacco use was conducted using the Alere iScreen Oral Fluid Device (OFD), a point-of-care saliva test that detects cotinine, a primary metabolite of nicotine, indicating tobacco or nicotine product use within the past \ 3 days. The count reflects participants who tested positive for cotinine, providing biochemical evidence of recent tobacco or nicotine exposure. |
| Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 3 Months | 3 months | Biochemical confirmation of tobacco use was conducted using the Alere iScreen Oral Fluid Device (OFD), a point-of-care saliva test that detects cotinine, a primary metabolite of nicotine, indicating tobacco or nicotine product use within the past \ 3 days. The count reflects participants who tested positive for cotinine, providing biochemical evidence of recent tobacco or nicotine exposure. |
| Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 6 Months | 6 months | Biochemical confirmation of tobacco use was conducted using the Alere iScreen Oral Fluid Device (OFD), a point-of-care saliva test that detects cotinine, a primary metabolite of nicotine, indicating tobacco or nicotine product use within the past \ 3 days. The count reflects participants who tested positive for cotinine, providing biochemical evidence of recent tobacco or nicotine exposure. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Enrollment was N=195, however, prior to assignment, 9 participants stopped responding to communications from study staff including the initial survey, and thus were never assigned to a arm/group.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition This arm will include exposure to unregulated e-cigarette ads or ads as they appear in modern media.
Unregulated ad condition: This intervention will determine if unrestricted appealing features in e-cigarette ads deter young adults from trying the product. | 88 |
| Regulated ad Condition This arm will include exposure to regulated e-cigarette ads or ads where we have taken out the appealing features.
Regulated ad condition: This intervention will determine if restriction of appealing features in e-cigarette ads deter young adults from trying the product. | 84 |
| Total | 172 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Unregulated ad Condition | Total | Regulated ad Condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 88 Participants | 172 Participants | 84 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 22.13 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.32 | 22.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.46 | 22.88 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.54 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 7 Participants | 25 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants | 9 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 7 Participants | 17 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 16 Participants | 20 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 57 Participants | 101 Participants | 44 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 88 participants | 171 participants | 84 participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized female | 67 Participants | 136 Participants | 69 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized male | 16 Participants | 29 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized other | 5 Participants | 7 Participants | 2 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 94 | 0 / 92 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 94 | 0 / 92 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 94 | 0 / 92 |
Outcome results
Primary
Behavioral Intentions at 1 Month
Behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes were assessed using participants' self-reported interest and willingness to engage in future e-cigarette use. This construct is grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior, which identifies behavioral intention as the most immediate and reliable predictor of future behavior. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: How interested are you in trying e-cigarettes? How willing are you to try e-cigarettes? How willing would you be to purchase an e-cigarette? How willing would you be to try an e-cigarette if a friend offered you one? Responses were rated on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very). To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate stronger behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes. Lower scores indicate weaker intentions.
Time frame: 1 month
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Behavioral Intentions at 1 Month | 3.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Regulated ad Condition | Behavioral Intentions at 1 Month | 3.32 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
Primary
Behavioral Intentions at 3 Months
Behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes were assessed using participants' self-reported interest and willingness to engage in future e-cigarette use. This construct is grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior, which identifies behavioral intention as the most immediate and reliable predictor of future behavior. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: How interested are you in trying e-cigarettes? How willing are you to try e-cigarettes? How willing would you be to purchase an e-cigarette? How willing would you be to try an e-cigarette if a friend offered you one? Responses were rated on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very). To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate stronger behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes. Lower scores indicate weaker intentions.
Time frame: 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Behavioral Intentions at 3 Months | 3.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| Regulated ad Condition | Behavioral Intentions at 3 Months | 3.37 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
Primary
Behavioral Intentions at 6 Months
Behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes were assessed using participants' self-reported interest and willingness to engage in future e-cigarette use. This construct is grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior, which identifies behavioral intention as the most immediate and reliable predictor of future behavior. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: How interested are you in trying e-cigarettes? How willing are you to try e-cigarettes? How willing would you be to purchase an e-cigarette? How willing would you be to try an e-cigarette if a friend offered you one? Responses were rated on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very). To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate stronger behavioral intentions to use e-cigarettes. Lower scores indicate weaker intentions.
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Behavioral Intentions at 6 Months | 3.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| Regulated ad Condition | Behavioral Intentions at 6 Months | 3.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
Primary
Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 1 Month
Motivation to avoid e-cigarettes was assessed by participants' self-reported importance, confidence, readiness, and commitment to avoid e-cigarette use in the future. These items reflect constructs from behavior change theories such as the Transtheoretical Model, which emphasizes individual readiness and self-efficacy as key predictors of behavioral intention and action. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 0 to 10. 0 = Not at all 10 = Very How important is it to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How confident are you in avoiding e-cigarettes in the future? How ready are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How committed are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 0; Maximum Score = 10 Higher scores indicate greater motivation to avoid e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser motivation.
Time frame: 1 Month
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 1 Month | 7.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.03 |
| Regulated ad Condition | Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 1 Month | 8.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.89 |
Primary
Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 3 Months
Motivation to avoid e-cigarettes was assessed by participants' self-reported importance, confidence, readiness, and commitment to avoid e-cigarette use in the future. These items reflect constructs from behavior change theories such as the Transtheoretical Model, which emphasizes individual readiness and self-efficacy as key predictors of behavioral intention and action. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 0 to 10. 0 = Not at all 10 = Very How important is it to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How confident are you in avoiding e-cigarettes in the future? How ready are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How committed are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 0; Maximum Score = 10 Higher scores indicate greater motivation to avoid e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser motivation.
Time frame: 3 Months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 3 Months | 7.74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.13 |
| Regulated ad Condition | Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 3 Months | 8.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.87 |
Primary
Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 6 Months
Motivation to avoid e-cigarettes was assessed by participants' self-reported importance, confidence, readiness, and commitment to avoid e-cigarette use in the future. These items reflect constructs from behavior change theories such as the Transtheoretical Model, which emphasizes individual readiness and self-efficacy as key predictors of behavioral intention and action. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 0 to 10. 0 = Not at all 10 = Very How important is it to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How confident are you in avoiding e-cigarettes in the future? How ready are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? How committed are you to avoid e-cigarettes in the future? To determine score, the average is taken across the four items. Minimum Score = 0; Maximum Score = 10 Higher scores indicate greater motivation to avoid e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser motivation.
Time frame: 6 Months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 6 Months | 7.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.08 |
| Regulated ad Condition | Motivation to Avoid E-Cigarettes at 6 Months | 8.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.87 |
Primary
Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 1 Month
Biochemical confirmation of tobacco use was conducted using the Alere iScreen Oral Fluid Device (OFD), a point-of-care saliva test that detects cotinine, a primary metabolite of nicotine, indicating tobacco or nicotine product use within the past \ 3 days. The count reflects participants who tested positive for cotinine, providing biochemical evidence of recent tobacco or nicotine exposure.
Time frame: 1 month
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 1 Month | 0 Participants |
| Regulated ad Condition | Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 1 Month | 1 Participants |
Primary
Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 3 Months
Biochemical confirmation of tobacco use was conducted using the Alere iScreen Oral Fluid Device (OFD), a point-of-care saliva test that detects cotinine, a primary metabolite of nicotine, indicating tobacco or nicotine product use within the past \ 3 days. The count reflects participants who tested positive for cotinine, providing biochemical evidence of recent tobacco or nicotine exposure.
Time frame: 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 3 Months | 1 Participants |
| Regulated ad Condition | Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 3 Months | 2 Participants |
Primary
Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 6 Months
Biochemical confirmation of tobacco use was conducted using the Alere iScreen Oral Fluid Device (OFD), a point-of-care saliva test that detects cotinine, a primary metabolite of nicotine, indicating tobacco or nicotine product use within the past \ 3 days. The count reflects participants who tested positive for cotinine, providing biochemical evidence of recent tobacco or nicotine exposure.
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 6 Months | 0 Participants |
| Regulated ad Condition | Number of Participants With Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use at 6 Months | 3 Participants |
Primary
Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 1 Month
Perceived severity of using e-cigarettes, a subconstruct of the Health Belief Model was assessed by participants' perceived significance, severity, and seriousness of health threats from e-cigarette use. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is severe. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is serious. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is significant. To determine score, the average is taken of the items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate greater perceived severity of e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser perceived severity of e-cigarette use.
Time frame: 1 month
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 1 Month | 4.41 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Regulated ad Condition | Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 1 Month | 4.46 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
Primary
Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 3 Months
Perceived severity of using e-cigarettes, a subconstruct of the Health Belief Model was assessed by participants' perceived significance, severity, and seriousness of health threats from e-cigarette use. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is severe. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is serious. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is significant. To determine score, the average is taken of the items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate greater perceived severity of e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser perceived severity of e-cigarette use.
Time frame: 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 3 Months | 4.41 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Regulated ad Condition | Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 3 Months | 4.36 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
Primary
Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 6 Months
Perceived severity of using e-cigarettes, a subconstruct of the Health Belief Model was assessed by participants' perceived significance, severity, and seriousness of health threats from e-cigarette use. The measure is as follows in its exact and unabbreviated form: Please rate the following statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is severe. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is serious. I believe that the health threat of using e-cigarettes is significant. To determine score, the average is taken of the items. Minimum Score = 1; Maximum Score = 5 Higher scores indicate greater perceived severity of e-cigarette use. Lower scores indicate lesser perceived severity of e-cigarette use.
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 6 Months | 4.48 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Regulated ad Condition | Perceived Severity of Using E-Cigarettes at 6 Months | 4.48 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
Primary
Tobacco Use at 1 Month
Use of any tobacco products
Time frame: 1 month
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Tobacco Use at 1 Month | 5 Participants |
| Regulated ad Condition | Tobacco Use at 1 Month | 5 Participants |
Primary
Tobacco Use at 3 Months
Use of any tobacco products
Time frame: 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Tobacco Use at 3 Months | 3 Participants |
| Regulated ad Condition | Tobacco Use at 3 Months | 2 Participants |
Primary
Tobacco Use at 6 Months
Use of any tobacco products
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Unregulated ad Condition | Tobacco Use at 6 Months | 1 Participants |
| Regulated ad Condition | Tobacco Use at 6 Months | 2 Participants |