Infertility, PCOS, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Conditions
Brief summary
This study evaluates the addition of clomiphene citrate (CC) to letrozole for the treatment of infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome across a course of two treatment cycles with stair step dosing of letrozole similar to standard of care. Half of the participants will receive letrozole and CC in combination, while the other half will receive letrozole alone.
Detailed description
Letrozole and Clomid are both used for ovulation induction, but they have different mechanisms of action. In a pilot study we found that the combination of letrozole 2.5 mg and CC 50 mg nearly doubled the ovulation rate as compared to use of letrozole monotherapy (77% vs. 43%, P=0.007; rate ratio for ovulation (95% CI) 1.80 (1.18 to 2.75), with similar endometrial thickness and number of follicles across treatment arms among those who ovulated. Additional data is needed to evaluate escalating dosages, multiple cycles, live birth and multiple gestation with this novel treatment combination. This is a randomized controlled trial of letrozole versus letrozole and clomiphene citrate (CC) for up to three menstrual cycles. Women will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive letrozole 2.5 mg or combination of letrozole 2.5 mg and clomiphene 50 mg for 5 days on days 3-7 of menstrual cycle. The women and their partners will be instructed to have regular intercourse with the intent to conceive during the cycle. Patients will have an transvaginal ultrasound in the mid-luteal phase of cycle to assess corpora lutea number and endometrial thickness. Patients will have mid- luteal phase progesterone level drawn to evaluate ovulation. Patients in both study arms who do not ovulate will have their Letrozole dose increased by 2.5 mg in the next study cycle to a max of 7.5 mg. Patients in the combination arm who do not ovulate will only have their Letrozole dose increased and will continue to receive the same dose of clomiphene across the three study treatment cycles. Side effect profile will also be monitored.
Interventions
DRUGLetrozole
Letrozole tablet
DRUGClomiphene Citrate
Clomiphene Citrate tablet
Sponsors
Society for Reproductive Investigation
American Society for Reproductive Medicine
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Rachel Mejia
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 40 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Willing to comply with all study procedures and be available for the duration of the study 2. Diagnosis of infertility: Inability of couple to achieve successful pregnancy after 12 months of regular time unprotected intercourse in women less than 35 years of age; and after 6 months of regular intercourse without use of contraception in women 35 years and older. Women that have anovulation or oligomenorrhea are also considered to meet diagnosis of infertility, without meeting the time constraints described above. 3. Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome based on Revised Rotterdam criteria. 4. Ability to have regular intercourse during the ovulation induction phase of the study. 5. Partner with a normal sperm concentration of 15 million/mL and with normal motility of \>40% according to World Health Organization cutoff points or greater than 10 million total motile sperm count OR has fathered a pregnancy in the past.
Exclusion criteria
1. Current pregnancy 2. Current use of hormonal contraception; use of any type of combined contraceptive or oral progestins within the past month; or use of hormonal implants or depo progestins within the past 3 months 3. Other known cause of infertility: endometriosis, tubal factor, uterine abnormalities 4. Uncorrected thyroid disease 5. Untreated hyperprolactinemia 6. Medical conditions in which avoiding pregnancy is recommended until under improved control: poorly controlled Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, poorly controlled hypertension 7. Contraindications to clomiphene citrate: hypersensitivity to clomiphene citrate or any of its components, history of liver disease or known liver disease, unknown cause of abnormal uterine bleeding, or intracranial lesion 8. Contraindications to letrozole: hypersensitivity to letrozole or any of its components 9. Use of medications known to affect reproductive function or metabolism or that are an absolute contraindication during pregnancy within the past month 10. If patients are suspected based on clinical findings for other etiologies that mimic PCOS, work up must be completed to exclude other etiologies prior to enrollment (i.e. Cushing's syndrome, androgen-secreting tumor)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Ovulation | Tested 6 to 8 days following patient reporting a positive ovulation test (LH surge). If no surge is detected, progesterone lab will be drawn on Cycle day 21-24. | Number of Participants with Mid-luteal serum progesterone level \>=3 ng/ml Number of cycles with Mid-luteal serum progesterone level \>=3 ng/ml |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Endometrial Thickness | Cycle day 21-24 of 1st treatment cycle | Endometrial thickness assessed by ultrasound |
| Conception | 5 weeks after treatment in treatment cycles 1, 2, and 3 (treatment cycle is 24-35 days depending on ovulation) | positive serum or urinary test of hCG |
| Clinical Pregnancy | 6 to 7 weeks after treatment in treatment cycles 1, 2, and 3 (treatment cycle is 24-35 days depending on ovulation) | intrauterine pregnancy with fetal heart motion determined by ultrasound |
| Number of Corpora Lutea | Cycle day 21-24 of 1st treatment cycle | Number of corpora lutea on ultrasound |
| Live Birth | 9-10 months following final treatment cycle (treatment cycle is 24-35 days depending on ovulation) | delivery of a live born infant determined by medical record abstraction |
| Multiple Birth | 9-10 months following final treatment cycle (treatment cycle is 24-35 days depending on ovulation) | delivery of more than one infant determined by medical record abstraction |
| Pregnancy Loss | Through study completion, an average of 1 year | biochemical pregnancy, miscarriage, or ectopic pregnancy determined by ultrasound or medical record abstraction |
| Multiple Gestation | 6 to 7 weeks after treatment in treatment cycles 1, 2, and 3 (treatment cycle is 24-35 days depending on ovulation) | intrauterine pregnancy with more than one fetal heart motion determined by ultrasound |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Letrozole Letrozole 2.5 mg orally for 5 days on cycle days 3-7 in first study treatment cycle. Participants who ovulate and do not become pregnant will repeat the same treatment protocol for their next study cycle. Participants who do not ovulate will repeat the protocol with Letrozole dose increase of 2.5 mg daily in the next treatment cycle, to a maximum dose of 7.5 mg in the 3rd cycle.
Letrozole: Letrozole tablet | 98 |
| Letrozole + Clomiphene Citrate Letrozole 2.5 mg orally for 5 days on cycle days 3-7 AND Clomiphene Citrate 50 mg orally for 5 days on cycle days 3-7. Participants who ovulate and do not become pregnant will repeat the same treatment protocol for their next study cycle. Participants who do not ovulate will repeat the protocol with Letrozole dose increase of 2.5mg daily in the next treatment cycle to a maximum dose of 7.5 mg in the 3rd cycle, while maintaining the same dose of Clomiphene Citrate.
Letrozole: Letrozole tablet
Clomiphene Citrate: Clomiphene Citrate tablet | 92 |
| Total | 190 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Became pregnant during gap in treatment after pregnancy loss | 0 | 1 |
| Overall Study | found ineligible after randomization | 1 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 2 | 2 |
| Overall Study | unable to complete study due to personal constraints | 1 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 2 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Letrozole | Letrozole + Clomiphene Citrate | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 30.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.25 | 29.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.31 | 30.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.28 |
| BMI | 36.24 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.97 | 36.78 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.91 | 36.50 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.92 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian | 4 Participants | 2 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black non-hispanic | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic | 10 Participants | 7 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Multiple | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White non-hispanic | 79 Participants | 79 Participants | 158 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 98 participants | 92 participants | 190 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 98 Participants | 92 Participants | 190 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 98 | 0 / 92 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 68 / 98 | 69 / 92 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 2 / 98 | 2 / 92 |
Outcome results
Primary
Ovulation
Number of Participants with Mid-luteal serum progesterone level \>=3 ng/ml Number of cycles with Mid-luteal serum progesterone level \>=3 ng/ml
Time frame: Tested 6 to 8 days following patient reporting a positive ovulation test (LH surge). If no surge is detected, progesterone lab will be drawn on Cycle day 21-24.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Letrozole | Ovulation | 91 Participants |
| Letrozole + Clomiphene Citrate | Ovulation | 89 Participants |
Secondary
Clinical Pregnancy
intrauterine pregnancy with fetal heart motion determined by ultrasound
Time frame: 6 to 7 weeks after treatment in treatment cycles 1, 2, and 3 (treatment cycle is 24-35 days depending on ovulation)
Secondary
Conception
positive serum or urinary test of hCG
Time frame: 5 weeks after treatment in treatment cycles 1, 2, and 3 (treatment cycle is 24-35 days depending on ovulation)
Secondary
Endometrial Thickness
Endometrial thickness assessed by ultrasound
Time frame: Cycle day 21-24 of 3rd treatment cycle
Population: Participants who completed study ultrasound during their 3rd study treatment cycle
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Letrozole | Endometrial Thickness | 9.11 mm | Standard Deviation 3.11 |
| Letrozole + Clomiphene Citrate | Endometrial Thickness | 9.41 mm | Standard Deviation 2.79 |
Secondary
Endometrial Thickness
Endometrial thickness assessed by ultrasound
Time frame: Cycle day 21-24 of 1st treatment cycle
Population: Participants completing study ultrasound during their first study treatment cycle
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Letrozole | Endometrial Thickness | 8.52 mm | Standard Deviation 3.08 |
| Letrozole + Clomiphene Citrate | Endometrial Thickness | 9.41 mm | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
Secondary
Endometrial Thickness
Endometrial thickness assessed by ultrasound
Time frame: Cycle day 21-24 of 2nd treatment cycle
Population: Participants who completed study ultrasound during their 2nd study treatment cycle
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Letrozole | Endometrial Thickness | 9.15 mm | Standard Deviation 3.09 |
| Letrozole + Clomiphene Citrate | Endometrial Thickness | 9.32 mm | Standard Deviation 2.81 |
Secondary
Live Birth
delivery of a live born infant determined by medical record abstraction
Time frame: 9-10 months following final treatment cycle (treatment cycle is 24-35 days depending on ovulation)
Secondary
Multiple Birth
delivery of more than one infant determined by medical record abstraction
Time frame: 9-10 months following final treatment cycle (treatment cycle is 24-35 days depending on ovulation)
Secondary
Multiple Gestation
intrauterine pregnancy with more than one fetal heart motion determined by ultrasound
Time frame: 6 to 7 weeks after treatment in treatment cycles 1, 2, and 3 (treatment cycle is 24-35 days depending on ovulation)
Secondary
Number of Corpora Lutea
Number of corpora lutea on ultrasound
Time frame: Cycle day 21-24 of 3rd treatment cycle
Population: Participants who completed a study ultrasound during their 3rd treatment cycle.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Letrozole | Number of Corpora Lutea | 0.99 number of corpora lutea | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| Letrozole + Clomiphene Citrate | Number of Corpora Lutea | 1.22 number of corpora lutea | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
Secondary
Number of Corpora Lutea
Number of corpora lutea on ultrasound
Time frame: Cycle day 21-24 of 1st treatment cycle
Population: Participants who completed study ultrasound during c1st study treatment cycle.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Letrozole | Number of Corpora Lutea | 0.64 number of corpora lutea | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| Letrozole + Clomiphene Citrate | Number of Corpora Lutea | 1.09 number of corpora lutea | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
Secondary
Number of Corpora Lutea
Number of corpora lutea on ultrasound
Time frame: Cycle day 21-24 of 2nd treatment cycle
Population: Participants who completed a study ultrasound in their 2nd study treatment cycle.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Letrozole | Number of Corpora Lutea | 0.92 number of corpora lutea | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Letrozole + Clomiphene Citrate | Number of Corpora Lutea | 1.07 number of corpora lutea | Standard Deviation 0.78 |
Secondary
Pregnancy Loss
biochemical pregnancy, miscarriage, or ectopic pregnancy determined by ultrasound or medical record abstraction
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1 year