COVID-19
Conditions
Keywords
Post-COVID, Telerehabilitation
Brief summary
The aim of our study is to investigate the effectiveness of telerehabilitation in Post-COVID patients.
Detailed description
Decreased exercise capacity, persistent dyspnea and easily fatigue are found in some Post-COVID patients. Telerehabilitation has been developed in cardiac and pulmonary diseases such as coronary artery disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for years with good clinical outcomes. However, little is known about the effectiveness of home-based telerehabilitation among Post-COVID patients. Thus, we want to investigate the effectiveness of telerehabilitation among Post-COVID patients, including cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity amounts, health related quality of life and sleep quality.
Interventions
A home-based exercise mobile app will be offered combined with the heart rate sensing clothes to each participant in the group of home-based telehealth exercise training program. The mobile app provides auto-feedback of heart rate at each exercise training session through the heart rate sensing clothes and alarm function identifying individuals' appropriate exercise intensity (target heart rate) during their exercise based on their exercise prescription calculated and set up inside the app. After completing each exercise training session, the record of training time and heart rate response is simultaneously uploaded to the cloud system of the medical center through the heart rate sensing clothes. The experienced and well-trained nurse checked the cloud system data to monitor participants' adherence to exercise training. In addition, online communication is enabled using LINE software, which provided a platform for patients and researchers to interact with each other through messaging.
BEHAVIORALEducation and self-exercise
The participants will receive a exercise prescription suggestion. Then, they will maintain their usual lifestyles without exercise reminders.
Sponsors
Tri-Service General Hospital
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Individuals who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 positive and whose last PCR test or rapid antigen test was negative with the following criteria: * aged between 20 to 80 years old * persistent symptoms at least 4 weeks after recovery from COVID-19 infection, including any of the following symptoms: dyspnea, fatigue, cough, headache, chest tightness, palpitations, loss of smell, anxiety, insomnia, brain fog or joint pain * able to speak and understand Mandarin * able to walk including those who need the walking aid * had mobile phones and could easily access the Internet
Exclusion criteria
* a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other respiratory diseases * a history of arrhythmia,cancer, end-stage renal disease with dialysis, being diagnosed with mental illness, recent stroke within 6 months * inability to participate because of comorbid neurological or musculoskeletal conditions that produce moderate to severe physical disability * need all day oxygen support
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Heart Rate Recovery From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | The heart rate recovery is measured by graded exercise testing, including 1 minute and 2 minute recovery. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in heart rate recovery was calculated as the difference between heart rate recovery at 12 weeks and heart rate recovery at baseline. A decrease of \< 12 or 22 beats per minute in 1- or 2-min heart rate recovery, respectively, indicates an elevated risk of mortality. A faster heart rate recovery indicates better cardiovascular fitness and autonomic regulation. |
| Change in Exercise Capacity: Workload (Watt) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | The workload (Watt) is measured by graded exercise testing. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in workload was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher workload indicates better exercise capacity. |
| Change in Exercise Capacity: Anaerobic Threshold (AT) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | The anaerobic threshold (AT) is measured by graded exercise testing. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in AT was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher AT indicates better exercise capacity and endurance. |
| Change in Ventilation/ Perfusion Abnormalities (VE/VCO2) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | The ventilation/ perfusion abnormalities (VE/VCO2)is measured by graded exercise testing. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in VE/VCO2 was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A lower VE/VCO2 ratio indicates better ventilatory efficiency and reduced ventilation/perfusion abnormalities. |
| Change in Left Ventricular Function: O2 Pulse From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | O2 Pulse is simply oxygen consumption (in ml) divided by heart rate. It is used as an index of stroke volume.The O2 pulse is measured by graded exercise testing. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in O₂ pulse was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher O₂ pulse indicates improved left ventricular function and greater cardiovascular efficiency. |
| Change in Lung Function: FEV1/FVC % From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | The measured FEV1 is divided by the measured FVC. he change in FEV₁/FVC was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher FEV₁/FVC ratio generally indicates better lung function, while a lower ratio suggests airflow limitation. |
| Change in Lung Function: Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | The amount of air exhaled (mL) during the first second during a forced expiratory volume test will be measured by spirometry. The change in FEV₁ was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher FEV₁ indicates better lung function. |
| Change in Lung Function: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | The total amount of air exhaled (mL) during a forced expiratory volume test will be measured by spirometry. The change in FVC was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher FVC indicates better lung function. |
| Change in Exercise Capacity: Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO2peak) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | Baseline, 12 weeks | The peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is measured by graded exercise testing. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in VO2 peak was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher VO2 peak indicates better exercise capacity. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Confidence Level of Exercise: Questionnaire of Self-Efficacy Items From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | Questionnaire of Self-Efficacy Items. A five-item self-efficacy measure designed to measure confidence in one's ability to persist with exercising in various situations was developed. A five-point scale is used to rate each item : 1 indicates not at all confident, 2 indicates little confident , 3 indicates confident, 4 indicates very confident, 5 indicates strongly confident. |
| Change in Health-Related Quality of Life: Taiwan Version of World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks (WHOQOL-BREF) | baseline, 12 weeks | The Taiwanese version of the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) with good validity and reliability includes the globally standardized WHOQOL-BREF with 26 items and an additional two locally developed items, making a total of 28 items. It consists of two single-facet items measuring overall quality of life and general health and four domains, including physical (7 items), psychological (6 items), social (4 items), and environmental (9 items) domains. The two additional items are being respected/accepted facet in the social domain and eating/food facet in the environment domain, respectively. The participants rated all items on a scale of 1-5, with higher scores reflecting a greater quality of life. Domain scores were derived by multiplying the mean of the facet scores within each domain by a scaling factor of 4, resulting in potential domain scores ranging from 4 to 20. |
| Change in Sleep Quality: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a l-month time interval. Nineteen individual items generate seven component scores and the sum of scores for these seven components yields one global score. (Scores ranged from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating poor sleep quality.) |
| Change in Physical Activity Amounts: Taiwan Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks | baseline, 12 weeks | Taiwan version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The overall physical activity (MET-min/week), vigorous intensity physical activity (MET-min/week), moderate intensity physical activity (MET-min/week), walking (MET-min/week) are measured. |
Countries
Taiwan
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation After graded exercise testing, the participants will receive a single, individual, face-to-face physical activity promotion counseling session (15-20minutes). Then, the participants will start a home-based telehealth exercise training program (30minutes/session, 3 sessions/week for 12weeks, with a total of 36 sessions) combined with heart rate sensing clothes. Exercise type: brisk walking, jogging, or stationary ergometer exercise.
Home-based telehealth exercise training program: A home-based exercise mobile app will be offered combined with the heart rate sensing clothes to each participant in the group of home-based telehealth exercise training program. The mobile app provides auto-feedback of heart rate at each exercise training session through the heart rate sensing clothes and alarm function identifying individuals' appropriate exercise intensity (target heart rate) during their exercise based on their exercise prescription calculated and set up inside the app. After completing each exercise training session, the record of training time and heart rate response is simultaneously uploaded to the cloud system of the medical center through the heart rate sensing clothes. The experienced and well-trained nurse checked the cloud system data to monitor participants' adherence to exercise training. In addition, online communication is enabled using LINE software, which provided a platform for patients and researchers to interact with each other through messaging. | 91 |
| Education and Self-exercise After graded exercise testing, the participants will receive a single, individual, face-to-face physical activity promotion counseling session (15-20minutes).
Then, the patients will maintain their usual lifestyles for 12 weeks without exercise reminders.
Education and self-exercise: The participants will receive a exercise prescription suggestion. Then, they will maintain their usual lifestyles without exercise reminders. | 91 |
| Total | 182 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Home-based Telerehabilitation | Education and Self-exercise | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized Age(years) | 38.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.1 | 40.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.5 | 39.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.6 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.4 kg/m2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.9 | 24.3 kg/m2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.2 | 23.9 kg/m2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6 |
| Duration of post-COVID-19 (weeks) | 13.1 weeks STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5 | 11.5 weeks STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7 | 12.1 weeks STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.5 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian | 91 participants | 91 participants | 182 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Taiwan | 91 participants | 91 participants | 182 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 37 Participants | 33 Participants | 70 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 54 Participants | 58 Participants | 112 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 91 | 0 / 91 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 91 | 0 / 91 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 91 | 0 / 91 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Exercise Capacity: Anaerobic Threshold (AT) From Baseline to 12 Weeks
The anaerobic threshold (AT) is measured by graded exercise testing. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in AT was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher AT indicates better exercise capacity and endurance.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Exercise Capacity: Anaerobic Threshold (AT) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 1.2 ml/kg/min | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Exercise Capacity: Anaerobic Threshold (AT) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 1.0 ml/kg/min | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
Primary
Change in Exercise Capacity: Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO2peak) From Baseline to 12 Weeks
The peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is measured by graded exercise testing. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in VO2 peak was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher VO2 peak indicates better exercise capacity.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Exercise Capacity: Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO2peak) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 2.4 ml/kg/min | Standard Deviation 4.4 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Exercise Capacity: Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO2peak) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 1.7 ml/kg/min | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
Primary
Change in Exercise Capacity: Workload (Watt) From Baseline to 12 Weeks
The workload (Watt) is measured by graded exercise testing. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in workload was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher workload indicates better exercise capacity.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Exercise Capacity: Workload (Watt) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 7.0 watts | Standard Deviation 12.1 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Exercise Capacity: Workload (Watt) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 7.3 watts | Standard Deviation 13.8 |
Primary
Change in Heart Rate Recovery From Baseline to 12 Weeks
The heart rate recovery is measured by graded exercise testing, including 1 minute and 2 minute recovery. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in heart rate recovery was calculated as the difference between heart rate recovery at 12 weeks and heart rate recovery at baseline. A decrease of \< 12 or 22 beats per minute in 1- or 2-min heart rate recovery, respectively, indicates an elevated risk of mortality. A faster heart rate recovery indicates better cardiovascular fitness and autonomic regulation.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Heart Rate Recovery From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 1-min HR recovery | 1.1 beats | Standard Deviation 5 |
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Heart Rate Recovery From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 2-min HR recovery | 2.3 beats | Standard Deviation 5.3 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Heart Rate Recovery From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 1-min HR recovery | 1.3 beats | Standard Deviation 10.2 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Heart Rate Recovery From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 2-min HR recovery | 3.2 beats | Standard Deviation 8.3 |
Primary
Change in Left Ventricular Function: O2 Pulse From Baseline to 12 Weeks
O2 Pulse is simply oxygen consumption (in ml) divided by heart rate. It is used as an index of stroke volume.The O2 pulse is measured by graded exercise testing. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in O₂ pulse was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher O₂ pulse indicates improved left ventricular function and greater cardiovascular efficiency.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Left Ventricular Function: O2 Pulse From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 0.5 ml/beats | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Left Ventricular Function: O2 Pulse From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 0.6 ml/beats | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
Primary
Change in Lung Function: FEV1/FVC % From Baseline to 12 Weeks
The measured FEV1 is divided by the measured FVC. he change in FEV₁/FVC was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher FEV₁/FVC ratio generally indicates better lung function, while a lower ratio suggests airflow limitation.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Lung Function: FEV1/FVC % From Baseline to 12 Weeks | -1.2 percentage of FEV1/FVC | Standard Deviation 10.9 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Lung Function: FEV1/FVC % From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 0.7 percentage of FEV1/FVC | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
Primary
Change in Lung Function: Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1) From Baseline to 12 Weeks
The amount of air exhaled (mL) during the first second during a forced expiratory volume test will be measured by spirometry. The change in FEV₁ was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher FEV₁ indicates better lung function.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Lung Function: Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 0.0 liters | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Lung Function: Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 0.0 liters | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
Primary
Change in Lung Function: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) From Baseline to 12 Weeks
The total amount of air exhaled (mL) during a forced expiratory volume test will be measured by spirometry. The change in FVC was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher FVC indicates better lung function.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Lung Function: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 0.0 liters | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Lung Function: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | -0.1 liters | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
Primary
Change in Ventilation/ Perfusion Abnormalities (VE/VCO2) From Baseline to 12 Weeks
The ventilation/ perfusion abnormalities (VE/VCO2)is measured by graded exercise testing. A cycling ergometer (MGC Ultima CardiO2) is used for cardiopulmonary testing with a incremental ramp protocol (10-W/min). The test will be terminated until patients complained of physical exhaustion or maximal capacity (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) meets 1.2). The change in VE/VCO2 was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A lower VE/VCO2 ratio indicates better ventilatory efficiency and reduced ventilation/perfusion abnormalities.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Ventilation/ Perfusion Abnormalities (VE/VCO2) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | -0.1 ratio | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Ventilation/ Perfusion Abnormalities (VE/VCO2) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 0.8 ratio | Standard Deviation 3.6 |
Secondary
Change in Confidence Level of Exercise: Questionnaire of Self-Efficacy Items From Baseline to 12 Weeks
Questionnaire of Self-Efficacy Items. A five-item self-efficacy measure designed to measure confidence in one's ability to persist with exercising in various situations was developed. A five-point scale is used to rate each item : 1 indicates not at all confident, 2 indicates little confident , 3 indicates confident, 4 indicates very confident, 5 indicates strongly confident.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Confidence Level of Exercise: Questionnaire of Self-Efficacy Items From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 1.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Confidence Level of Exercise: Questionnaire of Self-Efficacy Items From Baseline to 12 Weeks | -1.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
Secondary
Change in Health-Related Quality of Life: Taiwan Version of World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks (WHOQOL-BREF)
The Taiwanese version of the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) with good validity and reliability includes the globally standardized WHOQOL-BREF with 26 items and an additional two locally developed items, making a total of 28 items. It consists of two single-facet items measuring overall quality of life and general health and four domains, including physical (7 items), psychological (6 items), social (4 items), and environmental (9 items) domains. The two additional items are being respected/accepted facet in the social domain and eating/food facet in the environment domain, respectively. The participants rated all items on a scale of 1-5, with higher scores reflecting a greater quality of life. Domain scores were derived by multiplying the mean of the facet scores within each domain by a scaling factor of 4, resulting in potential domain scores ranging from 4 to 20.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life: Taiwan Version of World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks (WHOQOL-BREF) | physical domain | 0.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life: Taiwan Version of World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks (WHOQOL-BREF) | psychological domain | 0.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life: Taiwan Version of World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks (WHOQOL-BREF) | social domain | 0.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life: Taiwan Version of World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks (WHOQOL-BREF) | environment domain | 0.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life: Taiwan Version of World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks (WHOQOL-BREF) | environment domain | 0.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life: Taiwan Version of World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks (WHOQOL-BREF) | physical domain | 0.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life: Taiwan Version of World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks (WHOQOL-BREF) | social domain | 0.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life: Taiwan Version of World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks (WHOQOL-BREF) | psychological domain | 0.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
Secondary
Change in Physical Activity Amounts: Taiwan Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks
Taiwan version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The overall physical activity (MET-min/week), vigorous intensity physical activity (MET-min/week), moderate intensity physical activity (MET-min/week), walking (MET-min/week) are measured.
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Physical Activity Amounts: Taiwan Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks | Vigorous PA | -13.6 MET-min/week | Standard Deviation 1234 |
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Physical Activity Amounts: Taiwan Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks | Walking behavior | -1239 MET-min/week | Standard Deviation 2329 |
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Physical Activity Amounts: Taiwan Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks | Total PA | -1341 MET-min/week | Standard Deviation 2690 |
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Physical Activity Amounts: Taiwan Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks | Moderate PA | -87.6 MET-min/week | Standard Deviation 4739 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Physical Activity Amounts: Taiwan Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks | Total PA | 812 MET-min/week | Standard Deviation 1643 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Physical Activity Amounts: Taiwan Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks | Vigorous PA | 302.4 MET-min/week | Standard Deviation 1360 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Physical Activity Amounts: Taiwan Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks | Moderate PA | 103.7 MET-min/week | Standard Deviation 1189 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Physical Activity Amounts: Taiwan Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire From Baseline to 12 Weeks | Walking behavior | 406 MET-min/week | Standard Deviation 1205 |
Secondary
Change in Sleep Quality: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline to 12 Weeks
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a l-month time interval. Nineteen individual items generate seven component scores and the sum of scores for these seven components yields one global score. (Scores ranged from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating poor sleep quality.)
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-based Telerehabilitation | Change in Sleep Quality: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 0.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Education and Self-exercise | Change in Sleep Quality: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline to 12 Weeks | 0.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3 |