Autism Spectrum Disorder
Conditions
Brief summary
The goal of this research is to explore abilities to learn word meanings from overheard conversations in children with ASD (and, as a control, typically developing children). Specific Aim 2 (Experiment 2): Determine whether children with ASD can learn from addressed and overheard teaching via videoconferencing. The investigators will use a similar procedure to Study 1, except that both overheard and directed teaching will take place on video.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALOverheard Speech
New words are introduced with the child as a bystander rather directly taught.
BEHAVIORALAddressed Speech
New words are introduced directly to the child by an experimenter.
Sponsors
New York University
Emerson College
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Months to 71 Months
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
children with or without a diagnosis of ASD between 18 to 71 months of age
Exclusion criteria
native language is not English born premature (\< 36 weeks) has uncorrected hearing or vision impairments has developmental disorders or medical conditions other than ASD that affect language or cognition (excepting psychiatric conditions often comorbid with ASD such as ADHD) has a history of photosensitive epileptic seizures
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object | immediately after viewing 3-minute interaction | Children's eye gaze is recorded as they look at images. The proportion of time during which gaze is directed to an image of the targeted word is the dependent measure. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| ASD - Addressed First, Then Overheard Children with ASD are exposed to new words. Addressed Speech: New words are introduced directly to the child by an experimenter.
Overheard Speech: New words are introduced while children observe. | 87 |
| ASD - Overheard First, Then Addressed Children with ASD are exposed to new words. Overheard Speech: New words are introduced while children observe. Addressed Speech: New words are introduced directly to the child by an experimenter. | 89 |
| TD - Addressed First, Then Overheard Children with TD are exposed to new words. Addressed Speech: New words are introduced directly to the child by an experimenter.
Overheard Speech: New words are introduced while children observe. | 85 |
| TD - Overheard First, Then Addressed Children with TD are exposed to new words. Overheard Speech: New words are introduced while children observe. Addressed Speech: New words are introduced directly to the child by an experimenter. | 81 |
| Total | 342 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | ASD - Addressed First, Then Overheard | ASD - Overheard First, Then Addressed | TD - Addressed First, Then Overheard | TD - Overheard First, Then Addressed | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 51.8 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.6 | 52.1 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.2 | 41.5 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.2 | 31.0 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.2 | 41.7 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.3 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized American Indian / Alaska Native | 0 participants | 0 participants | 1 participants | 0 participants | 1 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian | 4 participants | 5 participants | 4 participants | 3 participants | 16 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black | 10 participants | 5 participants | 6 participants | 4 participants | 25 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic/Latine | 7 participants | 3 participants | 2 participants | 2 participants | 14 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized More than one | 16 participants | 5 participants | 17 participants | 14 participants | 52 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 participants | 0 participants | 1 participants | 0 participants | 1 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Unknown | 8 participants | 14 participants | 2 participants | 2 participants | 26 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White | 42 participants | 57 participants | 52 participants | 56 participants | 207 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 87 participants | 89 participants | 85 participants | 81 participants | 342 participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Number of Enrolled Females | 21 participants | 22 participants | 38 participants | 25 participants | 106 participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Number of Enrolled Males | 66 participants | 66 participants | 47 participants | 56 participants | 235 participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Number Prefer not to Answer | 0 participants | 1 participants | 0 participants | 0 participants | 1 participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 176 | 0 / 176 | 0 / 166 | 0 / 166 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 176 | 0 / 176 | 0 / 166 | 0 / 166 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 176 | 0 / 176 | 0 / 166 | 0 / 166 |
Outcome results
Primary
Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object
Children's eye gaze is recorded as they look at images. The proportion of time during which gaze is directed to an image of the targeted word is the dependent measure.
Time frame: immediately after viewing 3-minute interaction
Population: Not all enrolled participants were analyzed because of exclusions due to, e.g., experimenter error or children paying insufficient attention.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASD - Addressed | Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object | 0.42 proportion of time | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
| ASD - Overheard | Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object | 0.44 proportion of time | Standard Deviation 0.33 |
| TD - Addressed | Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object | 0.49 proportion of time | Standard Deviation 0.34 |
| TD - Overheard | Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object | 0.38 proportion of time | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
Comparison: The primary statistical analysis involves asking whether children's preference to look at the target is significantly greater in one condition and/or group than the other. Mixed-effects regression analyses are used with the proportion-empirical-logit transformed-of target looking as the dependent measure, participant as random effect, and condition and group and their interaction as fixed effects.p-value: <0.01Regression, Linear
Comparison: The primary statistical analysis involves asking whether children's preference to look at the target is significantly greater in one condition and/or group than the other. Mixed-effects regression analyses are used with the proportion-empirical-logit transformed-of target looking as the dependent measure, participant as random effect, and condition and group and their interaction as fixed effects.p-value: 0.93Regression, Linear
Comparison: The primary statistical analysis involves asking whether children's preference to look at the target is significantly greater in one condition and/or group than the other. Mixed-effects regression analyses are used with the proportion-empirical-logit transformed-of target looking as the dependent measure, participant as random effect, and condition and group and their interaction as fixed effects.p-value: <0.01Regression, Linear
Primary
Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object
Children's eye gaze is recorded as they look at images. The proportion of time during which gaze is directed to an image of the targeted word is the dependent measure.
Time frame: 5 minutes after viewing interaction
Population: Not all enrolled participants were analyzed because of exclusions due to, e.g., experimenter error or children paying insufficient attention.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASD - Addressed | Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object | 0.43 proportion of time | Standard Deviation 0.34 |
| ASD - Overheard | Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object | 0.30 proportion of time | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| TD - Addressed | Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object | 0.42 proportion of time | Standard Deviation 0.34 |
| TD - Overheard | Proportion of Time During Which Children's Eye Gaze is Directed Toward the Target Object | 0.43 proportion of time | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
Comparison: The primary statistical analysis involves asking whether children's preference to look at the target is significantly greater in one condition and/or group than the other. Mixed-effects regression analyses are used with the proportion-empirical-logit transformed-of target looking as the dependent measure, participant as random effect, and condition and group and their interaction as fixed effects.p-value: <0.01Regression, Linear
Comparison: The primary statistical analysis involves asking whether children's preference to look at the target is significantly greater in one condition and/or group than the other. Mixed-effects regression analyses are used with the proportion-empirical-logit transformed-of target looking as the dependent measure, participant as random effect, and condition and group and their interaction as fixed effects.p-value: 0.22Regression, Linear
Comparison: The primary statistical analysis involves asking whether children's preference to look at the target is significantly greater in one condition and/or group than the other. Mixed-effects regression analyses are used with the proportion-empirical-logit transformed-of target looking as the dependent measure, participant as random effect, and condition and group and their interaction as fixed effects.p-value: <0.01Regression, Linear