Eating Behavior
Conditions
Brief summary
The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of meal variety and portion size on food intake at a meal. The study will also investigate relationships with eating microstructure such as eating rate and bite size. Additionally, other individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the effects of variety and portion size on meal intake.
Interventions
OTHERSequential Variety
3 courses each consisting of a different food
OTHERSimultaneous Variety
3 courses each consisting of 3 foods
OTHERSingle Food
3 courses each consisting of the same food
OTHERSmall portion
Small meal portion size
OTHERLarge Portion
Large meal portion size
Sponsors
Penn State University
Jenny Craig, Inc.
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
20 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Be willing and able to travel to Penn State University Park campus weekly for meals * Be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 * Be a woman 20 - 65 years old * Regularly eat 3 meals/day * Be willing to refrain from drinking alcohol the day before and during test days * Have a body mass index between 18.0 and 35.0 kg/m\*m * Be willing to refrain from eating after 10 pm the evening before test sessions * Be willing to participate in all study procedures
Exclusion criteria
* Must not be a smoker * Must not be an athlete in training * Must not be pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of screening * Must not have taken prescription or non-prescription drugs that may affect appetite or food intake within the last 3 months * Must not dislike or be unable to eat the test foods (because of allergies, intolerance, or dietary restrictions) * Must not have a high variability in liking of the test foods * Must not be currently dieting to gain or lose weight * Must not have a health condition that affects appetite * Must not have participated in a similar study in our lab in the past year * Must not be a student, faculty, or staff member in nutritional sciences or psychology
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in intake by weight | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Weight (grams) of all meal components consumed |
| Change in energy intake | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Energy intake (kilocalories) of all meal components consumed, calculated from weight and energy density |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in mean eating rate | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Mean food intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal food intake by meal duration |
| Change in mean bite size | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Mean food intake per bite (grams/bite), calculated by dividing meal food intake by bite count |
| Change in sip count | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | The number of sips of water during the meal |
| Change in mean drinking rate | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Mean water intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal water intake by meal duration |
| Change in mean sip size | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Mean water intake per sip (grams/sip), calculated by dividing meal water intake by sip count |
| Change in switching between bites and sips | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | The number of switches between bites and sips during the meal |
| Change in bite count | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | The number of bites of food during the meal |
| Change in rating of pleasantness of the taste of food samples | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety |
| Change in rating of prospective consumption of food samples | Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from none at all (0 mm) to a very large amount (100 mm), in answer to How much of \[this food\] do you want to eat right now?. This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety |
| Change in rating of hunger | Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm) |
| Change in rating of thirst | Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm) |
| Change in rating of nausea | Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm) |
| Change in rating of fullness | Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm) |
| Change in switching between different foods | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | The number of switches between different foods |
| Change in meal duration | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Duration of the meal in minutes |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed