COVID-19
Conditions
Brief summary
The CONFIDENT Study is an online three-arm randomized trial that aims to help long-term care workers in the United States feel more confident about the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. The study will compare two different interventions to usual online information (website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The first intervention is a Dialogue-Based Webinar where people can interact and ask questions about the vaccines. The second intervention is a Social Media Website that will feature curated content about the vaccines from popular social media platforms. Participants will be asked to completed four online surveys. The first survey will be completed pre-intervention and immediately upon study enrollment (Time 0). Participants will be randomized to a trial arm at the end of the Time 0 survey. Intervention follow-up surveys will be completed 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1), three months post-randomization (Time 2), and 6 months post-randomization (Time 3).
Interventions
BEHAVIORALDialogue-Based Webinar
One-time virtual webinars facilitated by a long-term care worker and a physician expert. The webinars will include provision of the existing COVID-19 vaccine Option Grid(TM) conversation aid. The majority of time will be focused on answering participants' questions about COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccines. An additional refresher intervention will be delivered several weeks later that will comprise of an email with links to a pre-recorded, shorter webinar available in video and audio-only formats.
BEHAVIORALSocial Media Website
A curated COVID-19 social media website. The website will feature content from different social media platforms. The posts will include information about COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccines. Participants will have the ability to like and comment on website content and can re-visit the website as many times as they like. An additional refresher intervention will be delivered several weeks later that will comprise of an email featuring previews and links to a selection of website content.
OTHEREnhanced Usual Practice
COVID-19 vaccine information on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. An additional refresher will be delivered several weeks later that will comprise of an email with a link to the COVID-19 vaccine information on the CDC website.
Sponsors
National Association of Health Care Assistants
Institute for Healthcare Improvement
East Carolina University
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* at least 18 years of age * can read, write, and understand English * lives in the United States * has worked in a long-term care setting in the past two years * can provide information to confirm they have worked in a long-term care setting * is not pregnant or breastfeeding * at least somewhat worried about the COVID-19 vaccines and/or has not received a COVID-19 vaccine booster shot
Exclusion criteria
* under 18 years of age * cannot read, write, and understand English * does not live in the United States * has not worked in a long-term care setting in the past two years * cannot provide information to confirm they have worked in a long-term care setting * is pregnant or breastfeeding * less than somewhat worried about the COVID-19 vaccines and has received at least one COVID-19 vaccine booster shot
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines, assessed using the 3-item Vaccine Confidence Index (Larson et al., 2016) adapted for COVID-19. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ('Strongly disagree') to 5 ('Strongly agree'). Respondents are considered 'confident' (score of '1') if they respond 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree' on all three items and 'not confident' (score of '0') if one or more item responses is not 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree'. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Initial Series Completion) | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Completion of initial COVID-19 vaccine series, assessed using two items with multiple choice (single answer) formats. |
| Feeling Informed About the COVID-19 Vaccines | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Extent of feeling informed (having enough information and understanding that information) about the COVID-19 vaccines, using two self-developed items. Each item is assessed on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 ('No at all confident') to 4 ('Very confident'). A single overall score is calculated as the mean of the two items (possible range 0-4). |
| Identification of COVID-19 Vaccine Information and Misinformation | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Identification of COVID-19 vaccine information and misinformation, assessed using four items. Some items self-developed and some adapted from Hamel et al., 2021. Each item is assessed using a multiple choice (single answer) format. Each item response is scored as correct (value of '1') or incorrect (value of '0'). A single overall score is calculated as the sum of all four items (possible range 0-4). |
| Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Information From Different Sources | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Trust in COVID-19 vaccine information given by different people and organizations, assessed using a list of three different sources. Each source is assessed using a 4-point scale ranging from 0 ('Not at all') to 3 ('A lot'). A single overall score is calculated as the mean of the three items (possible range 0-3). |
| Change From Baseline in Secondary Outcomes | Baseline (Time 0); 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2); 6 months post-randomization (Time 3) | Change in secondary outcomes from baseline, assessed using the same measures identified in Outcomes 3-13. |
| As-treated Analyses of Primary and Secondary Outcomes | Baseline (Time 0); 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2); 6 months post-randomization (Time 3) | All primary and secondary outcomes assessed only for those who were exposed to their relevant study intervention and/or refresher intervention. |
| Change From Baseline to 3 Weeks Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | Baseline (Time 0); 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Change in confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines from baseline to 3 weeks post-randomization, assessed using the 3-item Vaccine Confidence Index (Larson et al., 2016) adapted for COVID-19. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ('Strongly disagree') to 5 ('Strongly agree'). Respondents are considered 'confident' (score of '1') if they respond 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree' on all three items and 'not confident' (score of '0') if one or more item responses is not 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree'. For the change from baseline to Time 1 outcome, a score of 1 represents an increase in vaccine confidence (Vaccine Confidence Index score change from 0 to 1) and a score of 0 represents no change or a decrease in confidence. |
| Change From Baseline to 3 Months Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | Baseline (Time 0); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2) | Change in confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines from baseline to 3 months post-randomization, assessed using the 3-item Vaccine Confidence Index (Larson et al., 2016) adapted for COVID-19. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ('Strongly disagree') to 5 ('Strongly agree'). Respondents are considered 'confident' (score of '1') if they respond 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree' on all three items and 'not confident' (score of '0') if one or more item responses is not 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree'. For the change from baseline to Time 2 outcome, a score of 1 represents an increase in vaccine confidence (Vaccine Confidence Index score change from 0 to 1) and a score of 0 represents no change or a decrease in confidence. |
| Change From Baseline to 6 Months Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | Baseline (Time 0); 6 months post-randomization (Time 3) | Change in confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines from baseline to 6 months post-randomization, assessed using the 3-item Vaccine Confidence Index (Larson et al., 2016) adapted for COVID-19. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ('Strongly disagree') to 5 ('Strongly agree'). Respondents are considered 'confident' (score of '1') if they respond 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree' on all three items and 'not confident' (score of '0') if one or more item responses is not 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree'. For the change from baseline to Time 3 outcome, a score of 1 represents an increase in vaccine confidence (Vaccine Confidence Index score change from 0 to 1) and a score of 0 represents no change or a decrease in confidence. |
| Net Promoter Score (COVID-19 Vaccination) | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Likelihood of recommending COVID-19 vaccination to someone who is not vaccinated, assessed using a single-item adapted Net Promoter Score item. The item is assessed on an 11-point scale ranging from 0 ('No at all likely') to 10 ('Extremely likely'). Responses are categorized into three groups: Promoters (scale score of 9 or 10) receive a score of '1', passives (scale score of 7 or 8) receive a score of '0', and detractors (scale score of 0-6) receive a score of '-1'. |
| Net Promoter Score (COVID-19 Booster Vaccination to Coworker) | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Likelihood of recommending COVID-19 booster vaccination to a coworker, assessed using a single-item adapted Net Promoter Score item. The item is assessed on an 11-point scale ranging from 0 ('No at all likely') to 10 ('Extremely likely'). Responses are categorized into three groups: Promoters (scale score of 9 or 10) receive a score of '1', passives (scale score of 7 or 8) receive a score of '0', and detractors (scale score of 0-6) receive a score of '-1'. |
| COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Any Dose) | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Receipt of any does of a COVID-19 vaccine, assessed using a single item with multiple choice (single answer) format. |
| COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Booster Completion) | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Receipt of a COVID-19 booster vaccine if initial series completed, assessed using a single item with multiple choice (single answer) format. |
| COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Initial Series) | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Intent to get a COVID-19 vaccine if unvaccinated, assessed using a single item with multiple choice (single answer) format. Response options are Yes (score of '1'), Not Sure (score of '0'), and No (score of '-1'). |
| COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Booster) | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Intent to get a COVID-19 booster vaccine if not yet received, assessed using a single item with multiple choice (single answer) format. Response options are Yes (score of '1'), Not Sure (score of '0'), and No (score of '-1'). |
| COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Future Vaccine Recommendations) | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1) | Intent to get COVID-19 vaccines regularly in the future if they are recommended, assessed using a single item with multiple choice (single answer) format. Response options are Yes (score of '1'), Not Sure (score of '0'), and No (score of '-1'). |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar Acceptability | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2) | Likelihood of recommending the Dialogue-Based Webinar intervention to a coworker, assessed using a single-item adapted Net Promoter Score item. |
| Social Media Website Acceptability | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2) | Likelihood of recommending the Social Media Website intervention to a coworker, assessed using a single-item adapted Net Promoter Score item. |
| Enhanced Usual Practice Acceptability | 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2) | Likelihood of recommending the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website to a coworker, assessed using a single-item adapted Net Promoter Score item. |
| Dialogue-Based Webinar Exposure | Time of individual participants' exposure to intervention | Participants' exposure to the Dialogue-Based Webinar intervention assessed via webinar attendance data. |
| Social Media Website Exposure | Time of individual participants' exposure to intervention | Participants' exposure to the Social Media Website intervention assessed via website visit data. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
The study was initially launched on February 21, 2022. After nearly three weeks of recruitment, we experienced a large amount of fraudulent study enrollment and had to pause recruitment for a period of time. We relaunched the study on May 5, 2022. No data from the initial launch was used in data analyses given differences in study eligibility, participant verification processes, and time that had elapsed between the two groups. For more details, see: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38588798/
Pre-assignment details
A total of 14,984 people were screened for eligibility. Randomization occurred automatically at the end of the study baseline survey (Time 0). Pre-randomization exclusions were as follows: did not meet inclusion criteria (n=9,285); did not consent (n=1,354); dropped out of survey before randomization (n=1,711). Post-randomization exclusions are detailed in the Participant Flow.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar Dialogue-Based Webinar: One-time virtual webinars facilitated by a long-term care worker and a physician expert. The webinars will include provision of the existing COVID-19 vaccine Option Grid(TM) conversation aid. The majority of time will be focused on answering participants' questions about COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccines. An additional refresher intervention will be delivered several weeks later that will comprise of an email with links to a pre-recorded, shorter webinar available in video and audio-only formats. | 426 |
| Social Media Website Social Media Website: A curated COVID-19 social media website. The website will feature content from different social media platforms. The posts will include information about COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccines. Participants will have the ability to like and comment on website content and can re-visit the website as many times as they like. An additional refresher intervention will be delivered several weeks later that will comprise of an email featuring previews and links to a selection of website content. | 474 |
| Enhanced Usual Practice Enhanced Usual Practice: COVID-19 vaccine information on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. An additional refresher will be delivered several weeks later that will comprise of an email with a link to the COVID-19 vaccine information on the CDC website. | 487 |
| Total | 1,387 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time 1 Survey | Completed T1 survey outside window | 18 | 21 | 13 |
| Time 1 Survey | Did not start T1 survey | 182 | 150 | 140 |
| Time 1 Survey | Failed verification, did complete time 1 survey | 23 | 24 | 16 |
| Time 1 Survey | Failed verification, did not start Time 1 survey | 221 | 200 | 220 |
| Time 1 Survey | Missing primary outcome data at Time 0 or Time 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
| Time 1 Survey | Withdrawal by Subject | 6 | 3 | 2 |
| Time 2 Survey | Already excluded at Time 1 | 228 | 202 | 173 |
| Time 2 Survey | Completed Time 2 survey outside window | 10 | 15 | 9 |
| Time 2 Survey | Did not start Time 2 survey | 31 | 26 | 45 |
| Time 2 Survey | Missing primary outcome data at Time 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Time 2 Survey | Withdrawal by Subject | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Time 3 Survey | Already excluded at Time 1 | 228 | 200 | 173 |
| Time 3 Survey | Completed Time 3 survey outside window | 1 | 6 | 8 |
| Time 3 Survey | Did not start Time 3 survey | 48 | 48 | 51 |
| Time 3 Survey | Missing primary outcome data at Time 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Dialogue-Based Webinar | Total | Enhanced Usual Practice | Social Media Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized Age 50-64 | 56 Participants | 207 Participants | 80 Participants | 71 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age 65 and older | 6 Participants | 15 Participants | 7 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Age, Customized Under age 50 | 364 Participants | 1165 Participants | 400 Participants | 401 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black non-hispanic | 124 Participants | 375 Participants | 131 Participants | 120 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic | 19 Participants | 69 Participants | 27 Participants | 23 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Missing | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other race or more than one race | 22 Participants | 87 Participants | 35 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White non-hispanic | 260 Participants | 852 Participants | 292 Participants | 300 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female | 399 Participants | 1314 Participants | 464 Participants | 451 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male | 24 Participants | 67 Participants | 21 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Nonbinary or preferred to self-describe | 3 Participants | 6 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 426 | 0 / 474 | 0 / 487 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 426 | 0 / 474 | 0 / 487 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 426 | 0 / 474 | 0 / 487 |
Outcome results
Primary
COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence
Confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines, assessed using the 3-item Vaccine Confidence Index (Larson et al., 2016) adapted for COVID-19. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ('Strongly disagree') to 5 ('Strongly agree'). Respondents are considered 'confident' (score of '1') if they respond 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree' on all three items and 'not confident' (score of '0') if one or more item responses is not 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree'.
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 93 Participants |
| Social Media Website | COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 106 Participants |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 138 Participants |
p-value: 0.99Groupwise binomial comparison
p-value: 0.98Groupwise binomial comparison
p-value: 0.85Groupwise binomial comparison
Secondary
As-treated Analyses of Primary and Secondary Outcomes
All primary and secondary outcomes assessed only for those who were exposed to their relevant study intervention and/or refresher intervention.
Time frame: Baseline (Time 0); 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2); 6 months post-randomization (Time 3)
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Secondary Outcomes
Change in secondary outcomes from baseline, assessed using the same measures identified in Outcomes 3-13.
Time frame: Baseline (Time 0); 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2); 6 months post-randomization (Time 3)
Secondary
Change From Baseline to 3 Months Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence
Change in confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines from baseline to 3 months post-randomization, assessed using the 3-item Vaccine Confidence Index (Larson et al., 2016) adapted for COVID-19. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ('Strongly disagree') to 5 ('Strongly agree'). Respondents are considered 'confident' (score of '1') if they respond 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree' on all three items and 'not confident' (score of '0') if one or more item responses is not 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree'. For the change from baseline to Time 2 outcome, a score of 1 represents an increase in vaccine confidence (Vaccine Confidence Index score change from 0 to 1) and a score of 0 represents no change or a decrease in confidence.
Time frame: Baseline (Time 0); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2)
Population: Number of participants analyzed is less than the Time 1 analyzed sample due to participants either not completing the Time 2 survey and/or the vaccine confidence survey questions.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | Change From Baseline to 3 Months Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 57 Participants |
| Social Media Website | Change From Baseline to 3 Months Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 58 Participants |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | Change From Baseline to 3 Months Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 55 Participants |
p-value: 0.22Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.43Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.61Fisher Exact
Secondary
Change From Baseline to 3 Weeks Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence
Change in confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines from baseline to 3 weeks post-randomization, assessed using the 3-item Vaccine Confidence Index (Larson et al., 2016) adapted for COVID-19. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ('Strongly disagree') to 5 ('Strongly agree'). Respondents are considered 'confident' (score of '1') if they respond 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree' on all three items and 'not confident' (score of '0') if one or more item responses is not 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree'. For the change from baseline to Time 1 outcome, a score of 1 represents an increase in vaccine confidence (Vaccine Confidence Index score change from 0 to 1) and a score of 0 represents no change or a decrease in confidence.
Time frame: Baseline (Time 0); 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | Change From Baseline to 3 Weeks Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 42 Participants |
| Social Media Website | Change From Baseline to 3 Weeks Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 49 Participants |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | Change From Baseline to 3 Weeks Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 62 Participants |
p-value: 0.93Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.9Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.83Fisher Exact
Secondary
Change From Baseline to 6 Months Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence
Change in confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines from baseline to 6 months post-randomization, assessed using the 3-item Vaccine Confidence Index (Larson et al., 2016) adapted for COVID-19. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ('Strongly disagree') to 5 ('Strongly agree'). Respondents are considered 'confident' (score of '1') if they respond 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree' on all three items and 'not confident' (score of '0') if one or more item responses is not 'Agree' or 'Strongly agree'. For the change from baseline to Time 3 outcome, a score of 1 represents an increase in vaccine confidence (Vaccine Confidence Index score change from 0 to 1) and a score of 0 represents no change or a decrease in confidence.
Time frame: Baseline (Time 0); 6 months post-randomization (Time 3)
Population: Number of participants analyzed is less than the Time 1 analyzed sample due to participants either not completing the Time 3 survey and/or the vaccine confidence survey questions.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | Change From Baseline to 6 Months Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 52 Participants |
| Social Media Website | Change From Baseline to 6 Months Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 66 Participants |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | Change From Baseline to 6 Months Post-randomization in COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence | 62 Participants |
p-value: 0.65Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.34Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.48Fisher Exact
Secondary
COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Booster)
Intent to get a COVID-19 booster vaccine if not yet received, assessed using a single item with multiple choice (single answer) format. Response options are Yes (score of '1'), Not Sure (score of '0'), and No (score of '-1').
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
Population: Only participants who reported completing their initial vaccine series but not having received a COVID-19 booster vaccine at Time 1 received this question, therefore, arm totals do not equal overall baseline analysis population.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Booster) | -0.26 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Social Media Website | COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Booster) | -0.16 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Booster) | -0.17 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
p-value: 0.88Adjusted Wald test
p-value: 0.49Adjusted Wald test
p-value: 0.23Adjusted Wald test
Secondary
COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Future Vaccine Recommendations)
Intent to get COVID-19 vaccines regularly in the future if they are recommended, assessed using a single item with multiple choice (single answer) format. Response options are Yes (score of '1'), Not Sure (score of '0'), and No (score of '-1').
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Future Vaccine Recommendations) | -0.16 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Social Media Website | COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Future Vaccine Recommendations) | -0.17 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Future Vaccine Recommendations) | -0.09 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
p-value: 0.9Adjusted Wald test
p-value: 0.94Adjusted Wald test
p-value: 0.86Adjusted Wald test
Secondary
COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Initial Series)
Intent to get a COVID-19 vaccine if unvaccinated, assessed using a single item with multiple choice (single answer) format. Response options are Yes (score of '1'), Not Sure (score of '0'), and No (score of '-1').
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
Population: Only participants who reported not having received any dose of a COVID-19 vaccine at Time 1 received this question, therefore, arm totals do not equal overall baseline analysis population.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Initial Series) | -0.76 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Social Media Website | COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Initial Series) | -0.77 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | COVID-19 Vaccine Intent (Initial Series) | -0.62 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
p-value: 0.92Adjusted Wald test
p-value: 0.97Adjusted Wald test
p-value: 0.83Adjusted Wald test
Secondary
COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Any Dose)
Receipt of any does of a COVID-19 vaccine, assessed using a single item with multiple choice (single answer) format.
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Any Dose) | 363 Participants |
| Social Media Website | COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Any Dose) | 383 Participants |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Any Dose) | 397 Participants |
p-value: 0.08Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.64Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.09Fisher Exact
Secondary
COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Booster Completion)
Receipt of a COVID-19 booster vaccine if initial series completed, assessed using a single item with multiple choice (single answer) format.
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Booster Completion) | 132 Participants |
| Social Media Website | COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Booster Completion) | 144 Participants |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Booster Completion) | 145 Participants |
p-value: 0.37Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.45Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.88Fisher Exact
Secondary
COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Initial Series Completion)
Completion of initial COVID-19 vaccine series, assessed using two items with multiple choice (single answer) formats.
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Initial Series Completion) | 354 Participants |
| Social Media Website | COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Initial Series Completion) | 374 Participants |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (Initial Series Completion) | 391 Participants |
p-value: 0.13Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.73Fisher Exact
p-value: 0.1Fisher Exact
Secondary
Feeling Informed About the COVID-19 Vaccines
Extent of feeling informed (having enough information and understanding that information) about the COVID-19 vaccines, using two self-developed items. Each item is assessed on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 ('No at all confident') to 4 ('Very confident'). A single overall score is calculated as the mean of the two items (possible range 0-4).
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
Population: Arm totals do not equal overall baseline analysis population due to missing data (i.e., unanswered survey questions).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | Feeling Informed About the COVID-19 Vaccines | 2.68 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Social Media Website | Feeling Informed About the COVID-19 Vaccines | 2.68 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | Feeling Informed About the COVID-19 Vaccines | 2.89 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
p-value: 1Two-sample z test
p-value: 1Two-sample z test
p-value: 0.49Two-sample z test
Secondary
Identification of COVID-19 Vaccine Information and Misinformation
Identification of COVID-19 vaccine information and misinformation, assessed using four items. Some items self-developed and some adapted from Hamel et al., 2021. Each item is assessed using a multiple choice (single answer) format. Each item response is scored as correct (value of '1') or incorrect (value of '0'). A single overall score is calculated as the sum of all four items (possible range 0-4).
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
Population: Social media website arm total does not equal overall baseline analysis population due to one case of missing data (i.e., unanswered survey question/s).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | Identification of COVID-19 Vaccine Information and Misinformation | 2.19 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Social Media Website | Identification of COVID-19 Vaccine Information and Misinformation | 2.00 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | Identification of COVID-19 Vaccine Information and Misinformation | 2.30 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
p-value: 0.88Two-sample z test
p-value: 1Two-sample z test
p-value: 0.02Two-sample z test
Secondary
Net Promoter Score (COVID-19 Booster Vaccination to Coworker)
Likelihood of recommending COVID-19 booster vaccination to a coworker, assessed using a single-item adapted Net Promoter Score item. The item is assessed on an 11-point scale ranging from 0 ('No at all likely') to 10 ('Extremely likely'). Responses are categorized into three groups: Promoters (scale score of 9 or 10) receive a score of '1', passives (scale score of 7 or 8) receive a score of '0', and detractors (scale score of 0-6) receive a score of '-1'.
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
Population: Arm totals do not equal overall baseline analysis population due to missing data (i.e., unanswered survey questions).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | Net Promoter Score (COVID-19 Booster Vaccination to Coworker) | -0.59 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.09 |
| Social Media Website | Net Promoter Score (COVID-19 Booster Vaccination to Coworker) | -0.62 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | Net Promoter Score (COVID-19 Booster Vaccination to Coworker) | -0.51 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
p-value: 0.95Adjusted Wald test
p-value: 0.98Adjusted Wald test
p-value: 0.66Adjusted Wald test
Secondary
Net Promoter Score (COVID-19 Vaccination)
Likelihood of recommending COVID-19 vaccination to someone who is not vaccinated, assessed using a single-item adapted Net Promoter Score item. The item is assessed on an 11-point scale ranging from 0 ('No at all likely') to 10 ('Extremely likely'). Responses are categorized into three groups: Promoters (scale score of 9 or 10) receive a score of '1', passives (scale score of 7 or 8) receive a score of '0', and detractors (scale score of 0-6) receive a score of '-1'.
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
Population: Arm totals do not equal overall baseline analysis population due to missing data (i.e., unanswered survey questions).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | Net Promoter Score (COVID-19 Vaccination) | -0.48 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Social Media Website | Net Promoter Score (COVID-19 Vaccination) | -0.52 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | Net Promoter Score (COVID-19 Vaccination) | -0.42 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
p-value: 0.88Adjusted Wald test
p-value: 0.97Adjusted Wald test
p-value: 0.48Adjusted Wald test
Secondary
Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Information From Different Sources
Trust in COVID-19 vaccine information given by different people and organizations, assessed using a list of three different sources. Each source is assessed using a 4-point scale ranging from 0 ('Not at all') to 3 ('A lot'). A single overall score is calculated as the mean of the three items (possible range 0-3).
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1)
Population: Arm totals do not equal overall baseline analysis population due to missing data (i.e., unanswered survey questions).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dialogue-Based Webinar | Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Information From Different Sources | 1.71 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Social Media Website | Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Information From Different Sources | 1.65 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Enhanced Usual Practice | Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Information From Different Sources | 1.76 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
p-value: 0.82Two-sample z test
p-value: 0.97Two-sample z test
p-value: 0.18Two-sample z test
Other Pre-specified
Dialogue-Based Webinar Acceptability
Likelihood of recommending the Dialogue-Based Webinar intervention to a coworker, assessed using a single-item adapted Net Promoter Score item.
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2)
Other Pre-specified
Dialogue-Based Webinar Exposure
Participants' exposure to the Dialogue-Based Webinar intervention assessed via webinar attendance data.
Time frame: Time of individual participants' exposure to intervention
Other Pre-specified
Enhanced Usual Practice Acceptability
Likelihood of recommending the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website to a coworker, assessed using a single-item adapted Net Promoter Score item.
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2)
Other Pre-specified
Social Media Website Acceptability
Likelihood of recommending the Social Media Website intervention to a coworker, assessed using a single-item adapted Net Promoter Score item.
Time frame: 3 weeks post-randomization (Time 1); 3 months post-randomization (Time 2)
Other Pre-specified
Social Media Website Exposure
Participants' exposure to the Social Media Website intervention assessed via website visit data.
Time frame: Time of individual participants' exposure to intervention