Parkinson Disease
Conditions
Keywords
parkinson disease, parkinsonian disorders, Basal ganglia disease, Brain diseases, central nervous system diseases, nervous system diseases, movement disorders, synucleinopathies, neurodegenerative diseases
Brief summary
This study has three objectives about persons with Parkinson's Disease during bicycling: 1. Determine the effect of visual feedback and competition during virtual bicycling on neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity 2. Determine the effect of visual-feedback and competition during virtual bicycling on the user experience of motivation, enjoyment & perception of exercise intensity 3. Determine if attention differs during visual feedback compared to competition virtual bicycling
Detailed description
Participants will attend one sessions lasting about 2-3 hours. They will complete movement assessments and questionnaires about physical activity. They will then exercise exercise in three different virtual reality augmented bicycling conditions while wearing a head mounted display (goggles). Each of the three conditions will last approximately 8 minutes and will be followed by questionnaires about the participant's experience.
Interventions
This is a single arm study in which all participants will execute the same three bicycling tasks over one session. Exercise intensity and enjoyment are measured while participants bicycle in a virtual reality environment (wearing virtual reality goggles) in three different conditions lasting approximately 8 minutes each.
Sponsors
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Repeated measures design
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
45 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease following the UK Brain Bank Diagnostic Criteria, * Hoehn and Yahr stages II-III, * 45-80 years old, * Able to ride a stationary upright bicycle, * Able to sign informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
* Have a recent history of severe heart disease, severe lung disease, uncontrolled diabetes, traumatic brain injury or neurological disorder other than Parkinson Disease, * Are unable to follow directions or sign a consent form, * Do not have adequate vision or hearing ability to see or hear a television, * Have unstable medical condition or musculoskeletal disorder such as severe arthritis, recent knee surgery, hip surgery, or any other condition that the investigators determine would impair the ability to ride the bicycle, * Have any other medical condition that prevents bicycling, * Have moderate depression (score of 9 or more on GDS screening tool).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Other-Competition | Session 1 - During the 8-minute other-competition bout | 3D gaze positions are measured continuously (40 values per second, 40 Hz) and valid gaze datapoints are extracted. The percentage of total valid gaze datapoints that are directed to the task are calculated as a metric of visual attention. A higher percentage reflects higher task focus, meaning that the higher percentage the higher degree of focus on the task. The reported value is measured as a percentage (%). |
| Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Feedback | Session 1 - During the 8-minute feedback bout | 3D gaze positions are measured continuously (40 values per second, 40 Hz) and valid gaze datapoints are extracted. The percentage of total valid gaze datapoints that are directed to the task are calculated as a metric of visual attention. A higher percentage reflects higher task focus, meaning that the higher percentage the higher degree of focus on the task. The reported value is measured as a percentage (%). |
| Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Self-Competition | Session 1 - During the 8-minute self-competition bout | 3D gaze positions are measured continuously (40 values per second, 40 Hz) and valid gaze datapoints are extracted. The percentage of total valid gaze datapoints that are directed to the task are calculated as a metric of visual attention. A higher percentage reflects higher task focus, meaning that the higher percentage the higher degree of focus on the task. The reported value is measured as a percentage (%). |
| Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Feedback | Session 1 - During the 8-minute feedback bout | Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz) |
| Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Self-Competition | Session 1 - During the 8-minute self-competition bout | Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz) |
| Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Other-Competition | Session 1 - During the 8-minute other-competition bout | Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz) |
| Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Feedback | Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 8-minute feedback bout | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation. |
| Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Self-Competition | Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 8-minute self-competition bout | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation. |
| Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Other-Competition | Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 8-minute other-competition bout | Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation. |
| Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Feedback | Session 1 - During the 8-minute feedback bout | Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz) |
| Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Self-Competition | Session 1 - During the 8-minute self-competition bout | Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz) |
| Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Other-Competition | Session 1 - During the 8-minute other-competition bout | Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Audio Recordings of Exercise Experience | Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition | Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked about their exercise experience. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of recordings were not conducted. However, sample quotes representing constructs of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory will be included in future publications. |
| Ranking of Enjoyment | Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition | Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked which of the 3 bicycling conditions they liked the best. They will rank the 3 conditions with a score from 1-3, with a 1 indicating the condition they liked the best and a 3 indicating the condition they liked the least. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (Start) | Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 8-minute feedback bout | Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (Middle) | Session 1 - At the midpoint (4-minute mark) of the 8-minute feedback bout | Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (End) | Session 1 - At the endpoint (8-minute mark) of the 8-minute feedback bout | Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (Start) | Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 8-minute self-competition bout | Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (Middle) | Session 1 - At the midpoint (4-minute mark) of the 8-minute self-competition bout | Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (End) | Session 1 - At the end (8-minute mark) of the 8-minute self-competition bout | Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (Start) | Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 8-minute other-competition bout | Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (Middle) | Session 1 - At the midpoint (4-minute mark) of the 8-minute other-competition bout | Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (End) | Session 1 - At the end (8-minute mark) of the 8-minute other-competition bout | Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion. |
| Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory) | Measured once before exercise bouts begin (after clinical assessments) (Repeat of Baseline Outcome Measure) | Measured once using the Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory consisting of 12 items from 4 subscales (hyper competitive, self-developmental, anxious, lack of interest) For each subscale, mean scores range from 1-6 with higher scores representing higher levels of that subscale metric. |
| Ranking of Perceived Effort | Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition | Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked in which of the 3 bicycling conditions they felt they worked the hardest. They will rank the 3 conditions with a score from 1-3, with a 1 indicating the condition in which they felt they worked the hardest and a 3 indicating the condition in which they felt they worked the least hard. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| UPDRS-III Subscale | Collected once at start of the session (Repeat of Baseline Outcome Measure) | Description of Motor Performance Scored from 0-108 a lower score is better outcome |
| Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly | Collected once at start of the session (Repeat of Baseline Outcome Measure) | Exercise Inventory Questionnaire to measure levels of physical activity. Scores range from 0-793, and higher scores represent higher levels of physical activity over the past 7 days. |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (Short Form) | Collected once during screening (Repeat of Baseline Outcome Measure) | 15 item inventory to rate depression (scored from 0-15 with a lower score being better) |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Recruitment start date: October 21, 2022 First participant enrolled and completed study: October 27, 2022 Recruitment end date: February 13, 2023 Final participant enrolled and completed study: February 17, 2023
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling This is a single arm study in which all participants will execute the same three bicycling tasks over one session. Exercise intensity and enjoyment are measured while participants bicycle in a virtual reality environment (wearing virtual reality goggles) in three different conditions lasting approximately 8 minutes each.
Virtual reality bicycling: This is a single arm study in which all participants will execute the same three bicycling tasks over one session. Exercise intensity and enjoyment are measured while participants bicycle in a virtual reality environment (wearing virtual reality goggles) in three different conditions lasting approximately 8 minutes each. | 21 |
| Total | 21 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Virtual Reality Bicycling |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 65.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.9 |
| Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory) Anxious Subscale | 2.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.1 |
| Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory) Hyper-Competitive Subscale | 2.0 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.9 |
| Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory) Lack of Interest Subscale | 2.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 |
| Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory) Self-Developmental Competitive Subscale | 4.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (short form) | 1.29 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.7 |
| Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly | 102.27 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 57.03 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 19 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 21 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 8 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 13 Participants |
| UPDRS-III Subscale | 40.43 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.7 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 22 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 22 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 22 |
Outcome results
Primary
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Feedback
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute feedback bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Feedback | 109.26 beats per minute (bpm) | Standard Deviation 9.9 |
p-value: <0.001ANOVA
Primary
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Other-Competition
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute other-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Other-Competition | 114.42 beats per minute (bpm) | Standard Deviation 12.4 |
Primary
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Self-Competition
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute self-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart Rate, Beats Per Minute) - Self-Competition | 115.41 beats per minute (bpm) | Standard Deviation 12.6 |
Primary
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Feedback
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 8-minute feedback bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Feedback | 6.06 score on a scale |
p-value: 0.111ANOVA
Primary
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Other-Competition
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 8-minute other-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Other-Competition | 6.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
Primary
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Self-Competition
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 8-minute self-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Self-Competition | 6.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
Primary
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Feedback
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute feedback bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Feedback | 85.44 revolutions per minute (rpm) | Standard Deviation 13.7 |
p-value: <0.001ANOVA
Primary
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Other-Competition
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute other-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Other-Competition | 93.83 revolutions per minute (rpm) | Standard Deviation 17.1 |
Primary
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Self-Competition
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute self-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling Cadence, Revolutions Per Minute) - Self-Competition | 92.97 revolutions per minute (rpm) | Standard Deviation 16.3 |
Primary
Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Feedback
3D gaze positions are measured continuously (40 values per second, 40 Hz) and valid gaze datapoints are extracted. The percentage of total valid gaze datapoints that are directed to the task are calculated as a metric of visual attention. A higher percentage reflects higher task focus, meaning that the higher percentage the higher degree of focus on the task. The reported value is measured as a percentage (%).
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute feedback bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Feedback | 76.70 percentage of total valid gazes |
p-value: >0.05ANOVA
Primary
Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Other-Competition
3D gaze positions are measured continuously (40 values per second, 40 Hz) and valid gaze datapoints are extracted. The percentage of total valid gaze datapoints that are directed to the task are calculated as a metric of visual attention. A higher percentage reflects higher task focus, meaning that the higher percentage the higher degree of focus on the task. The reported value is measured as a percentage (%).
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute other-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Other-Competition | 77.89 percentage of total valid gazes | Standard Deviation 9.2 |
Primary
Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Self-Competition
3D gaze positions are measured continuously (40 values per second, 40 Hz) and valid gaze datapoints are extracted. The percentage of total valid gaze datapoints that are directed to the task are calculated as a metric of visual attention. A higher percentage reflects higher task focus, meaning that the higher percentage the higher degree of focus on the task. The reported value is measured as a percentage (%).
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 8-minute self-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Visual Attention (Infrared Eye-tracking Data Representing Gaze Positions in a 3D Coordinate Plane to be Used in Calculating Dwell Time in Regions of Interest in the Virtual Simulation) - Self-Competition | 79.20 percentage of total valid gazes | Standard Deviation 8.8 |
Secondary
Audio Recordings of Exercise Experience
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked about their exercise experience. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of recordings were not conducted. However, sample quotes representing constructs of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory will be included in future publications.
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Secondary
Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory)
Measured once using the Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory consisting of 12 items from 4 subscales (hyper competitive, self-developmental, anxious, lack of interest) For each subscale, mean scores range from 1-6 with higher scores representing higher levels of that subscale metric.
Time frame: Measured once before exercise bouts begin (after clinical assessments) (Repeat of Baseline Outcome Measure)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory) | Lack of Interest Subscale | 2.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory) | Anxious Subscale | 2.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory) | Hyper-Competitive Subscale | 2.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory) | Self-Developmental Competitive Subscale | 4.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
Secondary
Ranking of Enjoyment
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked which of the 3 bicycling conditions they liked the best. They will rank the 3 conditions with a score from 1-3, with a 1 indicating the condition they liked the best and a 3 indicating the condition they liked the least.
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Ranking of Enjoyment | Liked the Competition against Self Condition the Best | 8 Participants |
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Ranking of Enjoyment | Liked the Competition against Others Condition the Best | 7 Participants |
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Ranking of Enjoyment | Liked the Feedback Condition the Best | 6 Participants |
p-value: >0.05Chi-squared
Secondary
Ranking of Perceived Effort
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked in which of the 3 bicycling conditions they felt they worked the hardest. They will rank the 3 conditions with a score from 1-3, with a 1 indicating the condition in which they felt they worked the hardest and a 3 indicating the condition in which they felt they worked the least hard.
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Ranking of Perceived Effort | Reported Competition against Self Condition as Most Effortful | 11 Participants |
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Ranking of Perceived Effort | Reported Competition against Others Condition as Most Effortful | 8 Participants |
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Ranking of Perceived Effort | Reported Feedback Condition as Most Effortful | 2 Participants |
p-value: >0.05Chi-squared
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (End)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the endpoint (8-minute mark) of the 8-minute feedback bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (End) | 14.0 score on a scale |
p-value: 0.004ANOVA
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (Middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the midpoint (4-minute mark) of the 8-minute feedback bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (Middle) | 12.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (Start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 8-minute feedback bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (Start) | 8.43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (End)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the end (8-minute mark) of the 8-minute other-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (End) | 15.0 score on a scale |
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (Middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the midpoint (4-minute mark) of the 8-minute other-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (Middle) | 13.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (Start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 8-minute other-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (Start) | 9.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (End)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the end (8-minute mark) of the 8-minute self-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (End) | 15.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (Middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - At the midpoint (4-minute mark) of the 8-minute self-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (Middle) | 13.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (Start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 8-minute self-competition bout
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (Start) | 8.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
Other Pre-specified
Geriatric Depression Scale (Short Form)
15 item inventory to rate depression (scored from 0-15 with a lower score being better)
Time frame: Collected once during screening (Repeat of Baseline Outcome Measure)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Geriatric Depression Scale (Short Form) | 1.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
Other Pre-specified
Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly
Exercise Inventory Questionnaire to measure levels of physical activity. Scores range from 0-793, and higher scores represent higher levels of physical activity over the past 7 days.
Time frame: Collected once at start of the session (Repeat of Baseline Outcome Measure)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly | 102.27 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 57 |
Other Pre-specified
UPDRS-III Subscale
Description of Motor Performance Scored from 0-108 a lower score is better outcome
Time frame: Collected once at start of the session (Repeat of Baseline Outcome Measure)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | UPDRS-III Subscale | 40.43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.7 |