Alzheimer Disease, Caregiver Burnout, Dementia, Family Relationship, Loneliness, Mental Health Wellness 1, Quality of Life
Conditions
Keywords
Virtual reality, Video chat (Zoom), Technology, Senior living community, Seniors, Older adults, Cognitive impairment, Dementia, Thriving, Quality of Life, Loneliness, Mental health, Caregiver guilt, Caregiver burden, Family relationships, Adult children, Assisted living, Social connection
Brief summary
The purpose of this project is to test the impact of different forms of technology (virtual reality vs. video chat) on quality of life and family relationships in older adults who reside in senior living communities and an adult child who lives at a distance. The study will also investigate whether responses to the technology and quality of life outcomes depend on older adults' level of cognitive impairment.
Detailed description
Purpose of the clinical trial: The virtual reality (VR) program, Rendever, enables older adults in senior living communities to maintain important family relationships, engage fully with life, and reconnect with their past, regardless of physical location, through its advanced networking and live-streaming capabilities. This project will test the immediate and longer-term impact of the Rendever virtual reality platform (vs. video chat) on the quality of life of residents and their adult children in an experimental design. The study will also investigate whether responses to the technology and quality of life outcomes depend on older adults' level of cognitive impairment. Participants: Participants will be older adults (age 50+) with mild cognitive impairments (MCI) or mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease or related dementias (ADRD) who reside in senior living communities and an adult child who lives at a distance. The resident-adult child dyads (target N=192 dyads) will be recruited from 12 senior living communities in the greater Boston area and central California. Residents will participate from their senior living community and adult children will participate from their own home, at least 45 minutes driving distance away. Study Design and Method: The design is a 2 (Intervention Group: Virtual Reality vs. Active Control) x 2 (Level of Cognitive Impairment: MCI vs. ADRD) x Time (7 time points) design. Dyads will be randomly assigned to an intervention group (Virtual Reality vs. Video Chat Control). Dependent variables will include quality of life, psychological and social well-being (loneliness, mental health, thriving, and relationship quality), caregiver guilt (guilt, stress, and burden), and positive engagement while using the technology. Outcomes will be assessed through surveys, interviews, and observational methods. The experimental intervention will be implemented in a between-group design. Dyads will be randomly assigned to either the Virtual Reality Condition or the active Control Condition (video chat). Participants will complete a baseline survey (T1), followed by four activity sessions once a week for 4 consecutive weeks (T2-T5). Follow-up surveys will be conducted at 1-month (T6) and 3-months (T7) post-intervention for exploratory purposes (to determine if any effects of the technology are sustained over time). Residents and adult children will also be interviewed briefly after the intervention and at each follow-up. All sessions will be video and audiotaped. Computerized and human coding will examine positive engagement and interpersonal dynamics while using the technology. Dyads assigned to the virtual reality (VR) condition will engage in 4 weekly VR sessions that include immersive virtual adventures (e.g., bucket list travel) and reminiscence activities (e.g., virtual life story). Dyads assigned to the control condition will engage in 4 weekly video chat sessions. During these sessions, dyads will engage in conversations that are typical in their daily lives. All other procedures will be identical in the two conditions. Sample size, recruitment, and statistical power: A power analysis using simulation methods (for multi-level regression models and structural equation models) was used to determine the sample size. A sample size of 192 dyads (96 in each intervention condition) evenly split between cognitive impairment groups (MCI vs. dementia) will achieve a high level of power for detecting the minimal expected effect size (accounting for expected attrition). Statistical analysis: Because data from parent-adult child dyads will be dependent, and because the dyad is the unit of analysis for assignment to experimental conditions, the analysis of quantitative data will utilize linear models designed for nested (clustered) data. Hypothesis testing will be conducted with multi-level, random-effects regression and multi-level structural equation modeling. Study Aims: AIM 1: Determine whether virtual reality (vs. control) improves quality of life for residents and their adult children who live at a distance. AIM 2: Determine whether the positive effects of virtual reality (vs. control) on quality of life depend upon residents' level of cognitive impairment (MCI vs. mild to moderate AD/ADRD). AIM 3: Determine whether virtual reality (vs. control) reduces caregiver guilt for adult children and whether these effects depend on the adult child's own responses to the technology and their parent's responses to the technology.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALVirtual Reality
Older adults (residents of senior living communities) engage in four 20-minute virtual reality activities (via the Rendever platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. The 4 sessions include immersive virtual adventures (e.g., bucket list travel) and reminiscence activities (e.g., virtual life story). Adult children participate remotely from their own homes.
BEHAVIORALVideo Chat
Older adults (residents of senior living communities) engage in four 20-minute video chat sessions (via the Zoom platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. Adult children participate remotely from their own homes.
Sponsors
University of California, Santa Barbara
Rendever, Inc.
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Dyads (older adult and adult child) will be randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups (two types of technology): (1) virtual reality, or (2) video chat (active control)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
for older adults: * Must reside in one of the senior living communities participating in the study * at least 50 years old * Fluent in English or Spanish * Have MCI or mild to moderate AD/ADRD * Mini-mental state examination (MMSE-2) score between 13 and 27 * Have an adult child who lives at least 45 minutes driving distance from the community and is willing to participate with them * Do not have an overly negative, aggressive, or abusive relationship with this adult child Inclusion Criteria for adult children: * At least 18 years old * Fluent in English or Spanish, * Live at least 45 minutes driving distance from the residential community * Do not have an overly negative, aggressive, or abusive relationship with their parent
Exclusion criteria
* Severe AD/ADRD (MMSE-2 score \< 13) * History of seizure, severe vertigo, hallucinations, or aggression * Severe visual impairment (screening will be conducted to determine if vision is sufficient to participate)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | QOL-AD (R.G. Logsdon, 1996) is a 13-item self-report measure of quality of life (completed by older adult participants). (As a secondary outcome, adult children also reported on their parents' quality of life). Items are rated on a 4-point scale: 1 = Poor, 2 = Fair, 3 = Good, 4 = Excellent. The total score is the mean of all items (range: 1 to 4). Higher scores indicate greater quality of life. |
| Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | An 11-item measure of thriving adapted from the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) and the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT; Su, R., Tay, L., \& Diener, E., 2014). This measure provides a holistic view of positive functioning (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither Agree nor Disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly Agree. The total score is the average of the 11 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of thriving. |
| Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | This scale includes 12 items from the longer PANAS (Watson, Clark, \& Tellegen, 1988), which measures two primary dimensions of mood. (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Participants rate the extent to which they experienced positive and negative emotions over the past week. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Moderately, 4 = Quite a lot, 5 = Extremely. Separate subscale scores are calculated for positive emotion (6 items) and negative emotion (6 items) by averaging responses within each set (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores on the positive emotion subscale reflect greater positive mood during the past week, indicating better well-being. Higher scores on the negative emotion subscale reflect greater negative mood, indicating poorer well-being. |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | GDS (Sheikh, J.I., \& Yesavage, J.A., 1986) is a 15-item self-report measure of depression (completed by older adult participants). Items are rated "Yes" or "No" and are scored "1" if the response reflects depressive symptoms. Total score is the sum of all items (range: 0 to 15). Higher scores indicate greater depression. |
| Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | The MHI includes 5 items from the longer MHI (McHorney, Ware, \& Raczek, 1993) to assess depression, anxiety, and vitality during the past week (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1= None of the time, 2= A little of the time, 3 = Some of the time, 4 = A good bit of the time, 5 = Most of the time, 6 = All of the time. The total score is the average of all 8 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate better mental health. |
| Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | The short form of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, \& Cacioppo, 2008) is a 4-item scale widely used in field research with older adults, and adapted from the original scale (Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE, 1980). Items are rated on a 4-point scale: 1 = Never, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Often. The total score is the mean of the 4 items (range: 1 to 4). Higher scores indicate greater loneliness. |
| Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | Relationship closeness is assessed with 4 items from the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (Dibble, Levine, \& Park, 2011). (Completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 7-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Somewhat disagree, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Somewhat agree, 6 = Agree, 7 = Strong Agree. The total score is the average of the 4 items (range: 1 to 7). Higher scores indicate greater relationship closeness. |
| Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | Global relationship satisfaction is assessed with 3 items adapted from Huston et al.'s (1986) relationship satisfaction scale (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Somewhat, 4 = Very, 5 = Almost completely, 6 = Completely. Total scores are the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate greater relationship satisfaction. |
| Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | Communal coping is assessed with 3 items reflecting feelings of unity when combatting stress (Afifi et al., 2019). (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree. The total score is the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of communal coping. |
| Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | An 11-item measure of thriving adapted from the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) and the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT; Su, R., Tay, L., \& Diener, E., 2014). This measure provides a holistic view of positive functioning (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither Agree nor Disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly Agree. The total score is the average of the 11 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of thriving. |
| Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | The CESD-R-10 (Björgvinsson, Kertz, Bigda-Peyton, McCoy, Aderka,2013) is a 10-item measure of depressive symptoms adapted from the longer CESD (completed by adult children). Participants are asked to report how they felt during the past week. Items are rated on a 4-point scale: 0 = Rarely or none of the time, 1 = Some or a little of the time, 2 = Occasionally or a moderate amount of the time, 3 = Most or all of the time. The total score is the mean of the 10 items, some reverse-scored (range: 0 to 3). Higher scores reflect more depressive symptoms, worse mental health. |
| Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | This scale includes 12 items from the longer PANAS (Watson, Clark, \& Tellegen, 1988), which measures two primary dimensions of mood. (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Participants rate the extent to which they experienced positive and negative emotions over the past week. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Moderately, 4 = Quite a lot, 5 = Extremely. Separate subscale scores are calculated for positive emotion (6 items) and negative emotion (6 items) by averaging responses within each set (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores on the positive emotion subscale reflect greater positive mood during the past week, indicating better well-being. Higher scores on the negative emotion subscale reflect greater negative mood, indicating poorer well-being. |
| Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | The MHI includes 5 items from the longer MHI (McHorney, Ware, \& Raczek, 1993) to assess depression, anxiety, and vitality during the past week (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1 = None of the time, 2 = A little of the time, 3 = Some of the time, 4 = A good bit of the time, 5 = Most of the time, 6 = All of the time. The total score is the average of all 8 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate better mental health. |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | The PSS short form (completed by adult children) is a 4-item scale adapted from the longer PSS (Cohen, Kamarck, \& Mermelstein, 1983). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Never, 2 = Almost never, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Fairly often, 5 = Very often. The total score is the average of the 4 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate greater perceived stress. |
| Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | This scale (completed by adult children) includes 13 items adapted from the caregiver guilt and grief scales (Wells, Jorm, Jordan, \& Lefroy, 1990). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1= Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = A moderate amount, 4 = A lot, 5 = Almost unbearably. The total score is the average of the 13 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate greater caregiver guilt/grief. |
| Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | Relational burnout/load is assessed with 6 items from the Relational Load Scale (Afifi et al., 2019). (Completed by adult children.) Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree. The total score is the average of the 6 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of relational load/burnout. |
| Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | Relationship closeness is assessed with 4 items from the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (Dibble, Levine, \& Park, 2011). (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Items are rated on a 7-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Somewhat disagree, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Somewhat agree, 6 = Agree, 7 = Strong Agree. The total score is the average of the 4 items (range: 1 to 7). Higher scores indicate greater relationship closeness. |
| Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | Global relationship satisfaction is assessed with 3 items adapted from Huston et al.'s (1986) relationship satisfaction scale (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Somewhat, 4 = Very, 5 = Almost completely, 6 = Completely. The total score is the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate greater relationship satisfaction. |
| Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention) | Communal coping is assessed with 3 items reflecting feelings of unity when combatting stress (Afifi et al., 2019). (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree. The total score is the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of communal coping. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Technology Sessions | Immediately after each of the 4 technology sessions during the intervention (one week apart) | Positive and negative emotions experienced during the technology sessions (completed by both the older adult and adult child). Rated on a scale from 1 to 5, and separate indices are computed for positive emotion and negative emotion. Higher scores represent greater positive and negative emotion. Scores will be averaged across the intervention period (4 weeks) for overall measures of positive/negative affect experienced during the intervention sessions. Higher positive emotion and lower negative emotion indicate a more favorable response during the technology session. |
| Social and Conversational Engagement - Technology Sessions | Immediately after each of the 4 technology sessions during the intervention (one week apart) | Self-reported social and conversational engagement during the technology sessions will be assessed using items developed specifically for this study, based on findings from a pilot study. The items assess experiences such as learning something new, reminiscing, and sharing special moments (completed by both the older adult and adult child), with responses rated on a 5-point scale from 1 to 5. Items are averaged across the four-week intervention period to generate overall engagement scores across the intervention sessions. Higher scores indicate greater enjoyment and a more favorable response during the technology sessions. |
| Relationship Satisfaction and Communication Quality - Technology Sessions | Immediately after each of the 4 technology sessions during the intervention (one week apart) | Multiple items are designed to assess features of relationship connection during the remote family sessions (completed by both the older adult and adult child). Items are rated on a scale from 1 to 5. Subscales include (a) relational connection and (b) relational strain. Scores will be averaged across the intervention period (4 weeks) to obtain an overall score of relational connection and strain during the technology sessions. Higher connection and lower strain scores indicate a more favorable response during the technology sessions. |
| Telepresence and Copresence - Technology Session | Immediately after each of the 4 technology sessions during the intervention (one week apart) | Self-reported ratings of immersion during the technology sessions will be completed by both the older adult and the adult child. Items were adapted for this project based on a pilot study and will assess experiences such as feeling like they are in the same room and interacting face-to-face. Responses will be rated on a scale from 1 to 5, where higher scores indicate greater immersion and co-presence. Finally, item ratings will be averaged across the four-week intervention period to generate overall composite scores for each item. |
| Observational and Computer Coding - Social, Conversational, and Kinesic Engagement - Technology Sessions | Coded from audio and videotapes of each of the 4 technology (intervention) sessions. | To supplement the self-reports, trained raters will evaluate video and audio recordings of the sessions for conversational, emotional, and kinesic (physical) engagement. Human-coded items will use a 1-to-5 scale, with higher scores representing greater involvement. Subscales for older adults will measure (a) reminiscence, (b) conversational engagement, (c) conversational lead, (d) positive emotions, (e) active emotions, and (f) kinesic engagement; subscales for adult children will measure only (a) reminiscence, (b) conversational engagement, and (c) conversational lead. Additionally, an automated computer program will evaluate older adults' kinesic engagement, yielding metrics from 0 to 1 (higher values indicating greater physical engagement). All subscales and metrics will be averaged across the four-week intervention to generate overall composite engagement scores. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORTamara Afifi, PhD
University of California, Santa Barbara
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORKyle Rand, B.A.
Rendever Co.
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORNancy Collins, PhD
University of California, Santa Barbara
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Older adults with cognitive impairment and an adult child were recruited at 23 senior living communities in two geographic regions in the U.S. (Boston, MA, and Santa Barbara, CA) between October 2021 and December 2023, with the trial's primary completion in March 2024. Approximately half the older adults had mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and half had mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementias (ADRD). A total of 186 dyads (372 participants) were enrolled.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Video Chat Weekly activities using video conference (Zoom)
Video Chat: Older adults (residents of senior living communities) engage in four 20-minute video chat sessions (via the Zoom platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. Adult children participate remotely from their own homes. | 192 |
| Virtual Reality Weekly activities using virtual reality (Rendever)
Virtual Reality: Older adults (residents of senior living communities) engage in four 20-minute virtual reality activities (via the Rendever platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. The 4 sessions include immersive virtual adventures (e.g., bucket list travel) and reminiscence activities (e.g., virtual life story). Adult children participate remotely from their own homes. | 180 |
| Total | 372 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Video Chat | Virtual Reality | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous Adult Children | 56.72 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.63 | 56.03 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.47 | 56.38 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.03 |
| Age, Continuous Older Adults | 85.86 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.98 | 85.68 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.06 | 85.77 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5 |
| Cognitive Group (MCI/ADRD) - Older adults ADRD | 52 Participants | 49 Participants | 101 Participants |
| Cognitive Group (MCI/ADRD) - Older adults MCI | 44 Participants | 41 Participants | 85 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Adult Children Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants | 5 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Adult Children Not Hispanic or Latino | 94 Participants | 84 Participants | 178 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Adult Children Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Older Adults Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants | 5 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Older Adults Not Hispanic or Latino | 93 Participants | 85 Participants | 178 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Older Adults Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Adult Children American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Adult Children Asian | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Adult Children Black or African American | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Adult Children More than one race | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Adult Children Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Adult Children Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Adult Children White | 90 Participants | 87 Participants | 177 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Older Adults American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Older Adults Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Older Adults Black or African American | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Older Adults More than one race | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Older Adults Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Older Adults Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Older Adults White | 94 Participants | 87 Participants | 181 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Australia | 0 participants | 1 participants | 1 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Canada | 1 participants | 0 participants | 1 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Colombia | 0 participants | 1 participants | 1 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Denmark | 0 participants | 1 participants | 1 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Germany | 1 participants | 1 participants | 2 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Saudi Arabia | 1 participants | 0 participants | 1 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Switzerland | 0 participants | 1 participants | 1 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 189 participants | 175 participants | 364 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Adult Children Female | 61 Participants | 50 Participants | 111 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Adult Children Male | 35 Participants | 40 Participants | 75 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Older Adults Female | 67 Participants | 61 Participants | 128 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Older Adults Male | 29 Participants | 29 Participants | 58 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 2 / 96 | 2 / 90 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 3 / 96 | 2 / 90 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 96 | 0 / 90 |
Outcome results
Primary
Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
An 11-item measure of thriving adapted from the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) and the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT; Su, R., Tay, L., & Diener, E., 2014). This measure provides a holistic view of positive functioning (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither Agree nor Disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly Agree. The total score is the average of the 11 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of thriving.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Adult Child | 4.04 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Adult Child | 4.18 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Adult Child | 4.31 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.33 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Adult Child | 4.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.42 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Adult Child | 4.15 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Adult Child | 4.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Adult Child | 4.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.55 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Adult Child | 4.09 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
Primary
Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
An 11-item measure of thriving adapted from the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) and the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT; Su, R., Tay, L., & Diener, E., 2014). This measure provides a holistic view of positive functioning (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither Agree nor Disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly Agree. The total score is the average of the 11 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of thriving.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 3.97 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 4.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 3.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 3.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 3.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 3.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 3.69 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 3.91 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
Primary
Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
This scale (completed by adult children) includes 13 items adapted from the caregiver guilt and grief scales (Wells, Jorm, Jordan, & Lefroy, 1990). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1= Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = A moderate amount, 4 = A lot, 5 = Almost unbearably. The total score is the average of the 13 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate greater caregiver guilt/grief.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 2.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 2.15 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 2.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 2.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
Primary
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
The CESD-R-10 (Björgvinsson, Kertz, Bigda-Peyton, McCoy, Aderka,2013) is a 10-item measure of depressive symptoms adapted from the longer CESD (completed by adult children). Participants are asked to report how they felt during the past week. Items are rated on a 4-point scale: 0 = Rarely or none of the time, 1 = Some or a little of the time, 2 = Occasionally or a moderate amount of the time, 3 = Most or all of the time. The total score is the mean of the 10 items, some reverse-scored (range: 0 to 3). Higher scores reflect more depressive symptoms, worse mental health.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 0.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.42 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 0.48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 0.42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 0.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 0.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | .48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 0.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 0.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.46 |
Primary
Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
Communal coping is assessed with 3 items reflecting feelings of unity when combatting stress (Afifi et al., 2019). (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree. The total score is the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of communal coping.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 3.31 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 3.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.93 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 3.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 3.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 3.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 3.34 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 3.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 3.32 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
Primary
Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
Communal coping is assessed with 3 items reflecting feelings of unity when combatting stress (Afifi et al., 2019). (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree. The total score is the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of communal coping.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 3.91 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 3.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 3.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 3.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.78 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 3.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.85 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 3.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 3.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 4.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
Primary
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
GDS (Sheikh, J.I., & Yesavage, J.A., 1986) is a 15-item self-report measure of depression (completed by older adult participants). Items are rated Yes or No and are scored 1 if the response reflects depressive symptoms. Total score is the sum of all items (range: 0 to 15). Higher scores indicate greater depression.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment or remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.16 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.16 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 3.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.39 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 2.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.74 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 3.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.98 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 3.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.99 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 2.82 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.79 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 2.34 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.79 |
Primary
Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
The MHI includes 5 items from the longer MHI (McHorney, Ware, & Raczek, 1993) to assess depression, anxiety, and vitality during the past week (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1 = None of the time, 2 = A little of the time, 3 = Some of the time, 4 = A good bit of the time, 5 = Most of the time, 6 = All of the time. The total score is the average of all 8 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate better mental health.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 4.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 4.96 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 5.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 5.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 4.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 5.03 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 4.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 5.18 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
Primary
Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
The MHI includes 5 items from the longer MHI (McHorney, Ware, & Raczek, 1993) to assess depression, anxiety, and vitality during the past week (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1= None of the time, 2= A little of the time, 3 = Some of the time, 4 = A good bit of the time, 5 = Most of the time, 6 = All of the time. The total score is the average of all 8 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate better mental health.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 5.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 5.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 5.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 4.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 4.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 4.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 5.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 5.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
Primary
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
The PSS short form (completed by adult children) is a 4-item scale adapted from the longer PSS (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Never, 2 = Almost never, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Fairly often, 5 = Very often. The total score is the average of the 4 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate greater perceived stress.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Baseline | 2.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Post-Intervention | 1.97 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Post-Intervention | 1.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Baseline | 1.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Baseline | 2.17 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Post-Intervention | 1.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Baseline | 2.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Post-Intervention | 1.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
Primary
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
This scale includes 12 items from the longer PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), which measures two primary dimensions of mood. (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Participants rate the extent to which they experienced positive and negative emotions over the past week. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Moderately, 4 = Quite a lot, 5 = Extremely. Separate subscale scores are calculated for positive emotion (6 items) and negative emotion (6 items) by averaging responses within each set (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores on the positive emotion subscale reflect greater positive mood during the past week, indicating better well-being. Higher scores on the negative emotion subscale reflect greater negative mood, indicating poorer well-being.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Positive Emotions | 3.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Positive Emotions | 3.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Negative Emotions | 1.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Negative Emotions | 1.64 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Positive Emotions | 3.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Negative Emotions | 1.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Negative Emotions | 1.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Positive Emotions | 3.75 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Negative Emotions | 1.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Positive Emotions | 3.59 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Negative Emotions | 1.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Positive Emotions | 3.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Negative Emotions | 1.59 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 - Positive Emotions | 3.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.55 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Positive Emotions | 3.58 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 - Negative Emotions | 1.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.46 |
Primary
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
This scale includes 12 items from the longer PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), which measures two primary dimensions of mood. (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Participants rate the extent to which they experienced positive and negative emotions over the past week. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Moderately, 4 = Quite a lot, 5 = Extremely. Separate subscale scores are calculated for positive emotion (6 items) and negative emotion (6 items) by averaging responses within each set (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores on the positive emotion subscale reflect greater positive mood during the past week, indicating better well-being. Higher scores on the negative emotion subscale reflect greater negative mood, indicating poorer well-being.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Positive Emotions | 3.72 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Positive Emotions | 3.76 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Negative Emotions | 1.74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Negative Emotions | 1.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.42 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Positive Emotions | 3.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Negative Emotions | 1.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Negative Emotions | 1.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Positive Emotions | 3.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Negative Emotions | 1.96 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Positive Emotions | 3.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Negative Emotions | 1.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Positive Emotions | 3.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.91 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Negative Emotions | 1.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Positive Emotions | 3.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Positive Emotions | 3.18 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Negative Emotions | 1.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
Primary
Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
QOL-AD (R.G. Logsdon, 1996) is a 13-item self-report measure of quality of life (completed by older adult participants). (As a secondary outcome, adult children also reported on their parents' quality of life). Items are rated on a 4-point scale: 1 = Poor, 2 = Fair, 3 = Good, 4 = Excellent. The total score is the mean of all items (range: 1 to 4). Higher scores indicate greater quality of life.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 3.04 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 3.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 2.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 3.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 2.85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 2.91 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 2.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 3.07 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
Primary
Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
Relational burnout/load is assessed with 6 items from the Relational Load Scale (Afifi et al., 2019). (Completed by adult children.) Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree. The total score is the average of the 6 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of relational load/burnout.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.76 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.82 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
Primary
Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
Global relationship satisfaction is assessed with 3 items adapted from Huston et al.'s (1986) relationship satisfaction scale (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Somewhat, 4 = Very, 5 = Almost completely, 6 = Completely. The total score is the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate greater relationship satisfaction.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 4.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.21 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 4.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.99 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 4.41 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.26 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 4.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.29 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 4.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.16 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 4.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.17 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 4.17 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.27 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 4.32 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.23 |
Primary
Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
Global relationship satisfaction is assessed with 3 items adapted from Huston et al.'s (1986) relationship satisfaction scale (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Somewhat, 4 = Very, 5 = Almost completely, 6 = Completely. Total scores are the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate greater relationship satisfaction.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 4.92 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.21 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 5.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 4.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 5.17 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 4.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.17 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 5.07 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 4.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.17 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 5.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.18 |
Primary
Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
The short form of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2008) is a 4-item scale widely used in field research with older adults, and adapted from the original scale (Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE, 1980). Items are rated on a 4-point scale: 1 = Never, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Often. The total score is the mean of the 4 items (range: 1 to 4). Higher scores indicate greater loneliness.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.96 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.073 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 (Baseline) | 1.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 1.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
Primary
Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
Relationship closeness is assessed with 4 items from the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (Dibble, Levine, & Park, 2011). (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Items are rated on a 7-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Somewhat disagree, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Somewhat agree, 6 = Agree, 7 = Strong Agree. The total score is the average of the 4 items (range: 1 to 7). Higher scores indicate greater relationship closeness.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 5.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.53 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 5.84 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.31 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 5.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 5.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 5.58 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 5.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.15 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T1 (Baseline) | 5.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child) | T2 (Post-Intervention) | 5.44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
Primary
Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
Relationship closeness is assessed with 4 items from the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (Dibble, Levine, & Park, 2011). (Completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 7-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Somewhat disagree, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Somewhat agree, 6 = Agree, 7 = Strong Agree. The total score is the average of the 4 items (range: 1 to 7). Higher scores indicate greater relationship closeness.
Time frame: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 5.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
| MCI Group/Video Chat | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 6.28 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 6.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| MCI Group/Virtual Reality | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 6.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 6.07 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| ADRD Group/Video Chat | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 6.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T1 - Older Adult | 5.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| ADRD Group/Virtual Reality | Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult) | T2 - Older Adult | 6.18 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
Secondary
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Technology Sessions
Positive and negative emotions experienced during the technology session (older adult and adult child). Rated on a scale from 1 to 5, and separate indexes are computed for positive emotion and negative emotion. Higher scores represent greater positive and negative emotion. Scores will be averaged across the intervention period (4 weeks) for overall measures of positive/negative affect experienced during the intervention. Higher positive emotion and lower negative emotion indicate a more favorable response during the technology session.
Time frame: Immediately after each of the 4 technology sessions during the intervention (one week apart)
Secondary
Relationship Satisfaction and Communication Quality - Technology Sessions
Multiple items designed to assess features of relationship quality (older adult and adult child). Higher scores represent greater satisfaction and communication quality. Scores will be averaged across the intervention period (4 weeks) for an overall score of relationship satisfaction and communication quality during the technology sessions, during the intervention period.
Time frame: Immediately after each of the 4 technology sessions during the intervention (one week apart)
Secondary
Social and Conversational Engagement - Technology Sessions
Social and conversational engagement during the technology sessions will be evaluated using items developed specifically for this study, based on findings from a pilot study. Higher scores indicate greater engagement. Engagement scores will be averaged over the four-week intervention period to generate an overall engagement measure. In addition to self-reports, objective coders will analyze video and audio recordings of the sessions to assess conversational and emotional engagement. Kinesic (physical) engagement of the older adult will be evaluated both by trained raters and an automated computer program.
Time frame: Immediately after each of the 4 technology sessions during the intervention (one week apart)
Secondary
Telepresence and Copresence - Technology Session
Rating of engagement and immersion during the technology session (older adult and adult child). Items were written for this project based on a pilot study. Higher scores represent greater telepresence and co-presence. Due to time limitations, this measure is completed only during the first technology session.
Time frame: Measured after the first technology session (Week 1 of the intervention)