Botulinum Toxins, Type A, Smiling
Conditions
Keywords
gummy smile, botulinum toxin, dose
Brief summary
Botulinum type A (BTX-A) is an easy and efficacious treatment for gingival smile (GS). However, the necessary for higher-doses among patients are controversial. The objective was to compare the reduction of gingival exposure using two methods in patients with different dosage. In this prospective self-controlled study, healthy GS participates who had an anterior gingival exposure (GE) of more than 3 mm were enrolled and administered with 2-5 U BTX-A (total, 4-10 U) injections into 1-2 points according to the severity presented pretreatment in the Average-dose Method. And after 8 months, the Higher-doses Method was administered the same point injection of 3-10 U BTX-A (total, 6-20 U). Data were collected at baseline and 4, 12, 32 and 60 weeks of follow-up.
Detailed description
The smile is one of the universal facial expressions of humans. Gingival smile is characterized by gingival exposure of \>3 mm upon smiling. The degree of gingival exposure can vary substantially between patients, with patients presenting gingival exposure of up to more than 10 mm. The prevalence of gingival smile is 10.57%, and it is more frequently observed in females. Although gingival smile is merely an anatomical variation, it can be considered unattractive, causing significant distress and impacting one's quality of life. Moreover, most orthodontists and dentists regard gingival smile as an important risk factor for dental treatment. Gingival smile involves a complex interaction between the facial muscles, bone, and skin; specifically, it is related to hypermobility of the upper lip with muscle involvement and alterations in anatomical features, such as a short clinical dental crown, anterior dentoalveolar extrusion, maxillary excess, and a short upper lip. Therapies for gingival smile range from botulinum toxin injections to surgical interventions according to its etiology. Although the outcomes of surgical procedures are long-lasting, botulinum toxin type A treatment is an easy and fast outpatient procedure that requires no downtime and has high efficacy rates. Nevertheless, there are controversies around the optimal dose and injection site of botulinum toxin type A. Moreover, the efficiency of botulinum toxin type A for gingival smile varies markedly between studies, with the improvement rate of gingival exposure ranging from 62.06% to 98%. Sucupira and Abramovitz advocate the use of a low amount of botulinum toxin type A of 1.95 U per side for the treatment of gingival smile. They noted an average satisfaction level of 9.75 on a 10-point scale with this approach. They claimed that higher doses does not provide further benefit, and, in fact, could lead to lip ptosis, asymmetry, and excessive upper lip length. However, Polo disagreed with their argument, claiming 2-5 U injection of botulinum toxin type A according to the severity of gingival smile. In this regard, Garcia and Fulton showed that low-dose injection of botulinum toxin per muscle (2-5 IU) was as effective as higher doses. Though prior studies have demonstrated a correlation between higher doses of botulinum toxin and intensity and duration of muscle paralyses, no conclusion can be drawn regarding duration and intensity of doses used in the recent studies. A safe approach advocated by some authors consists of starting with low toxin doses initially, with retouching at a later stage if required. In this study, the investigators compared botulinum toxin type A efficiency using the average-dose method (2-5 U botulinum toxin type A per side determined according to the severity of anterior gingival smile) and , the higher-dose method (3-10 U botulinum toxin type A per side determined according to the severity of anterior gingival smile). The investigators aimed to assess the efficiency and duration of these approaches, as well as side effects and patients' satisfaction with treatment.
Interventions
The participates were allocated to two different application methods: Simplified Method for the first injection and Individualized Method 8 months later. All the patients underwent twice injection with each methods with no change of the BTX-A(Botox, Allergan, Irvine, CA) and other injection details: Lyophilized 100 U of Botox was reconstituted in 2.5 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The injections were made with a 27-gauge insulin syringe. The treatment was an outpatient procedure and all injections were performed by one of the authors (X.G.). No anesthesia was given during the procedure.
Sponsors
Peking University
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* ≥ 3.0-mm anterior gingival exposure upon unrestricted, full-blown smiling * healthy adults
Exclusion criteria
* contraindication of BTX-A * previous diseases or treatments affecting the position of the gingiva or upper lips * history of BTX-A injections to the head or neck region * facial paralysis * having received and/or receiving active orthodontic treatment that includes vertical dimension treatment, such as extrusion and intrusion, and presence of * periodontal disease * subject's refusal to participate
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 4 Weeks Post-injection | 4 weeks postinjection | The distance from the superior margin point of the right incisor to the lower margin of the upper lip upon maximum smile. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 12 Weeks Post-injection | 12 weeks postinjection | The distance from the superior margin point of the right incisor to the lower margin of the upper lip upon maximum smile. |
| Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 24 Weeks Post-injection | 24 weeks postinjection | The distance from the superior margin point of the right incisor to the lower margin of the upper lip upon maximum smile. |
| Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 48 Weeks Post-injection | 48 weeks postinjection | The distance from the superior margin point of the right incisor to the lower margin of the upper lip upon maximum smile. |
Countries
China
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
According to the estimated sample size, 33 participants need to be included in the study, and 33 people were actually included, but this study was a prospective, self-controlled clinical study, which is two treatments for the same group of patients, so the total sample size is 33 people.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| The Treatment Group In this prospective self-controlled study, healthy participants with gummy smile underwent two treatment methods. First, participants were injected with the average-dose, which the dose was individualized according to the severity of anterior gingival exposure pretreatment. For mild gingival smile (3-5 mm), a single-site injection of 2 U botulinum toxin type A \[total, 4 U\] at both the right and left levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles) was administered. For moderate (5-7 mm) and severe (≥7 mm) gingival smile, 3 U and 5 U of botulinum toxin type A, respectively, were injected per side (total, 6 U and 10U, respectively). The injection points were located at bilateral levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles and at the Yonsei point, with half doses administered at each point.
And 8 months later All the patients underwent second injection of the higher-dose method.
With this method, patients were administered botulinum toxin type A after 8 months when the effect of the previous injection had vanished. The injection dose (U) per side was set as the absolute value of the preoperative anterior gingival exposure (mm). For example, if the preoperative anterior gingival exposure was 5mm, then the patient would be injected with 5 U of botulinum toxin per side (total, 10U). The injection points were located at bilateral levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles and at the Yonsei point, with half doses administered at each point. | 33 |
| Total | 33 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | The Treatment Group | — |
|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | — |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | — |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 33 Participants | — |
| Age, Continuous | 31.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.6 | — |
| anterior gingival exposure | 6.4 mm STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5 | — |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | — Participants |
| Region of Enrollment China | 33 participants | — |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 31 Participants | — |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 2 Participants | — |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 33 | 0 / 33 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 5 / 33 | 4 / 33 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 33 | 0 / 33 |
Outcome results
Primary
Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 4 Weeks Post-injection
The distance from the superior margin point of the right incisor to the lower margin of the upper lip upon maximum smile.
Time frame: 4 weeks postinjection
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| the First Injection(the Average-dose Method) | Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 4 Weeks Post-injection | 3.6 mm | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
| the Second Injection(the Higher-dose Method) | Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 4 Weeks Post-injection | 3.0 mm | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
Secondary
Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 12 Weeks Post-injection
The distance from the superior margin point of the right incisor to the lower margin of the upper lip upon maximum smile.
Time frame: 12 weeks postinjection
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| the First Injection(the Average-dose Method) | Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 12 Weeks Post-injection | 5.4 mm | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
| the Second Injection(the Higher-dose Method) | Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 12 Weeks Post-injection | 4.9 mm | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
Secondary
Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 24 Weeks Post-injection
The distance from the superior margin point of the right incisor to the lower margin of the upper lip upon maximum smile.
Time frame: 24 weeks postinjection
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| the First Injection(the Average-dose Method) | Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 24 Weeks Post-injection | 6.3 mm | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| the Second Injection(the Higher-dose Method) | Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 24 Weeks Post-injection | 5.8 mm | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
Secondary
Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 48 Weeks Post-injection
The distance from the superior margin point of the right incisor to the lower margin of the upper lip upon maximum smile.
Time frame: 48 weeks postinjection
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| the First Injection(the Average-dose Method) | Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 48 Weeks Post-injection | 7.0 mm | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| the Second Injection(the Higher-dose Method) | Anterior Gingival Exposure (GE) 48 Weeks Post-injection | 6.5 mm | Standard Deviation 1 |