Depression, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Self-regulation
Conditions
Brief summary
It is clear that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted families adversely in multiple ways, including economic stressors, mental health-related functioning, social/familial functioning, as well as responses to mandated safety measures (e.g. social distancing, stay-at-home orders, mask-wearing). Furthermore, families of school-age children have had to navigate online instruction and home schooling in the context of these difficult circumstances with little preparation for doing so effectively. School districts have varied widely in their ability to support parents during this crisis. These stressors are likely to have disproportionately adverse effects on lower-income and racial/ ethnic minority populations, for whom economic, academic, and family-level challenges were already pronounced. For instance, health effects of COVID-19 have hit African American and Latinx populations with disproportionate severity, including higher rates of hospitalization and death. Given the scale of pandemic impacts for families with school-aged children, the identification of effective family-focused interventions that target core mechanisms of change with a broad range of benefits for parents and youth across diverse populations, and that can be brought to scale rapidly and with fidelity, represent critical public health goals. In this research study the investigators will adapt and test the efficacy of the Family Check-Up Online as a treatment to foster resilient family functioning in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The investigators will test the effects of the adapted FCU Online program on key mechanisms of change that are predicted to directly impact child and family functioning: parenting skills, parental depression, and parent and child self-regulation. The investigators predict that changes in these key targets of the intervention will impact participant's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including youth depression and behavior problems, the ability to cope with pandemic-focused stressors, and social/familial functioning.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALFamily Check-Up
This intervention includes access to the Family Check-Up Online website and telehealth coaching provided by trained mental health providers. A minimum of 5 coaching sessions will be offered.
Sponsors
Case Western Reserve University
University of Oregon
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Families will be assigned to treatment vs. waitlist control. The investigators will assess families at baseline and at 2-, 4-, and 6-month follow-ups. Families in the treatment condition will receive the intervention between baseline and the 2-month follow-up.The control group will receive the intervention following the 4-month assessment.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* A caregiver must have a child between the ages of 10 and 14; * the caregiver must be the parent or legal guardian of the participating youth; * the caregiver must have a smartphone with text messaging capability and access to email; and * the caregiver must score at least 1 or above on the Patient Health Questionnaire-2, or score at least 2 on any item of the Perceived Stress Scale-4.
Exclusion criteria
* the caregiver is unable to read in either English or Spanish; * the child is unable to complete the survey without parent's help; or * the family is already participating in another study of the University of Oregon's Prevention Science Institute.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline in Parent Mental Health and Well-being (Parent Report) | baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months | Parents reported on their depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a 9-item brief depression screening questionnaire. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their mood in the past two weeks using a 4-pt scale (not at all, several days, more than half the days, nearly every day). Scores ranged from 0-3. High scores indicate greater depressive symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Parental Stress (Parent Report) | baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months | Parents reported on their parenting stress using the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), a 14-item questionnaire. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their experience in the past month using a 5-pt scale (never, almost never, sometimes, fairly often, very often). Scores ranged from 0-4. High scores indicate greater parenting stress. |
| Change From Baseline in Child Behavior and Emotional Problems (Parent Report) | baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months | Parents reported on their child's problem behavior using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a 25-item brief behavioral screening questionnaire that consists of 5 subscales with 5 questions each. The 5 subscales are conduct problems, emotional problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and prosocial behavior. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their child's behavior in the past month using a 3-pt scale (not true, somewhat true, and certainly true). Response options for each item ranged from 0-2. Subscale totals were created by summing responses for a possible range of 0-10 for each subscale. The sums from each subscale were summed to create a composite score. High scores indicate greater conduct problems. |
| Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Parent Report) | baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months | Parents reported on their child's depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a 9-item brief depression screening questionnaire. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their child's mood in the past two weeks using a 4-pt scale (not at all, several days, more than half the days, nearly every day). Scores ranged from 0-3. High scores indicate greater depressive symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Parenting Skills (Parent Report) | baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months | Parents reported on their parenting skills using a version of the Parenting Young Children Questionnaire (PARYC). The PARYC version adapted for this study was a 21-item questionnaire. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their child's behavior in the past month using a 5-pt scale (never, rarely, sometimes, often, and very often). Scores for each item ranged from 0-4, and scores were averaged to create a total score. High scores indicate greater parenting skills. |
| Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Parent Report) | baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months | Parents reported on their family relationships using a family togetherness scale adapted from the Community Action for Successful Youth (CASEY) questionnaire. The scale used for this study consisted of 3 items. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their experience in the past month using a 5-pt scale (never true, sometimes true, true about half the time, often true, and always true). Scores ranged from 1-5. High scores indicate greater positive family relationships. |
| Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Parent Report) | baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months | Parents reported on their family conflict using a family conflict scale adapted from the Community Action for Successful Youth (CASEY) questionnaire. The scale used for this study consisted of 4 items. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their experience in the past month using a 7-pt scale (never, once, twice, 3 times, 4 or 5 times, 6 or 7 times and more than 7 times). Scores for each item ranged from 0-6, and scores were averaged to create a total score. High scores indicate increased family conflict. |
| Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Child Report) | baseline, 6 months | Youth reported on their depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a 9-item brief depression screening questionnaire modified for teen use. Youth were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their mood in the past two weeks using a 4-pt scale (not at all, several days, more than half the days, nearly every day). Scores for each item ranged from 1-4, and scores were averaged to create a total score. High scores indicate greater depressive symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Child Report) | baseline, 6 months | Youth reported on their family relationships using a family togetherness scale adapted from the Community Action for Successful Youth (CASEY) questionnaire. The scale used for this study consisted of 3 items. Youth were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their experience in the past month using a 5-pt scale (never true, sometimes true, true about half the time, often true, and always true). Scores ranged from 1-5. High scores indicate greater positive family relationships. |
| Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Child Report) | baseline, 6 months | Youth reported on their family conflict using a family conflict scale adapted from the Community Action for Successful Youth (CASEY) questionnaire. The scale used for this study consisted of 4 items. Youth were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their experience in the past month using a 7-pt scale (never, once, twice, 3 times, 4 or 5 times, 6 or 7 times and more than 7 times). Scores ranged from 1-7. High scores indicate increased family conflict. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
377 families inquired about study participation. Some were excluded due to being unresponsive to outreach (n=191), declining to participate (n=11), or not meeting inclusion criteria (n=14). Families who returned baseline surveys (n=161 parent/caregivers; n=147 youth) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Waitlist Control Parents in this arm will initially serve as the control group but will receive access to the FCU Online website and telehealth coaching after completing three waves of data collection (baseline, 2-mo, and 4-mo follow-up). | 166 |
| FCU Online + Coach Parents in this arm will receive access to the FCU Online website and telehealth coaching/ support provided by a trained mental health provider. The FCU Online website includes a brief 5-minute assessment, feedback on parents' responses, and online tools to support parenting in areas that were identified as challenges by the assessment. These tools include videos, animated videos, parenting tips, and interactives to help practice parenting skills.Telehealth coaching sessions will focus on Healthy Behaviors, Positive Parenting, Rules and Consequences, School Support, and Communication.
Family Check-Up: This intervention includes access to the Family Check-Up Online website and telehealth coaching provided by trained mental health providers. A minimum of 5 coaching sessions will be offered. | 142 |
| Total | 308 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Waitlist Control | FCU Online + Coach | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous Parent | 43.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.09 | 41.91 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.99 | 42.82 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.64 |
| Age, Continuous Youth | 12.44 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.04 | 12.57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.06 | 12.50 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.05 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Parent Hispanic or Latino | 19 Participants | 14 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Parent Not Hispanic or Latino | 68 Participants | 60 Participants | 128 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Parent Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Youth Hispanic or Latino | 14 Participants | 14 Participants | 28 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Youth Not Hispanic or Latino | 64 Participants | 54 Participants | 118 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Youth Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Parent American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Parent Asian | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Parent Black or African American | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Parent More than one race | 9 Participants | 10 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Parent Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Parent Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Parent White | 74 Participants | 62 Participants | 136 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Youth American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Youth Asian | 4 Participants | 1 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Youth Black or African American | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Youth More than one race | 9 Participants | 13 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Youth Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Youth Unknown or Not Reported | 7 Participants | 2 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Youth White | 55 Participants | 50 Participants | 105 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 166 participants | 142 participants | 308 participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Parent Female | 82 Participants | 70 Participants | 152 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Parent Male | 5 Participants | 4 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Parent Other | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Parent Prefer not to answer | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Youth Female | 35 Participants | 32 Participants | 67 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Youth Male | 34 Participants | 34 Participants | 68 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Youth Other | 7 Participants | 2 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Youth Prefer not to answer | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 3 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 87 | 0 / 74 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 68 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 87 | 0 / 74 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 68 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 87 | 0 / 74 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 68 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change From Baseline in Child Behavior and Emotional Problems (Parent Report)
Parents reported on their child's problem behavior using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a 25-item brief behavioral screening questionnaire that consists of 5 subscales with 5 questions each. The 5 subscales are conduct problems, emotional problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and prosocial behavior. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their child's behavior in the past month using a 3-pt scale (not true, somewhat true, and certainly true). Response options for each item ranged from 0-2. Subscale totals were created by summing responses for a possible range of 0-10 for each subscale. The sums from each subscale were summed to create a composite score. High scores indicate greater conduct problems.
Time frame: baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months
Population: Number of participants differs between baseline and follow-up waves due to attrition (e.g., participants not returning follow-up surveys).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Child Behavior and Emotional Problems (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | 11.6056 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.23465 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Child Behavior and Emotional Problems (Parent Report) | Baseline | 13.2184 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.4833 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Child Behavior and Emotional Problems (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 11.9726 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.93243 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Child Behavior and Emotional Problems (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | 12.8630 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.62343 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Child Behavior and Emotional Problems (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 12.2319 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.5091 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Child Behavior and Emotional Problems (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | 12.2143 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.3266 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Child Behavior and Emotional Problems (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | 12.1587 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.17119 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Child Behavior and Emotional Problems (Parent Report) | Baseline | 14.2568 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.53814 |
p-value: 0.915ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Child Report)
Youth reported on their family conflict using a family conflict scale adapted from the Community Action for Successful Youth (CASEY) questionnaire. The scale used for this study consisted of 4 items. Youth were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their experience in the past month using a 7-pt scale (never, once, twice, 3 times, 4 or 5 times, 6 or 7 times and more than 7 times). Scores ranged from 1-7. High scores indicate increased family conflict.
Time frame: baseline, 6 months
Population: Number of participants differs between baseline and follow-up waves due to attrition (e.g., participants not returning follow-up surveys).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Child Report) | Baseline | 2.6184 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.22234 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Child Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 2.5323 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.13394 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Child Report) | Baseline | 2.8640 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.31043 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Child Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 2.6636 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.08463 |
p-value: 0.332ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Parent Report)
Parents reported on their family conflict using a family conflict scale adapted from the Community Action for Successful Youth (CASEY) questionnaire. The scale used for this study consisted of 4 items. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their experience in the past month using a 7-pt scale (never, once, twice, 3 times, 4 or 5 times, 6 or 7 times and more than 7 times). Scores for each item ranged from 0-6, and scores were averaged to create a total score. High scores indicate increased family conflict.
Time frame: baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months
Population: Number of participants differs between baseline and follow-up waves due to attrition (e.g., participants not returning follow-up surveys).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Parent Report) | Baseline | 1.8046 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.14908 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | 1.6725 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.96602 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | 1.7637 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.13414 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Parent Report) | 6-month Foll1.4338ow-up | 1.5696 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.0304 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Parent Report) | 6-month Foll1.4338ow-up | 1.4338 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.10934 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | 1.5202 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95062 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | 1.3254 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97202 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Family Conflict (Parent Report) | Baseline | 1.8559 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.01044 |
p-value: 0.065ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Parental Stress (Parent Report)
Parents reported on their parenting stress using the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), a 14-item questionnaire. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their experience in the past month using a 5-pt scale (never, almost never, sometimes, fairly often, very often). Scores ranged from 0-4. High scores indicate greater parenting stress.
Time frame: baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months
Population: Number of participants differs between baseline and follow-up waves due to attrition (e.g., participants not returning follow-up surveys).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parental Stress (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | 1.7616 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.50651 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parental Stress (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | 1.8033 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5193 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parental Stress (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 1.6619 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.46722 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parental Stress (Parent Report) | Baseline | 1.8205 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.50818 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parental Stress (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 1.5575 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67258 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parental Stress (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | 1.5365 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.60099 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parental Stress (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | 1.5351 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64845 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parental Stress (Parent Report) | Baseline | 1.8341 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61821 |
Primary
Change From Baseline in Parenting Skills (Parent Report)
Parents reported on their parenting skills using a version of the Parenting Young Children Questionnaire (PARYC). The PARYC version adapted for this study was a 21-item questionnaire. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their child's behavior in the past month using a 5-pt scale (never, rarely, sometimes, often, and very often). Scores for each item ranged from 0-4, and scores were averaged to create a total score. High scores indicate greater parenting skills.
Time frame: baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months
Population: Number of participants differs between baseline and follow-up waves due to attrition (e.g., participants not returning follow-up surveys).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parenting Skills (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | 2.9155 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71707 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parenting Skills (Parent Report) | Baseline | 2.9253 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66703 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parenting Skills (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 2.9375 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74085 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parenting Skills (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | 2.8611 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74693 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parenting Skills (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 2.9627 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.69257 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parenting Skills (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | 3.1532 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64394 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parenting Skills (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | 3.1286 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65212 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parenting Skills (Parent Report) | Baseline | 2.9122 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72319 |
p-value: 0.138ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Parent Mental Health and Well-being (Parent Report)
Parents reported on their depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a 9-item brief depression screening questionnaire. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their mood in the past two weeks using a 4-pt scale (not at all, several days, more than half the days, nearly every day). Scores ranged from 0-3. High scores indicate greater depressive symptoms.
Time frame: baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months
Population: Number of participants differs between baseline and follow-up waves due to attrition (e.g., participants not returning follow-up surveys).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parent Mental Health and Well-being (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | .6182 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.42444 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parent Mental Health and Well-being (Parent Report) | Baseline | .7442 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53193 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parent Mental Health and Well-being (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | .5386 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.46832 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Parent Mental Health and Well-being (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | .6484 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parent Mental Health and Well-being (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | .5359 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61996 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parent Mental Health and Well-being (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | .5571 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51995 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parent Mental Health and Well-being (Parent Report) | Baseline | .7523 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61536 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Parent Mental Health and Well-being (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | .4903 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.54089 |
p-value: 0.548ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Child Report)
Youth reported on their family relationships using a family togetherness scale adapted from the Community Action for Successful Youth (CASEY) questionnaire. The scale used for this study consisted of 3 items. Youth were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their experience in the past month using a 5-pt scale (never true, sometimes true, true about half the time, often true, and always true). Scores ranged from 1-5. High scores indicate greater positive family relationships.
Time frame: baseline, 6 months
Population: Number of participants differs between baseline and follow-up waves due to attrition (e.g., participants not returning follow-up surveys).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Child Report) | Baseline | 3.6061 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.06613 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Child Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 3.4453 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.15739 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Child Report) | Baseline | 3.5699 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.10865 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Child Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 3.4909 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.17563 |
p-value: 0.388ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Parent Report)
Parents reported on their family relationships using a family togetherness scale adapted from the Community Action for Successful Youth (CASEY) questionnaire. The scale used for this study consisted of 3 items. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their experience in the past month using a 5-pt scale (never true, sometimes true, true about half the time, often true, and always true). Scores ranged from 1-5. High scores indicate greater positive family relationships.
Time frame: baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months
Population: Number of participants differs between baseline and follow-up waves due to attrition (e.g., participants not returning follow-up surveys).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Parent Report) | Baseline | 3.3798 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.85888 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | 3.3014 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.80539 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | 3.4437 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72097 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 3.5662 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.82904 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 3.5637 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97609 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Parent Report) | Baseline | 3.4189 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88804 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | 3.7566 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94888 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Positive Family Relationships (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | 3.6833 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.91161 |
p-value: 0.114ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Child Report)
Youth reported on their depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a 9-item brief depression screening questionnaire modified for teen use. Youth were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their mood in the past two weeks using a 4-pt scale (not at all, several days, more than half the days, nearly every day). Scores for each item ranged from 1-4, and scores were averaged to create a total score. High scores indicate greater depressive symptoms.
Time frame: baseline, 6 months
Population: Number of participants differs between baseline and follow-up waves due to attrition (e.g., participants not returning follow-up surveys).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Child Report) | Baseline | 1.7708 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71537 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Child Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 1.8070 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.73077 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Child Report) | Baseline | 1.6029 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62672 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Child Report) | 6-month Follow-up | 1.7596 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.69644 |
p-value: 0.394ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Parent Report)
Parents reported on their child's depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a 9-item brief depression screening questionnaire. Parents were asked to indicate the extent to which statements were true of their child's mood in the past two weeks using a 4-pt scale (not at all, several days, more than half the days, nearly every day). Scores ranged from 0-3. High scores indicate greater depressive symptoms.
Time frame: baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months
Population: Number of participants differs between baseline and follow-up waves due to attrition (e.g., participants not returning follow-up surveys).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | .4589 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.46516 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | .4810 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47972 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Parent Report) | Baseline | .6092 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.54218 |
| Waitlist Control | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | .5219 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.49215 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Parent Report) | 2-month Follow-up | .5423 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51117 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Parent Report) | 4-month Follow-up | .4925 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51814 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Parent Report) | Baseline | .6937 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59356 |
| FCU Online + Coach | Change From Baseline in Youth Depression (Parent Report) | 6-month Follow-up | .4783 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51213 |
p-value: 0.663ANOVA