Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Conditions
Keywords
diabetes distress, adolescents, mindfulness, psychosocial intervention
Brief summary
This study had two primary aims. First, the investigators examined the associations between mindfulness and diabetes-related outcomes. It was hypothesized that at baseline, increased mindfulness would be associated with decreased diabetes distress and more optimal glycemic levels and that all three variables would share similar associations with related constructs including greater self-compassion, lower general stress, better psychosocial health, increased diabetes treatment engagement, and greater diabetes-related quality of life. The association between specific aspects of dispositional mindfulness and diabetes distress was also explored. Second, the investigators examined the acceptability, feasibility, and potential utility of self-led MBSR intervention. It was hypothesized that participation in a self-led MBSR intervention would be feasible and acceptable, evidenced by treatment attrition and participant feedback. It was also hypothesized that participants who received the self-led Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention would experience increased mindfulness and decreased diabetes distress compared to a waitlist control group.
Detailed description
The goal of the present study was to assess the associations of dispositional mindfulness, diabetes distress, and glycemic outcomes for adolescents with type 1 diabetes as well as to use an iterative approach to developing a self-led scalable mindfulness-based intervention. A self-led mindfulness-based intervention may provide a mindfulness practice to help adolescents with type 1 diabetes improve glycemic outcomes through diabetes distress reduction while also being practical within a pediatric endocrinology clinic. A self-led intervention may also reduce the burden associated with mindfulness-based interventions. This is important considering the heightened emotional and time burden adolescents may already experience due to disease management and the intensity of a traditional mindfulness-based intervention. This study had two primary aims. First, the investigators examined the associations between mindfulness and diabetes-related outcomes. It was hypothesized that at baseline, increased mindfulness would be associated with decreased diabetes distress and more optimal glycemic levels and that all three variables would share similar associations with related constructs including greater self-compassion, lower general stress, better psychosocial health, increased diabetes treatment engagement, and greater diabetes-related quality of life. The association between specific aspects of dispositional mindfulness and diabetes distress was also explored. Second, the investigators examined the acceptability, feasibility, and potential utility of self-led MBSR intervention. It was hypothesized that participation in a self-led MBSR intervention would be feasible and acceptable, evidenced by treatment attrition and participant feedback. It was also hypothesized that participants who received the self-led MBSR intervention would experience increased mindfulness and decreased diabetes distress compared to a waitlist control group.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALMindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
Participants engaged in meditation and self-led exercises to help them understand and cope with stress.
Sponsors
AlterMed Research foundation
University of Nevada, Reno
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Adolescents (N=25) aged 14 to 18 diagnosed with type 1 diabetes completed a baseline assessment. Participants were randomized to receive a 10-week self-guided mindfulness-based stress reduction program immediately (n=10) or after a 10-week wait (n=15). During the intervention period, participants completed weekly assignments and qualitative and quantitative feedback surveys. At 10-weeks and 20-weeks follow-up assessments were completed.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
13 Years to 19 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Aged 13-19 years old * Type 1 diabetes diagnosis * Currently attending school or a recent high school graduate
Exclusion criteria
* Ward of the state * Severe psychiatric disturbances (e.g., active psychosis) * Severe developmental delay that hindered ability to self-report
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change from Baseline in Mindfulness as Assessed by Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Adolescent (MAAS-A) | 10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist | Assessed difference in dispositional mindfulness in adolescents from pre-intervention to post-intervention. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Adolescent has a single-factor structure with 14 items rated on a 6-point scale (1 = almost always, 6 = almost never). Higher scores indicate higher trait mindfulness. |
| Change from Baseline in Engagement in Self-Compassionate Behavior as Assessed by Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) | 10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist | Participants rated how often they engage in each self-compassionate behavior in specific situations pre- and post-intervention. The Self-Compassion Scale is a 26-item measure rated on a 5-point scale (1 = almost never, 5 = almost always). Higher scores indicate higher self-compassion. |
| Change from Baseline in Diabetes Stress as Assessed by Diabetes Stress Questionnaire (DSQ) | 10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist | Assessed different daily, diabetes-specific stressors from pre-intervention to post-intervention. The Diabetes Stress Questionnaire consists of 65 items and includes eight subscales. Participants rate severity of stress across several diabetes-related scenarios on a 4-point scale (0 = not at all, 3 = very much). Higher scores indicate higher diabetes distress. |
| Change from Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life as Assessed by Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 3.2 Diabetes Module | 10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist | Assessed diabetes-specific, health-related quality of life in children, adolescents, and young adults from pre-intervention to post-intervention. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.2 Diabetes Module consists of 33 items rated on a 5-point scale (0 = never, 4 = almost always). Higher scores indicate greater quality of life. |
| Change from Baseline in Perceived Stress as Assessed by Perceived Stress Scale-10 Item Version (PSS-10) | 10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist | Assessed the severity of broad, stressful situations in adolescents from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Participants rank how often each statement applies to their feelings of stress on a 5-point scale (0 = never, 4 = very often). Negative items are reversed and the sum of all 10 items is calculated. Higher scores indicate higher perceived stress. |
| Change from Baseline in Psychosocial Impairment as Assessed by Pediatric Symptoms Checklist-17 (PSC-17) | 10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist | Assessed psychosocial functioning from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Participants rate how frequently each symptom occurs on a 3-point scale (0 = never, 2 = often). Total scores range from 0-34 with higher scores indicating greater risk of psychosocial impairment. |
| Change from Baseline in Diabetes Treatment Engagement as Assessed by Self Care Inventory (SCI) | 10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist | Assessed to what degree individuals follow health care provider guidelines for diabetes-management behaviors from pre-intervention to post-intervention. The investigators removed the item how frequently do you come in for appointments from the study as the measure was not used within a physician/ appointment context. After removing the item, the Self Care Inventory consisted of 22 items and is rated on a 5-point scale (1 = never, 5 = always). Higher scores indicate higher diabetes treatment engagement. |
| Change from Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin Percentage | 10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist | Assessed the difference in glycosylated hemoglobin percentage from pre-intervention to post-intervention. |
| Engagement with the Scaled Mindfulness-Based Intervention as Assessed by Number of Weekly Surveys Completed. | 20 weeks | Assessed the number of weekly surveys each participant completed during the intervention period. Participants were asked to complete at least 6 out of the 10 weekly surveys during the intervention period to be considered highly engaged. |
| Feasibility of the Scaled Mindfulness-Based Intervention as Assessed by Participant Feedback | 20 weeks | Assessed the acceptability and feasibility of a mindfulness-based intervention for teens with type 1 diabetes by examining participant feedback on reasons for attrition and low engagement. Weekly feedback surveys asked about barriers to engaging in the weekly material. |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed