Chronic Low Back Pain
Conditions
Keywords
Chronic low back pain, Yoga, Veterans, Complementary and integrative health
Brief summary
Chronic low back pain is a leading cause of disability among Veterans. Yoga is recommended as a front-line treatment option for chronic low back pain and is available across the VA healthcare system; however, despite yoga being the most widely adopted of VHA's Complementary and Integrative Health (CIH) therapies, Veteran participation in yoga still remains limited. Although it can be effective in managing pain, individuals cannot reap the benefits of yoga if they are unwilling to adopt it. One potential barrier to adoption of yoga among Veterans may be their perceptions of yoga, which for some, encompass long-held but perhaps inaccurate beliefs of what the practice entails and how their participation will be viewed by others. The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate an alternative-to-yoga program intended to improve Veteran participation and by extension, outcomes among Veterans with chronic low back pain. Based on Veteran input, we called this yoga program Rage Against the Pain (RAP) 'High Intensity Stretching'.
Detailed description
Background: Chronic low back pain is a leading cause of disability among Veterans. Yoga is recommended as a front-line treatment option for chronic low back pain and is available across the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) healthcare system; however, despite yoga being the most widely adopted of VHA's Complementary and Integrative Health (CIH) therapies, Veteran participation in yoga still remains limited. Although it can be effective in managing pain, individuals cannot reap the benefits of yoga if they are unwilling to adopt it. One potential barrier to adoption of yoga among Veterans may be their perceptions of yoga, which for some, encompass long-held but perhaps inaccurate beliefs of what the practice entails and how their participation will be viewed by others. The goal of this study was to to develop and evaluate an alternative-to-yoga program intended to improve Veteran participation and by extension, outcomes among Veterans with chronic low back pain. Based on Veteran input, we called this yoga program Rage Against the Pain (RAP) 'High Intensity Stretching'. Significance/Impact: The RAP program is an innovative approach to address a top priority of the VHA - using CIH therapies for pain management. The long-term goal of this work is to develop a scalable and sustainable alternative-to-yoga program for Veterans with chronic pain. Innovation: The RAP program comprises an expressive, active practice set to music commonly enjoyed among many Veterans (e.g., rock, metal). The development of RAP (and the program name) reflects direct Veteran feedback. Specific Aims: The Specific Aims of this project were to: (1) Develop the RAP program, which encompassed finalizing the program curriculum, including music play-lists, cues for self-expression, and sets of body positions that may be beneficial for low back pain; (2) Examine the feasibility and acceptability of offering RAP for Veterans with chronic low back pain, and; (3) Gather preliminary data to provide the foundation for process, sample size and power considerations for a future clinical trial to examine the effectiveness of RAP on Veterans' outcomes and medication use. Methodology: We first developed the RAP program, including a home practice manual, sets of body positions, music playlists, and scripts to translate Sanskrit cuing to plain language. We then conducted a single-site pilot randomized controlled trial with two cohorts of 18 Veterans each (n=36). We randomized Veterans to the intervention (RAP) or control (Hatha yoga) group. Each cohort spanned 12 weekly one-hour sessions. We collected baseline (n=36) and follow-up (n=26) survey data and completed semi-structured interviews with a subset of survey respondents (n=20). Survey data were analyzed using bivariate comparisons. Interview transcripts were independently coded by two qualitative experts and analyzed using thematic coding techniques. Implementation/Next Steps: We intend to conduct a larger multi-site trial of the RAP program to examine its effectiveness and issues associated with its implementation.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALRage Against the Pain (RAP)
The sets of body positions used in the RAP program will mirror those used in the Hatha Yoga classes, but the RAP program will differ from this traditional yoga practice in a number of ways: (1) the classes will be set to rock/heavy metal music; (2) meditation will not be incorporated; (3) yoga terms will not be used to describe the body positions (rather, positions will be cued in plain descriptive English terms); (4) the culminating activity for the class will be called a 'cool down' (rather than the savasana exercise typically used in yoga practice).
BEHAVIORALControl
The control group will comprise a program akin to Hatha yoga with chair modifications available to all Veterans who choose/need to use them.
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Eligible patients will be randomly assigned to the RAP or control (Hatha yoga) group.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Veterans will be eligible to participate in the study if they: * currently receive primary care services at the Hines VA * received a diagnosis associated with chronic low back pain in the previous 3 months
Exclusion criteria
Veterans will be ineligible to participate in the study if any of the following are true for them: * they currently regularly participate in yoga * they regularly participated in yoga in the previous 6 months * their back pain is a symptom of a specific treatable or underlying disease/condition(s), e.g., * ankylosing spondylitis * active or recent malignancy * fracture/spinal cord injury * spinal infection) * they are experiencing progressive neurological deficits * they have any other condition which results in severe disability, e.g., * non-ambulatory * hemiparesis * severe cognitive deficits * they have a diagnosis associated with psychosis * they are currently experiencing issues around substance abuse (not including prescription opioids), as identified through ICD-10 codes associated with 'mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use' recorded in the patient's medical record in the previous 3 months * they do not plan to be living in the Chicagoland area for the duration of the study * they are pregnant at the time of screening
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Program Initiation (e.g., Reach) | Baseline (following randomization) | Program initiation (e.g., reach) will be defined as the number of individuals who start the RAP or Hatha yoga programs after being screened, deemed eligible for participation, and randomized to one or the other. |
| Program Participation (e.g., Sustained Engagement) - Average Number of Classes Attended | Post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | Program participation (e.g., sustained engagement) - average number of classes attended; this will be defined as the average number of classes Veterans attended for each respective program. |
| Program Participation (e.g., Sustained Engagement) - Number of Veterans Who Attend Majority of Classes | Post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | Program participation (e.g., sustained engagement) - number of Veterans who attend majority of classes; this will be defined as the number of Veterans who attended the majority (9/12) of classes. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sleep | Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | Sleep will be measured using the Insomnia Severity Index, which is a valid and reliable 7-item scale that produces a composite score of an individual's level of sleep disturbance during the past 14 days. Item responses are added to obtain a total scale score (range: 0-28); greater scores indicate more disturbed sleep and cut-points are provided by the scale developers that map to levels of clinical severity of sleep disturbance. |
| Depression | Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | Depression severity will be measured using the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), a valid and reliable measure that assesses individual's depression severity by asking them to evaluate 8 items that reflect symptoms of depression and indicate how often they have experienced each in the prior two weeks on a scale of 0 to 3 (not at all - nearly every day). Scores range from 0 (no depression symptomology) to 24 (most severe symptomology); scores can also be classified into mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe categories using cut-scores defined by the scale developers. |
| Stress | Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | Stress will be measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - 4 Item, a valid and reliable measure of individual's perceptions of how stressful their life experiences are. The PSS is comprised of 4 questions and produces a composite score of perceived stress (range: 0-16; higher scores indicate higher perceptions of stress). |
| Pain Intensity | Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | Pain intensity will be measured using the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale, a valid and reliable numeric rating scale that asks individuals to report the average intensity of their low back pain on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable) for the previous 7 days. |
| Perceptions of the Program | Post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | The investigators will ask participants about their perceptions of the program (extent to which they liked it, would participate again, would recommend to a peer, felt it impacted their health and how). |
| Pain Medication Use | Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | The investigators will ask participants to self-report any pain medication use. |
| Use of Other Pain Management Strategies | Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | The investigators will ask participants to self-report use of other pain management activities. |
| Pain Interference | Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | Pain interference (how much the individual's pain has interfered with all aspects of their life in the prior 7 days) will be measured using the validated, reliable Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 8-item pain interference short form. PROMIS scores are standardized to reflect the general adult US population, such that a mean score of 50 reflects the population mean (with a standard deviation of 10), and higher scores indicate greater levels of pain interference. |
| Back Pain-related Function | Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished) | Back pain-related function will be measured using the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), a valid and reliable scale of physical disability resulting from chronic low back pain. The RMDQ asks individuals to read 24 items noting back pain-related functional impairments and mark those that describe them. All marked items are summed for a total score ranging from 0 (no impairment) to 24 (maximum impairment). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) The sets of body positions used in the RAP program will mirror those used in the Hatha Yoga classes, but the RAP program will differ from this traditional yoga practice in a number of ways: (1) the classes will be set to rock/heavy metal music; (2) meditation will not be incorporated; (3) yoga terms will not be used to describe the body positions (rather, positions will be cued in plain descriptive English terms); (4) the culminating activity for the class will be called a 'cool down' (rather than the savasana exercise typically used in yoga practice). | 18 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) The control group will comprise a program akin to Hatha yoga with chair modifications available to all Veterans who choose/need to use them. | 18 |
| Total | 36 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Control (i.e., Yoga) | Total | Rage Against the Pain (RAP) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 67.1 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.8 | 62.1 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.2 | 57.0 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.5 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants | 9 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 16 Participants | 27 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 3 Participants | 11 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 14 Participants | 23 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 15 Participants | 31 Participants | 16 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 18 | 0 / 18 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 18 | 0 / 18 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 18 | 0 / 18 |
Outcome results
Primary
Program Initiation (e.g., Reach)
Program initiation (e.g., reach) will be defined as the number of individuals who start the RAP or Hatha yoga programs after being screened, deemed eligible for participation, and randomized to one or the other.
Time frame: Baseline (following randomization)
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Program Initiation (e.g., Reach) | 16 Participants |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Program Initiation (e.g., Reach) | 15 Participants |
p-value: 1Fisher Exact
Primary
Program Participation (e.g., Sustained Engagement) - Average Number of Classes Attended
Program participation (e.g., sustained engagement) - average number of classes attended; this will be defined as the average number of classes Veterans attended for each respective program.
Time frame: Post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Program Participation (e.g., Sustained Engagement) - Average Number of Classes Attended | 5.9 Average number of classes attended | Standard Deviation 4.9 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Program Participation (e.g., Sustained Engagement) - Average Number of Classes Attended | 4.5 Average number of classes attended | Standard Deviation 3.8 |
p-value: 0.35t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Program Participation (e.g., Sustained Engagement) - Number of Veterans Who Attend Majority of Classes
Program participation (e.g., sustained engagement) - number of Veterans who attend majority of classes; this will be defined as the number of Veterans who attended the majority (9/12) of classes.
Time frame: Post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Program Participation (e.g., Sustained Engagement) - Number of Veterans Who Attend Majority of Classes | 8 Participants |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Program Participation (e.g., Sustained Engagement) - Number of Veterans Who Attend Majority of Classes | 3 Participants |
p-value: 0.15Fisher Exact
Secondary
Back Pain-related Function
Back pain-related function will be measured using the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), a valid and reliable scale of physical disability resulting from chronic low back pain. The RMDQ asks individuals to read 24 items noting back pain-related functional impairments and mark those that describe them. All marked items are summed for a total score ranging from 0 (no impairment) to 24 (maximum impairment).
Time frame: Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Back Pain-related Function | Baseline | 10.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.4 |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Back Pain-related Function | Follow-Up | 8.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.5 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Back Pain-related Function | Baseline | 14.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.3 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Back Pain-related Function | Follow-Up | 12.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.9 |
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - control group.p-value: 0.37t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - RAP group.p-value: 0.5t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANOVA results - group x time interaction.p-value: 0.9ANOVA
Secondary
Depression
Depression severity will be measured using the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), a valid and reliable measure that assesses individual's depression severity by asking them to evaluate 8 items that reflect symptoms of depression and indicate how often they have experienced each in the prior two weeks on a scale of 0 to 3 (not at all - nearly every day). Scores range from 0 (no depression symptomology) to 24 (most severe symptomology); scores can also be classified into mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe categories using cut-scores defined by the scale developers.
Time frame: Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Depression | Follow-Up | 7.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6 |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Depression | Baseline | 9.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.9 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Depression | Follow-Up | 8.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.4 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Depression | Baseline | 9.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.7 |
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - control group.p-value: 0.5t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - RAP group.p-value: 0.6t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANOVA results - group x time interaction.p-value: 0.98ANOVA
Secondary
Pain Intensity
Pain intensity will be measured using the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale, a valid and reliable numeric rating scale that asks individuals to report the average intensity of their low back pain on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable) for the previous 7 days.
Time frame: Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
Population: Please note that, for the control group, we had baseline data for 15 individuals and follow-up data for 11 individuals.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Pain Intensity | Baseline | 5.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Pain Intensity | Follow-Up | 4.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Pain Intensity | Baseline | 6.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Pain Intensity | Follow-Up | 5.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
Comparison: Pre/post comparison for control group scores.p-value: 0.43t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Pre/post comparison for RAP group score.p-value: 0.24t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANOVA results - group x time interaction.p-value: 0.53ANOVA
Secondary
Pain Interference
Pain interference (how much the individual's pain has interfered with all aspects of their life in the prior 7 days) will be measured using the validated, reliable Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 8-item pain interference short form. PROMIS scores are standardized to reflect the general adult US population, such that a mean score of 50 reflects the population mean (with a standard deviation of 10), and higher scores indicate greater levels of pain interference.
Time frame: Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Pain Interference | Follow-Up | 59.2 t-score | Standard Deviation 6.3 |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Pain Interference | Baseline | 63.0 t-score | Standard Deviation 6.3 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Pain Interference | Baseline | 64.6 t-score | Standard Deviation 4.4 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Pain Interference | Follow-Up | 63.8 t-score | Standard Deviation 6.2 |
Comparison: Pre/post comparison for control group.p-value: 0.7t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Pre/post comparison for RAP group.p-value: 0.17t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANOVA results - group x time interaction.p-value: 0.18ANOVA
Secondary
Pain Medication Use
The investigators will ask participants to self-report any pain medication use.
Time frame: Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Pain Medication Use | Baseline | 2.3 Average number of medications reported | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Pain Medication Use | Follow-Up | 1.7 Average number of medications reported | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Pain Medication Use | Follow-Up | 2.4 Average number of medications reported | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Pain Medication Use | Baseline | 2.5 Average number of medications reported | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - control group.p-value: 0.91t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - RAP group.p-value: 0.51t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANOVA results - group x time interaction.p-value: 0.42ANOVA
Secondary
Perceptions of the Program
The investigators will ask participants about their perceptions of the program (extent to which they liked it, would participate again, would recommend to a peer, felt it impacted their health and how).
Time frame: Post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
Population: These data are self-report and were gathered via separate survey questions; as such, n's may differ between questions.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Perceptions of the Program | Helped manage back pain - extremely or quite a bit | 8 Participants |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Perceptions of the Program | Likelihood of participating in a program like it in the future - extremely or quite a bit | 8 Participants |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Perceptions of the Program | Would recommend the program to another Veteran | 8 Participants |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Perceptions of the Program | Liked the program - extremely or quite a bit | 9 Participants |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Perceptions of the Program | Would recommend the program to another Veteran | 9 Participants |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Perceptions of the Program | Helped manage back pain - extremely or quite a bit | 2 Participants |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Perceptions of the Program | Liked the program - extremely or quite a bit | 6 Participants |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Perceptions of the Program | Likelihood of participating in a program like it in the future - extremely or quite a bit | 7 Participants |
Comparison: Likelihood to participate in a program like it in the futurep-value: 0.41Fisher Exact
Comparison: Help to manage back pain.p-value: 0.003Fisher Exact
Comparison: Would recommend to another Veteran.p-value: 1Fisher Exact
Comparison: Liked the program.p-value: 0.07Fisher Exact
Secondary
Sleep
Sleep will be measured using the Insomnia Severity Index, which is a valid and reliable 7-item scale that produces a composite score of an individual's level of sleep disturbance during the past 14 days. Item responses are added to obtain a total scale score (range: 0-28); greater scores indicate more disturbed sleep and cut-points are provided by the scale developers that map to levels of clinical severity of sleep disturbance.
Time frame: Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Sleep | Baseline | 14.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.7 |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Sleep | Follow-up | 11.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.3 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Sleep | Baseline | 15.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.8 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Sleep | Follow-up | 14.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.2 |
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - control group.p-value: 0.56t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - RAP group.p-value: 0.32t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANOVA results - group x time interaction.p-value: 0.41ANOVA
Secondary
Stress
Stress will be measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - 4 Item, a valid and reliable measure of individual's perceptions of how stressful their life experiences are. The PSS is comprised of 4 questions and produces a composite score of perceived stress (range: 0-16; higher scores indicate higher perceptions of stress).
Time frame: Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Stress | Baseline | 8.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Stress | Follow-Up | 6.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Stress | Follow-Up | 7.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Stress | Baseline | 7.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - control group.p-value: 0.54t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - RAP group.p-value: 0.15t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANOVA results - group x time interaction.p-value: 0.04ANOVA
Secondary
Use of Other Pain Management Strategies
The investigators will ask participants to self-report use of other pain management activities.
Time frame: Baseline and post-intervention follow-up (within approximately 1 week of when the 12-week yoga or RAP programs are finished)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Use of Other Pain Management Strategies | Baseline | 1.6 Mean pain management activities reported | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Rage Against the Pain (RAP) | Use of Other Pain Management Strategies | Follow-up | 2.5 Mean pain management activities reported | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Use of Other Pain Management Strategies | Baseline | 1.7 Mean pain management activities reported | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
| Control (i.e., Yoga) | Use of Other Pain Management Strategies | Follow-up | 2.9 Mean pain management activities reported | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - control group.p-value: 0.11t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: Pre/post comparison - RAP group.p-value: 0.09t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: ANOVA results - group x time interaction.p-value: 0.75ANOVA