Chronic Toxic Stress, Developmental/ Behavioral Regression in Young Children
Conditions
Keywords
young moms, child health, teen births, child maltreatment, food insecurity
Brief summary
Young Moms Program (YMP) is designed to address systemic barriers to the health and stability of young moms and their children such as the lack of coordination of service delivery or logistical barriers within the health system. The YMP also streamlines the referral pipeline, connecting moms to evidence-based resources, and ensuring children complete all recommended assessments prior to kindergarten.
Detailed description
This application is a community-engaged research collaboration between the non-profit Imprints Cares, the Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center (WFBMC) Birth Center, and Wake Forest School of Medicine (WFSOM). This project addresses the myriad risks associated with young moms ≤ 21 years old. Because YMP is a tiered program model, services meet parents where they are through a warm hand-off approach that uses one-on-one consultation and assessment-based interventions.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALtraditional Parents as Teachers (PAT)
A twice-a-month home visits from trained family educators. Home visits will continue for the remainder of the study period as will the other components of the Parents as Teachers model: regular Group Connections for peer interactions and support, age-appropriate health and developmental screenings, and referrals that reflect mother and infant needs to community agencies that include the Child Development Services Agency (which provides screening for Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) Part C services), family services, intensive mental health services, among others.
BEHAVIORALhybrid PAT model
A six-week virtual evidence-based parenting class entitled What You Do Matters, which will be delivered in partnership with the Pediatric Advocacy Program at WFBMC which combines short parent-educator discussions followed by interactive activities and peer to peer networking.
Sponsors
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)
Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Intervention model description
The study team will employ a blind randomized design to assign individuals to either the traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) or the hybrid PAT model.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
14 Years to 21 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Subject must be an immediately post-partum mother * Subject will reside with her newborn * Subject must be referred from either the Birth Center at Wake Forest Baptist Health or from one of the Wake Forest Baptist Health Patient Priorities Care (PPC) partner practices * Participants must speak English or Spanish
Exclusion criteria
* Newborn of participating mothers must be \>= 35 weeks of gestation and not have an extended neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Protective Factors Survey Score | Week 1 | The Protective Factors Survey (PFS) is a 20-item measure - The PFS is a validated parent survey designed that assesses protective factors in five areas: family functioning/resiliency, social emotional support, concrete support, nurturing and attachment, and knowledge of parenting/child development - Each subscale is rated 1-7; higher is better - range is 35-175 |
| Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) Score | Month 2 | The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) is a validated developmental screening designed for use by and with parents. The ASQ 3 screens for developmental milestones in communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social skills - Range is 0-60 for all age levels, higher is better |
| Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) | Month 4 | The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) is a validated developmental screening designed for use by and with parents. The ASQ 3 screens for developmental milestones in communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social skills - Range is 0-60 for all age levels, higher is better |
| Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE 2) Score | Month 2 | The Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE 2) is a validated screening of social and emotional behaviors - Range 0-240, Monitor with scores 25-34, score positive and refer with scores \>=35 |
| The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) Score | Baseline | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) is a self-administered questionnaire that is validated for use in assessing the severity of depression. Depression Severity: 0-4 none, 5-9 mild, 10-14 moderate, 15-19 moderately severe, 20-27 severe. Validity has been assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview. PHQ-9 score ≥10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. |
| The StimQ2-I Infant Cognitive Home Environment Questionnaire Score No Availability of Learning (ALM) | Month 6 | The StimQ2-I is a validated, interview-based assessment of home environments for use with infants ages five to 12 months. The StimQ2-I focuses on cognitive stimulation by the primary caregiver and contains several scales: Reading-Verbal, Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance, and Parental Verbal Responsivity - subscale range Read = 15, Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance (PIDA) = 5, Performance Validity Test (PVT) = 16 -Total STIMQ-I score range for the no ALM portion is 0-36; higher score is better. |
| Full STIMQ2-I Including Availability of Learning Materials (ALM) | Month 6 | The StimQ2-I is a validated, interview-based assessment of home environments for use with infants ages five to 12 months. The StimQ2-I focuses on cognitive stimulation by the primary caregiver and contains several scales: Availability of Learning Materials, Reading-Verbal, Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance, and Parental Verbal Responsivity - subscale range Read = 15, Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance (PIDA) = 5, Performance Validity Test (PVT) = 16, Availability of Learning Materials (ALM) = 6 Total score range for the STIMQ2-I including ALM is 0-42--a higher score is better. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percent of Mothers Currently Using Contraception | Month 6 | Percent of participants regularly using effective contraception |
| Percent of Mothers Breastfeeding | Week 6, Month 3 and Month 6 | Percent of mothers breastfeeding |
| Number of Completed Well Child Visits | Week 1, Months 2, 4, and 6 | The team will track completion of well-child visits |
| Number of Completed Immunizations | Months 2, 4, and 6 | The team will track completion of immunizations |
| Number of Emergency Department (ED) Visits Per Subject | Month 6 | The team will use WFBMC Epic data to track use of preventive rather than emergent health care |
| Percent of Mothers That Continue Current Educational Pathway | Month 6 | The study team will track whether or not participants continue their education during the study period |
| Number of Referrals Placed Per Subject | Month 6 | Program services include developmental screenings, which in turn can lead to diagnostic assessments and, when eligible, enrollment in services. The team will track those infants are receiving the recommended screenings in a timely manner. Then, in cases where there are concerns, the team will follow-up with the young mom to determine whether or not the parent completed a formal assessment and, if eligible, enrolled in services. |
| Percent of Referrals Completed | Month 6 | Program services include developmental screenings, which in turn can lead to diagnostic assessments and, when eligible, enrollment in services. The team will track those infants are receiving the recommended screenings in a timely manner. Then, in cases where there are concerns, the team will follow-up with the young mom to determine whether or not the parent completed a formal assessment and, if eligible, enrolled in services. |
| Percent of Completed Referrals That Result in Services | Month 6 | Program services include developmental screenings, which in turn can lead to diagnostic assessments and, when eligible, enrollment in services. The team will track those infants are receiving the recommended screenings in a timely manner. Then, in cases where there are concerns, the team will follow-up with the young mom to determine whether or not the parent completed a formal assessment and, if eligible, enrolled in services. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
6 screen failures prior to randomization
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) A twice-a-month home visits from trained family educators. Home visits will continue for the remainder of the study period as will the other components of the Parents as Teachers model: regular Group Connections for peer interactions and support, age-appropriate health and developmental screenings, and referrals that reflect mother and infant needs to community agencies that include the Child Development Services Agency (which provides screening for Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) Part C services), family services, intensive mental health services, among others. The study team will collect baseline data during the first home visit and complete monthly questionnaires during each month the mother is enrolled. An outcome assessment and participation in a focus group will be administered the last month of the study.
traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT): A twice-a-month home visits from trained family educators. Home visits will continue for the remainder of the study period as will the other components of the Parents as Teachers model: regular Group Connections for peer interactions and support, age-appropriate health and developmental screenings, and referrals that reflect mother and infant needs to community agencies that include the Child Development Services Agency (which provides screening for Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) Part C services), family services, intensive mental health services, among others. | 6 |
| Hybrid PAT Model A six-week virtual evidence-based parenting class entitled What You Do Matters, which will be delivered in partnership with the Pediatric Advocacy Program at WFBMC which combines short parent-educator discussions followed by interactive activities and peer to peer networking. Young moms will participate in Group Connections for peer interactions and support. After completing the six-week course, teens will begin receiving once a month home visits, ongoing Group Connections, age-appropriate health and developmental screenings, and referrals that reflect mother and infant needs to other community agencies and resources, as listed above. The study team will collect baseline data prior to the beginning of the virtual What You Do Matters program and will complete monthly questionnaires during each month the mother is enrolled. An outcome assessment and participation in a focus group will be administered the last month of the study.
hybrid PAT model: A six-week virtual evidence-based parenting class entitled What You Do Matters, which will be delivered in partnership with the Pediatric Advocacy Program at WFBMC which combines short parent-educator discussions followed by interactive activities and peer to peer networking. | 9 |
| Total | 15 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 1 | 3 |
| Overall Study | participants relocated and could not continue | 2 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Total | Hybrid PAT Model |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 19.33 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 | 19.9 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4 | 20.22 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 4 Participants | 9 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants | 6 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 2 Participants | 6 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 4 Participants | 9 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 6 participants | 15 participants | 9 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 6 Participants | 15 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 6 | 0 / 9 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 6 | 0 / 9 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 6 | 0 / 9 |
Outcome results
Primary
Full STIMQ2-I Including Availability of Learning Materials (ALM)
The StimQ2-I is a validated, interview-based assessment of home environments for use with infants ages five to 12 months. The StimQ2-I focuses on cognitive stimulation by the primary caregiver and contains several scales: Availability of Learning Materials, Reading-Verbal, Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance, and Parental Verbal Responsivity - subscale range Read = 15, Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance (PIDA) = 5, Performance Validity Test (PVT) = 16, Availability of Learning Materials (ALM) = 6 Total score range for the STIMQ2-I including ALM is 0-42--a higher score is better.
Time frame: Month 6
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Full STIMQ2-I Including Availability of Learning Materials (ALM) | 40.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.1 |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Full STIMQ2-I Including Availability of Learning Materials (ALM) | 28 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.14 |
Primary
Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3)
The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) is a validated developmental screening designed for use by and with parents. The ASQ 3 screens for developmental milestones in communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social skills - Range is 0-60 for all age levels, higher is better
Time frame: Month 6
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) | 0 number of participants |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) | 0 number of participants |
Primary
Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3)
The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) is a validated developmental screening designed for use by and with parents. The ASQ 3 screens for developmental milestones in communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social skills - Range is 0-60 for all age levels, higher is better
Time frame: Month 4
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) | 0 number of participants |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) | 1 number of participants |
Primary
Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) Score
The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) is a validated developmental screening designed for use by and with parents. The ASQ 3 screens for developmental milestones in communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social skills - Range is 0-60 for all age levels, higher is better
Time frame: Month 2
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) Score | 1 number of participants |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ 3) Score | 0 number of participants |
Primary
Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE 2) Score
The Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE 2) is a validated screening of social and emotional behaviors - Range 0-240, Monitor with scores 25-34, score positive and refer with scores \>=35
Time frame: Month 2
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE 2) Score | 0 number of participants |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE 2) Score | 0 number of participants |
Primary
Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE 2) Score
The Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE 2) is a validated screening of social and emotional behaviors - Range 0-345, Monitor with scores 35-44 , score positive and refer with scores \>=45
Time frame: Month 6
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE 2) Score | 0 number of participants |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Number of Children Screen Positive for Delays Using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE 2) Score | 0 number of participants |
Primary
Protective Factors Survey Score
The Protective Factors Survey (PFS) is a 20-item measure - The PFS is a validated parent survey designed that assesses protective factors in five areas: family functioning/resiliency, social emotional support, concrete support, nurturing and attachment, and knowledge of parenting/child development - Each subscale is rated 1-7; higher is better - range is 35-175
Time frame: Week 6
Population: One Traditional model patient did not complete the PFS at 1 week (but completed all of the other items) and there was a drop out of a hybrid patient by the 6 week. The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Protective Factors Survey Score | 104.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10 |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Protective Factors Survey Score | 101.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.9 |
Primary
Protective Factors Survey Score
The Protective Factors Survey (PFS) is a 20-item measure - The PFS is a validated parent survey designed that assesses protective factors in five areas: family functioning/resiliency, social emotional support, concrete support, nurturing and attachment, and knowledge of parenting/child development - Each subscale is rated 1-7; higher is better - range is 35-175
Time frame: Week 1
Population: One Traditional model patient did not complete the PFS at 1 week (but completed all of the other items) and there was a drop out of a hybrid patient by the 6 week
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Protective Factors Survey Score | 104.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.7 |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Protective Factors Survey Score | 98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.7 |
Primary
Protective Factors Survey Score
The Protective Factors Survey (PFS) is a 20-item measure - The PFS is a validated parent survey designed that assesses protective factors in five areas: family functioning/resiliency, social emotional support, concrete support, nurturing and attachment, and knowledge of parenting/child development - Each subscale is rated 1-7; higher is better - range is 35-175
Time frame: Month 6
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Protective Factors Survey Score | 108 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.8 |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Protective Factors Survey Score | 104.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14 |
Primary
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) Score
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) is a self-administered questionnaire that is validated for use in assessing the severity of depression. Depression Severity: 0-4 none, 5-9 mild, 10-14 moderate, 15-19 moderately severe, 20-27 severe. Validity has been assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview. PHQ-9 score ≥10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) Score | 2.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) Score | 3.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.2 |
Primary
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) Score
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) is a self-administered questionnaire that is validated for use in assessing the severity of depression. Depression Severity: 0-4 none, 5-9 mild, 10-14 moderate, 15-19 moderately severe, 20-27 severe. Validity has been assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview. PHQ-9 score ≥10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression.
Time frame: Month 6
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) Score | 4.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6 |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) Score | 3.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
Primary
The StimQ2-I Infant Cognitive Home Environment Questionnaire Score No Availability of Learning (ALM)
The StimQ2-I is a validated, interview-based assessment of home environments for use with infants ages five to 12 months. The StimQ2-I focuses on cognitive stimulation by the primary caregiver and contains several scales: Reading-Verbal, Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance, and Parental Verbal Responsivity - subscale range Read = 15, Parental Involvement in Developmental Advance (PIDA) = 5, Performance Validity Test (PVT) = 16 -Total STIMQ-I score range for the no ALM portion is 0-36; higher score is better.
Time frame: Month 6
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | The StimQ2-I Infant Cognitive Home Environment Questionnaire Score No Availability of Learning (ALM) | 29.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4 |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | The StimQ2-I Infant Cognitive Home Environment Questionnaire Score No Availability of Learning (ALM) | 20.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.1 |
Secondary
Number of Completed Immunizations
The team will track completion of immunizations
Time frame: Months 2, 4, and 6
Population: Data not collected for this outcome.
Secondary
Number of Completed Well Child Visits
The team will track completion of well-child visits
Time frame: Week 1, Months 2, 4, and 6
Population: Data not collected for this outcome
Secondary
Number of Emergency Department (ED) Visits Per Subject
The team will use WFBMC Epic data to track use of preventive rather than emergent health care
Time frame: Month 6
Population: Data not collected for this outcome
Secondary
Number of Referrals Placed Per Subject
Program services include developmental screenings, which in turn can lead to diagnostic assessments and, when eligible, enrollment in services. The team will track those infants are receiving the recommended screenings in a timely manner. Then, in cases where there are concerns, the team will follow-up with the young mom to determine whether or not the parent completed a formal assessment and, if eligible, enrolled in services.
Time frame: Month 6
Population: Data not collected for this outcome
Secondary
Percent of Completed Referrals That Result in Services
Program services include developmental screenings, which in turn can lead to diagnostic assessments and, when eligible, enrollment in services. The team will track those infants are receiving the recommended screenings in a timely manner. Then, in cases where there are concerns, the team will follow-up with the young mom to determine whether or not the parent completed a formal assessment and, if eligible, enrolled in services.
Time frame: Month 6
Population: Data not collected for this outcome measure
Secondary
Percent of Mothers Breastfeeding
Percent of mothers breastfeeding
Time frame: Week 6, Month 3 and Month 6
Population: Data not collected at week 6 for any participant. The data was not collected for each outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Percent of Mothers Breastfeeding | Month 6 | 60 percentage of mothers |
| Hybrid PAT Model | Percent of Mothers Breastfeeding | Month 3 | 80 percentage of mothers |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Percent of Mothers Breastfeeding | Month 6 | 0 percentage of mothers |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Percent of Mothers Breastfeeding | Month 3 | 50 percentage of mothers |
| Unknown | Percent of Mothers Breastfeeding | Week 6 | — percentage of mothers |
Secondary
Percent of Mothers Currently Using Contraception
Percent of participants regularly using effective contraception
Time frame: Month 6
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Percent of Mothers Currently Using Contraception | 60 percentage of mothers |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Percent of Mothers Currently Using Contraception | 67 percentage of mothers |
Secondary
Percent of Mothers That Continue Current Educational Pathway
The study team will track whether or not participants continue their education during the study period
Time frame: Month 6
Population: The data was not collected for this outcome for participants missing from the numbers analyzed in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Hybrid PAT Model | Percent of Mothers That Continue Current Educational Pathway | 20 percentage of mothers |
| Traditional Parents as Teachers (PAT) | Percent of Mothers That Continue Current Educational Pathway | 33 percentage of mothers |
Secondary
Percent of Referrals Completed
Program services include developmental screenings, which in turn can lead to diagnostic assessments and, when eligible, enrollment in services. The team will track those infants are receiving the recommended screenings in a timely manner. Then, in cases where there are concerns, the team will follow-up with the young mom to determine whether or not the parent completed a formal assessment and, if eligible, enrolled in services.
Time frame: Month 6
Population: Data not collected for this outcome measure