Ball Exercises and Stereotypic Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Effectiveness of Ball Exercises on the Stereotypic Behavior of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Status

Completed

Phases

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT05045339

Enrollment

Registered

2021-09-16

Start date

2025-02-09

Completion date

2025-05-28

Last updated

2025-08-03

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Keywords

ball exercises, physical therapy

Brief summary

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuro-behavioral disorder associated with repetitive movements. The role of physical therapist towards an autistic child is most neglected one. Therefore, the objective of this study was to see the effectiveness of different ball exercise on stereotypic behavior of children with ASD. Different ball exercises were implemented for 2 months, 3 sessions per week and every session consist of 35 minutes.

Interventions

PROCEDUREBall Exercises

Different ball exercises which include stability ball roll, stability ball hug, catching, throwing was performed. Along with these exercises, ball tapping exercise was also performed.

Study design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

PARALLEL

Primary purpose

SUPPORTIVE_CARE

Masking

SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

4 Years to 16 Years

Healthy volunteers

Inclusion criteria

* Children diagnosed with ASD through experts * Having recognized stereotypic behavior * Having Intellectual Deficit (ID) and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) * Age ranging between 4-16 years * Consented to take part

Exclusion criteria

* Having co-morbidities like schizophrenia and developmental delays * Severe cases of ASD * Showing aggressive behavior * Having disease of cardiovascular or respiratory system * Children unable to follow the command for exercise completely

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Stereotypic Behaviors	Two months	Stereotypic behavior was the sole parameter assessed in this study using the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R), a well-established instrument known for its strong reliability and validity. The RBS-R was employed to evaluate self-stimulatory behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This 43-item questionnaire is organized into six distinct subscales, each targeting a specific dimension of repetitive behavior.

Countries

Pakistan

Outcome results

None listed

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov · Data processed: Feb 4, 2026