Pain
Conditions
Keywords
Local Anesthesia, Lidocaine, Bicarbonate, Pain, Buffering, Injection Site Cooling
Brief summary
Participants will have local anesthesia administered to the palmar aspect of both forearms using 4 different injection methods in order to determine which method provides the best results in terms of perceived pain, overall comfort, and participant preference. Injection site cooling and solution buffering using a 3:1 ratio will be compared to the current standard, no injection site cooling and 9:1 solution buffering.
Interventions
OTHERCold Compress Pack
Palmar aspect of forearm will have a cold compress pack placed on it.
OTHERRoom Temperature Compress Pack
Palmar aspect of forearm will have a room temperature compress pack placed on it.
Lidocaine with epinephrine will be buffered 3:1 with sodium bicarbonate
Sponsors
Nicholas Bastidas
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Masking description
Participants will be blind to the solution ratio of each injection, injector will not be blind to solution to ensure safety.
Intervention model description
Palmar aspect of participants forearms will be randomized to have either a cold compress pack or a room temperature compress pack placed on it. The cold compress pack serves as the trial intervention and the room temperature compress pack serves as the placebo. Each forearm will then be injected with both a 3:1 (experimental ratio) and a 9:1 (standard ratio) mixture of lidocaine with epinephrine:sodium bicarbonate in a randomized order.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
21 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Provision of signed and dated informed consent form * Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures * Any gender, aged 21 - 65 * In good general health with no peripheral neuropathy or disorders that may produce peripheral neuropathy such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus * Healthy intact skin on the palmar aspect of both left and right forearms * Fluent in English
Exclusion criteria
* Current use of any medication * Pregnancy * Known allergic reactions to components of the local anesthetic such as sulfites * History of vasovagal response to venipuncture or vaccination * History of trauma to the forearms i.e., bone breaks, burns, deep lacerations * Decreased sensation to the palmar aspect of either forearm
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain from Needle Insertion | 2 Months | Pain from needle insertion during each injection will be scored on a 0 - 10 scale by participants |
| Pain from Solution Deposition | 2 Months | Pain from solution deposition during each injection will be scored on a 0 - 10 scale by participants |
| Overall Comfort Level During Injection | 2 Months | Comfort level during each injection will be scored on a 0 - 10 scale by participants |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Injection Method Preference | 2 Months | Participants will select which of the 4 injection methods they preferred |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Buffered Anesthetic Solution pH | 2 Months | pH of each solution will be measured using a calibrated pH probe |
Outcome results
None listed