Lung Cancer
Conditions
Brief summary
This research will compare (1) the effectiveness of a mobile radon-education app (vs. traditional brochures) and (2) that of the radon app with in-app reminders (vs. the radon app without in-app reminders and the no app use with postal reminders) to increase radon awareness and testing among North Dakotans. The prevalence of exceptionally high levels of residential radon in North Dakota (ND), coupled with public's poor understanding of this hazard, is a critical public health problem.
Interventions
OTHERThe radon app
Participants will be asked to use the radon app.
OTHERPrint brochure
Participants will receive print brochures.
Sponsors
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
University of North Dakota
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* The principal eligibility criterion is that participants own a smartphone.
Exclusion criteria
* The principal exclusion criterion is previous testing for radon within the past two years.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Using the Radon Test Kit | Through the study completion - 3 months | The rate at which participants use the radon test kit to test their houses |
| Ordering a Free Radon Test Kit | Through the study completion - 3 months | The rate at which participants order a free radon test kit |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline Radon Knowledge at 3 Months | Change from baseline knowledge level to the completion of study at 3 months | Radon knowledge was measured by the number of accurate responses to 20 True-False statements in T1 (baseline) and T2 (at 3 months), as used in Kim, Brewster, and Schwartz (2020) (PMID: 32321499). The response options were: true, false, and I don't know. Participants' responses to each statement were then re-coded to 1 (correct) or 0 (incorrect or I don't know). After that, two radon knowledge index variables (continuous) were created by summing participants' responses to each statement in T1 (baseline) and T2 (at 3 months). Thus, two radon knowledge scores can range from 0-20 with higher scores indicating better knowledge. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Some participants did not meet the eligibility criteria. They enrolled the study, but before random assignment began, they were directed to the end of the study due to not being eligible.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Print Brochures Participants assigned to the print brochure group will receive three educational print brochures about radon published by EPA via postal mails for three months (one per each month).
Print brochure: Participants will receive print brochures. | 68 |
| The Radon App Participants assigned to the radon app group will be asked to use the radon app for three months where they will be exposed to mobile friendly educational content that is created from educational print brochures about radon published by EPA.
The radon app: Participants will be asked to use the radon app. | 70 |
| Total | 138 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Print Brochures | The Radon App | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 16 Participants | 24 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 52 Participants | 46 Participants | 98 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 57 Participants | 58 Participants | 115 Participants |
| Radon testing history | 18 Participants | 13 Participants | 31 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 68 participants | 70 participants | 138 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 43 Participants | 44 Participants | 87 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 24 Participants | 25 Participants | 49 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 68 | 0 / 70 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 68 | 0 / 70 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 68 | 0 / 70 |
Outcome results
Primary
Ordering a Free Radon Test Kit
The rate at which participants order a free radon test kit
Time frame: Through the study completion - 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Print Brochures | Ordering a Free Radon Test Kit | 9 Participants |
| The Radon App | Ordering a Free Radon Test Kit | 29 Participants |
Primary
Using the Radon Test Kit
The rate at which participants use the radon test kit to test their houses
Time frame: Through the study completion - 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Print Brochures | Using the Radon Test Kit | 2 Participants |
| The Radon App | Using the Radon Test Kit | 2 Participants |
Secondary
Change From Baseline Radon Knowledge at 3 Months
Radon knowledge was measured by the number of accurate responses to 20 True-False statements in T1 (baseline) and T2 (at 3 months), as used in Kim, Brewster, and Schwartz (2020) (PMID: 32321499). The response options were: true, false, and I don't know. Participants' responses to each statement were then re-coded to 1 (correct) or 0 (incorrect or I don't know). After that, two radon knowledge index variables (continuous) were created by summing participants' responses to each statement in T1 (baseline) and T2 (at 3 months). Thus, two radon knowledge scores can range from 0-20 with higher scores indicating better knowledge.
Time frame: Change from baseline knowledge level to the completion of study at 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Print Brochures | Change From Baseline Radon Knowledge at 3 Months | -0.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| The Radon App | Change From Baseline Radon Knowledge at 3 Months | 2.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |