Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension
Conditions
Keywords
Social Determinants of Health, Veterans, Cardiovascular Diseases
Brief summary
The impacts of unmet social needs, such as homelessness, inconsistent access to food, and exposure to violence on health are well-established, especially for cardiovascular disease. A limited but growing body of evidence suggests that screening for and addressing these needs - also referred as social determinants of health -- in clinic settings helps to connect patients to resources to address unmet needs and has the potential to improve health outcomes. Veterans carry a high burden of unmet needs. At present, VA systematically screens for only two unmet needs; homelessness and food insecurity. The investigators propose to assess the efficacy of systematically screening Veterans for nine unmet needs (i.e., housing, food insecurity, utility insecurity, transportation, legal problems, employment, safety, stress, and social isolation), and compare the effect of referral mechanisms of varying intensity on Veterans' connection to resources, reduction of unmet needs, treatment adherence, reduced preventable hospitalizations, and clinical outcomes.
Detailed description
Background: Despite medical advances, up to 70% of health outcomes are due to social determinants of health (SDoH) - the conditions in which people live and work that shape whether basic needs (e.g., housing, food) are met. These associations are especially well documented for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In response, health policy leaders recommend screening and referral (S&R) for unmet needs in clinical settings, and the American Heart Association recently concluded that the most significant opportunities for reducing CVD death and disability lie with addressing the social determinants of cardiovascular outcomes. A limited but promising evidence base supports these recommendations but more rigorous research is needed to guide how best to intervene on unmet needs that affect health. Significance/Impact: This project addresses the Office of Social Work's priority to link Veterans with resources and services in support of treatment goals, the Office of Patient Centered Care and Cultural Transformation's priority to enhance the physical, emotional, and social well-being of the whole person, the Office of Health Equity's priority to reduce disparities, and the HSR&D priorities of health equity and population health. Our study will provide much-needed evidence to document the burden of Veterans' unmet needs, inform how best to address unmet needs, and assess how such a process can affect adherence (to medications and appointments), utilization, and clinical outcomes. Innovation: VA currently systematically screens for only two unmet needs (homelessness and food insecurity). Identification of other unmet needs (and referral to address them) occurs on an ad hoc basis, with varying approaches among clinics/ clinicians. The investigators will implement comprehensive screening of eight unmet needs and systematic referral, developing tools and processes that, if efficacious, can be implemented within VA (and other) clinical systems. VA is currently funding several studies related to SDoH, but none test interventions that systematically identify a wide range of unmet social needs among Veterans and connect Veterans with identified needs to social service resources. Specific Aims: 1) Describe the burden and distribution of nine unmet needs (i.e., housing; food insecurity; utility insecurity; transportation; legal guidance; employment; safety; and social isolation) among Veterans with or at-risk for CVD, and identify their associations with sociodemographic characteristics, and baseline health-related behaviors and clinical outcomes; 2) Compare the effects of three S&R study intervention conditions of varying intensity on Veterans' connection to new SDoH resources (primary outcome), reduction of unmet needs, adherence, and clinical outcomes, and 3) Identify barriers and facilitators to Veterans' connecting with social services and having needs met, and explanatory factors for observed RCT outcomes. Methodology: The investigators propose a 3-year, two-phased mixed methods study. In Phase One (Aims 1 and 2), the investigators will implement a three-armed randomized controlled trial at three VA sites to compare outcomes among Veterans randomized within each site to one of three study conditions: screening only; screening plus provision of tailored resource sheets; or screening plus resource sheets plus social work support. For each Veteran, the investigators will examine associations of unmet needs with baseline outcomes (Aim 1), and longitudinally examine the impact of each approach on connection to new SDoH resources and follow-up outcomes over a 12-month period (Aim 2). In Phase Two (Aim 3), the investigators will conduct interviews with Veterans and representatives of the VA- and community-based programs to which Veterans are referred because of the trial to identify facilitators and barriers and potential explanatory factors related to the relative success of the interventions. Implementation/Next Steps: If the intervention yields positive results, findings will be used by partners to support more widespread implementation of it throughout VA.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALUnmet Need Screening
Participants are screened by phone for unmet social needs (e.g., utility insecurity, social isolation), hereafter referred to as the index screen. The index screen occurs prior to randomization.
BEHAVIORALUnmet Need Referral - Resource Sheet
Participants receive a Resource Sheet(s) tailored to the unmet need(s) identified in the index screen. For each unmet need, a Resource Sheet will include the names of available resource within the VA and/or the local community that can help address the unmet need and contact information (address, phone, website, email) and hours of operation.
BEHAVIORALUnmet Need Referral Assistance
Participants receive assistance from a Social Worker (SW) to facilitate connection to resources that can help to address unmet need(s) identified in the index screen. Assistance includes 1) conducting a standardized bio-psychosocial assessment; 2) motivational interviewing methods to uncover details of the Veteran's unmet needs and identify barriers to resolving the unmet needs, and; 3) developing an action plan for the Veteran to connect with resources and address needs. The SW will conduct initial follow-up by phone one week after the interview/action plan development, with planned subsequent phone outreach every two weeks for up to seven weeks.
Sponsors
VA Boston Healthcare System
Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center
Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
The investigators are implementing a three-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT) at three VA sites to compare outcomes among Veterans with one or more unmet social needs randomized within each site to one of three intervention arms. The investigators have the following study arms/conditions: unmet needs screening only by Research Assistant (Screening arm; Screening plus provision of a tailored Resource Sheet listing available resources to address identified needs (Awareness arm); Screening plus provision of tailored Resource Sheet plus research team social worker-supported referral to assist with connection to resources to address unmet needs (Assistance arm).
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Veterans enrolled in one of three VA medical centers: * 1\) VA Boston Healthcare System * 2\) Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center (Philadelphia) * 2\) Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center (Charleston) * Veterans with, or at risk for, cardiovascular disease (CVD) who had at least 1 PC visit in the prior year * CVD patients are defined as those with International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD10) diagnoses indicating: * coronary artery disease * cerebrovascular disease * peripheral artery disease * Patients at-risk for CVD are defined as having diagnoses of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), or hyperlipidemia
Exclusion criteria
* Impaired decision-making * Illiterate or have limited or no English proficiency
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource | 8 weeks | Defined as participant connecting to one or more resources since the index unmet need screen and assessed via a participant survey administered 8 weeks following the index unmet need screen. The survey will ask: Since you completed the unmet social need screen on (insert date), were you able to connect with any of the programs or resources for help with (insert need(s) identified). |
| Mean Count of Resources Connected To | 8 weeks | Defined as a count of resources that a participant connected to since the index unmet need screen and assessed via a participant survey administered 8 weeks following the index unmet need screen. The survey will ask: Since you completed the unmet social need screen on (insert date), were you able to connect with any of the programs or resources for help with (insert need(s) identified). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Medication Adherence | 12 months compared to baseline | The investigators will assess adherence to CVD and CVD risk factor medications, including all possible drug class codes (CV000-CV900, encompassing Antilipemic agents and antihypertensives for the subsets of patients prescribed these medications) and, among the subset of patients with DM, diabetes medications (HS501-509). The measure will be based on pharmacy dispensing data from CDW to specify the proportion of days covered (PDC) of each medication. To calculate this, the investigators will count the # of days dispensed in relation to the dispensing period. The numerator will be based on the prescription fill dates and # of days dispensed to determine the number of outpatient days for which each medication was supplied. Patients will be considered adherent if they achieved a PDC \> 80%. The measure is change in medication adherence. Change is calculated as (mean at 12 months - mean at baseline). The investigators will assess this measure using CDW. |
| Clinic Visit Appointment Attendance (No-show) | 12 months compared to baseline | For each patient, the investigators will calculate a no-show rate, or the proportion of primary care and cardiology appointments that are classified as no-show, relative to the total number of appointments scheduled in both, following the approach taken by other VA investigators using CDW data to assess this metric. The numerator (no-shows) consists of appointments marked as a no-show and appointments canceled by the patient or clinic after the appointment time. The denominator (total appointments) consists of no-shows and completed appointments. The measure is change in no shows. Change is calculated as (mean at 12 months - mean at baseline). The investigators will assess this measure using CDW. |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (BP) | 12 months compared to baseline | BP is measured at every PC visit, and the investigators will obtain these measurements from CDW. In the rare case of missing BP data, the investigators will exclude such Veterans from the analysis. Because BP outcomes are also affected by clinicians' adjustment or titration of antihypertensive medications, the investigators will assess the effects of controlling for treatment intensification (TI), using methods similar to the published approaches used in prior work. The investigators will use the following formula to measure TI: (visits with medication changes-visits with elevated BP) / (number of clinic visits). |
| Unmet Need Reduction - Any | 6 months | The investigators will compare the results from the index screen for unmet needs to those from the unmet needs screen administered six months after the index screen. The investigators will define unmet need reduction in two ways. This measure is one or more of baseline unmet needs no longer identified as an unmet need at the 6-month rescreen. |
| Unmet Need Reduction - Percent | 6 months | The investigators will compare the results from the index screen for unmet needs to those from the unmet needs screen administered six months after the index screen. The investigators will define unmet need reduction in two ways. This measure is percentage of baseline needs not reported as unmet needs at 6-month rescreen. |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (BP) | 12 months compared to baseline | BP is measured at every PC visit, and the investigators will obtain these measurements from CDW. In the rare case of missing BP data, the investigators will exclude such Veterans from the analysis. Because BP outcomes are also affected by clinicians' adjustment or titration of antihypertensive medications, the investigators will assess the effects of controlling for treatment intensification (TI), using methods similar to the published approaches used in prior work. The investigators will use the following formula to measure TI: (visits with medication changes-visits with elevated BP) / (number of clinic visits). |
| Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | 12 months compared to baseline | HbA1c is available from CDW. The investigators anticipate approximately 40% of our RCT sample to have DM, based on a preparatory-to-research analysis of CDW data. To ensure the values reflect health status around the time of the index screen and the 6 and 12-month follow-up window, the investigators will only include Veterans with DM who have an Hba1c in the 6 months prior to each time point. Approximately 17% of patients with DM do not have an HbA1c test within VA in the prior year. |
| Emergent Visits (Urgent Care and Emergency Department Visits) | 12 months compared to baseline | The measure is change in Emergency Department and urgent care visits. Change is calculated as (mean at 12 months - mean at baseline). The investigators will assess this measure using CDW. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Recruitment took place from April 2022 - June 2023. Trained research assistants (RAs) recruited participants by phone.
Pre-assignment details
Participants needed to screen positive for one of nine needs to be assigned to an arm. Participants with zero needs were not eligible for the trial and thus not randomized to an arm.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Screening Participants in this arm will be screened for unmet social needs and receive a post card that includes a list of generic VA crisis and homeless hotlines.
Unmet Need Screening: Participants are screened by phone for unmet social needs (e.g., utility insecurity, social isolation), hereafter referred to as the index screen. The index screen occurs prior to randomization. | 161 |
| Awareness Participants in this arm will be screened for unmet social needs, receive a post card that includes a list of generic VA crisis and homeless hotlines, and receive a Resource Sheet tailored to the unmet needs identified in the unmet need screen. The Resource Sheet will include the names of available resources within the VA and/or local community that can help to address the identified need(s) and contact information and hours of operation.
Unmet Need Screening: Participants are screened by phone for unmet social needs (e.g., utility insecurity, social isolation), hereafter referred to as the index screen. The index screen occurs prior to randomization.
Unmet Need Referral - Resource Sheet: Participants receive a Resource Sheet(s) tailored to the unmet need(s) identified in the index screen. For each unmet need, a Resource Sheet will include the names of available resource within the VA and/or the local community that can help address the unmet need and contact information (address, phone, website, email) and hours of operation. | 160 |
| Assistance Participants in this arm will receive the same interventions as Arm 2 (screened by phone for unmet social needs, receive post card listing generic resources, and receive tailored resource sheets) plus be offered assistance from a Social Worker. If accepted, the SW will contact the participant and work with them over a period of 8 weeks to help facilitate their connection to resources than can help to address the unmet need(s) identified in the unmet need screen.
Unmet Need Screening: Participants are screened by phone for unmet social needs (e.g., utility insecurity, social isolation), hereafter referred to as the index screen. The index screen occurs prior to randomization.
Unmet Need Referral - Resource Sheet: Participants receive a Resource Sheet(s) tailored to the unmet need(s) identified in the index screen. For each unmet need, a Resource Sheet will include the names of available resource within the VA and/or the local community that can help address the unmet need and contact information (address, phone, website, email) and hours of operation. | 158 |
| Total | 479 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 8 | 4 | 13 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 3 | 2 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Screening | Awareness | Assistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 64.24 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.72 | 64.58 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.55 | 63.96 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.17 | 64.16 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.5 |
| Baseline Average Needs per Participant | 2.51 Count of social needs STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.45 | 2.45 Count of social needs STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.36 | 2.53 Count of social needs STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.61 | 2.54 Count of social needs STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.39 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 30 Participants | 11 Participants | 10 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 449 Participants | 150 Participants | 150 Participants | 149 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 4 Participants | 0 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 229 Participants | 87 Participants | 70 Participants | 72 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 238 Participants | 74 Participants | 84 Participants | 80 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Men | 435 Participants | 148 Participants | 150 Participants | 137 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Transgender Women | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Women | 43 Participants | 12 Participants | 10 Participants | 21 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 5 / 161 | 3 / 160 | 2 / 158 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 161 | 0 / 160 | 0 / 158 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 161 | 0 / 160 | 0 / 158 |
Outcome results
Primary
Mean Count of Resources Connected To
Defined as a count of resources that a participant connected to since the index unmet need screen and assessed via a participant survey administered 8 weeks following the index unmet need screen. The survey will ask: Since you completed the unmet social need screen on (insert date), were you able to connect with any of the programs or resources for help with (insert need(s) identified).
Time frame: 8 weeks
Population: One participant in arm 3 was excluded from analysis due to missing race information.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Mean Count of Resources Connected To | 0.40 Count of resources connected | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Awareness | Mean Count of Resources Connected To | 0.40 Count of resources connected | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| Assistance | Mean Count of Resources Connected To | 0.47 Count of resources connected | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
Comparison: This test is comparing Arm 1 (screening) to Arm 2 (awareness)p-value: 0.85695% CI: [0.641, 1.447]Poisson
Comparison: This test is comparing Arm 1 (screening) to Arm 3 (assistance)p-value: 0.524895% CI: [0.768, 1.681]Poisson
Primary
Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource
Defined as participant connecting to one or more resources since the index unmet need screen and assessed via a participant survey administered 8 weeks following the index unmet need screen. The survey will ask: Since you completed the unmet social need screen on (insert date), were you able to connect with any of the programs or resources for help with (insert need(s) identified).
Time frame: 8 weeks
Population: One participant in arm 3 was excluded from analysis due to missing race information.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Screening | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource | 40 Participants |
| Awareness | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource | 41 Participants |
| Assistance | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource | 51 Participants |
Comparison: This test is comparing Arm 1 (screening) to Arm 2 (awareness)p-value: 0.624395% CI: [0.679, 1.904]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: This test compares Arm 1 (screening) to arm 3 (assistance)p-value: 0.114695% CI: [0.908, 2.469]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Clinic Visit Appointment Attendance (No-show)
For each patient, the investigators will calculate a no-show rate, or the proportion of primary care and cardiology appointments that are classified as no-show, relative to the total number of appointments scheduled in both, following the approach taken by other VA investigators using CDW data to assess this metric. The numerator (no-shows) consists of appointments marked as a no-show and appointments canceled by the patient or clinic after the appointment time. The denominator (total appointments) consists of no-shows and completed appointments. The measure is change in no shows. Change is calculated as (mean at 12 months - mean at baseline). The investigators will assess this measure using CDW.
Time frame: 12 months compared to baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Clinic Visit Appointment Attendance (No-show) | -0.14 Number of appointments missed | Standard Deviation 1.52 |
| Awareness | Clinic Visit Appointment Attendance (No-show) | -0.06 Number of appointments missed | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Assistance | Clinic Visit Appointment Attendance (No-show) | 0.22 Number of appointments missed | Standard Deviation 1.27 |
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 2p-value: 0.862395% CI: [0.7497, 1.4107]ANOVA
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 3p-value: 0.053495% CI: [0.9962, 1.8844]ANOVA
Secondary
Diastolic Blood Pressure (BP)
BP is measured at every PC visit, and the investigators will obtain these measurements from CDW. In the rare case of missing BP data, the investigators will exclude such Veterans from the analysis. Because BP outcomes are also affected by clinicians' adjustment or titration of antihypertensive medications, the investigators will assess the effects of controlling for treatment intensification (TI), using methods similar to the published approaches used in prior work. The investigators will use the following formula to measure TI: (visits with medication changes-visits with elevated BP) / (number of clinic visits).
Time frame: 12 months compared to baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Diastolic Blood Pressure (BP) | -0.43 Mean change in mmHg | Standard Deviation 6.11 |
| Awareness | Diastolic Blood Pressure (BP) | -1.17 Mean change in mmHg | Standard Deviation 7.07 |
| Assistance | Diastolic Blood Pressure (BP) | -0.11 Mean change in mmHg | Standard Deviation 7.44 |
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 2p-value: 0.413495% CI: [0.1006, 2.5687]ANOVA
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 3p-value: 0.470595% CI: [0.3588, 9.223]ANOVA
Secondary
Emergent Visits (Urgent Care and Emergency Department Visits)
The measure is change in Emergency Department and urgent care visits. Change is calculated as (mean at 12 months - mean at baseline). The investigators will assess this measure using CDW.
Time frame: 12 months compared to baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Emergent Visits (Urgent Care and Emergency Department Visits) | 0.19 Mean difference in emergent visits | Standard Deviation 2.36 |
| Awareness | Emergent Visits (Urgent Care and Emergency Department Visits) | 0.53 Mean difference in emergent visits | Standard Deviation 2.64 |
| Assistance | Emergent Visits (Urgent Care and Emergency Department Visits) | -0.01 Mean difference in emergent visits | Standard Deviation 2.15 |
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 2p-value: 0.210595% CI: [0.821, 2.454]ANOVA
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 3p-value: 0.414395% CI: [0.4574, 1.379]ANOVA
Secondary
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
HbA1c is available from CDW. The investigators anticipate approximately 40% of our RCT sample to have DM, based on a preparatory-to-research analysis of CDW data. To ensure the values reflect health status around the time of the index screen and the 6 and 12-month follow-up window, the investigators will only include Veterans with DM who have an Hba1c in the 6 months prior to each time point. Approximately 17% of patients with DM do not have an HbA1c test within VA in the prior year.
Time frame: 12 months compared to baseline
Population: This only contains people who are indicated as having diabetes
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | -0.42 Mean % glycated hemoglobin | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
| Awareness | Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | -0.03 Mean % glycated hemoglobin | Standard Deviation 1.43 |
| Assistance | Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | 0.11 Mean % glycated hemoglobin | Standard Deviation 1.12 |
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 2p-value: 0.08795% CI: [0.944, 2.454]ANOVA
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 3p-value: 0.035495% CI: [1.048, 3.264]ANOVA
Secondary
Medication Adherence
The investigators will assess adherence to CVD and CVD risk factor medications, including all possible drug class codes (CV000-CV900, encompassing Antilipemic agents and antihypertensives for the subsets of patients prescribed these medications) and, among the subset of patients with DM, diabetes medications (HS501-509). The measure will be based on pharmacy dispensing data from CDW to specify the proportion of days covered (PDC) of each medication. To calculate this, the investigators will count the # of days dispensed in relation to the dispensing period. The numerator will be based on the prescription fill dates and # of days dispensed to determine the number of outpatient days for which each medication was supplied. Patients will be considered adherent if they achieved a PDC \> 80%. The measure is change in medication adherence. Change is calculated as (mean at 12 months - mean at baseline). The investigators will assess this measure using CDW.
Time frame: 12 months compared to baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Medication Adherence | 0.01 med adherence% post - med adherence% pre | Standard Deviation 0.15 |
| Awareness | Medication Adherence | 0.01 med adherence% post - med adherence% pre | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
| Assistance | Medication Adherence | 0.03 med adherence% post - med adherence% pre | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
Comparison: This arm 1 compared to arm 2p-value: 0.977595% CI: [0.9665, 1.0336]ANOVA
Comparison: This arm 1 compared to arm 3p-value: 0.319495% CI: [0.9832, 1.0534]ANOVA
Secondary
Systolic Blood Pressure (BP)
BP is measured at every PC visit, and the investigators will obtain these measurements from CDW. In the rare case of missing BP data, the investigators will exclude such Veterans from the analysis. Because BP outcomes are also affected by clinicians' adjustment or titration of antihypertensive medications, the investigators will assess the effects of controlling for treatment intensification (TI), using methods similar to the published approaches used in prior work. The investigators will use the following formula to measure TI: (visits with medication changes-visits with elevated BP) / (number of clinic visits).
Time frame: 12 months compared to baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Systolic Blood Pressure (BP) | -1.20 Mean change in mmHg | Standard Deviation 9.37 |
| Awareness | Systolic Blood Pressure (BP) | -0.27 Mean change in mmHg | Standard Deviation 12.8 |
| Assistance | Systolic Blood Pressure (BP) | -0.23 Mean change in mmHg | Standard Deviation 13.61 |
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 2p-value: 0.570195% CI: [0.1304, 40.5121]ANOVA
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 3p-value: 0.301695% CI: [0.2571, 80.8746]ANOVA
Secondary
Unmet Need Reduction - Any
The investigators will compare the results from the index screen for unmet needs to those from the unmet needs screen administered six months after the index screen. The investigators will define unmet need reduction in two ways. This measure is one or more of baseline unmet needs no longer identified as an unmet need at the 6-month rescreen.
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Screening | Unmet Need Reduction - Any | 82 Participants |
| Awareness | Unmet Need Reduction - Any | 73 Participants |
| Assistance | Unmet Need Reduction - Any | 74 Participants |
Comparison: This is Arm 1 compared to Arm 2p-value: 0.558295% CI: [0.536, 1.4]Regression, Logistic
Comparison: This is Arm 1 compared to Arm 3p-value: 0.519695% CI: [0.528, 1.381]Regression, Logistic
Secondary
Unmet Need Reduction - Percent
The investigators will compare the results from the index screen for unmet needs to those from the unmet needs screen administered six months after the index screen. The investigators will define unmet need reduction in two ways. This measure is percentage of baseline needs not reported as unmet needs at 6-month rescreen.
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Unmet Need Reduction - Percent | 30.37 Percent of Needs not reported as unmet | Standard Deviation 36.6 |
| Awareness | Unmet Need Reduction - Percent | 27.11 Percent of Needs not reported as unmet | Standard Deviation 35.98 |
| Assistance | Unmet Need Reduction - Percent | 27.88 Percent of Needs not reported as unmet | Standard Deviation 35.91 |
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 2p-value: 0.306395% CI: [0.246, 1.553]ANOVA
Comparison: This is arm 1 compared to arm 3p-value: 0.437895% CI: [0.256, 1.803]ANOVA
Post Hoc
Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (Elixhauser Score >=4 Only)
Defined as participant connecting to one or more resources since the index unmet need screen and assessed via a participant survey administered 8 weeks following the index unmet need screen. The survey will ask: Since you completed the unmet social need screen on (insert date), were you able to connect with any of the programs or resources for help with (insert need(s) identified). This was an ad-hoc sub-group analysis consisting of Veterans with an Elixhauser score of 4 or greater. The Elixhauser comorbidity index is a measure of comorbidity based on ICD-10 codes. A higher number indicates more comorbidities. The scale is 0-30.
Time frame: 8 weeks
Population: Elixhauser score \>=4 only.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Screening | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (Elixhauser Score >=4 Only) | 21 Participants |
| Awareness | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (Elixhauser Score >=4 Only) | 23 Participants |
| Assistance | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (Elixhauser Score >=4 Only) | 31 Participants |
p-value: 0.11695% CI: [0.875, 3.436]Mixed Models Analysis
p-value: 0.013495% CI: [1.202, 4.695]Mixed Models Analysis
Post Hoc
Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (VA Priority Groups 4 & 5 Only)
Defined as participant connecting to one or more resources since the index unmet need screen and assessed via a participant survey administered 8 weeks following the index unmet need screen. The survey will ask: Since you completed the unmet social need screen on (insert date), were you able to connect with any of the programs or resources for help with (insert need(s) identified). This was an ad-hoc sub-group analysis consisting of Veterans in VA priority groups 4 & 5 (of which 95% of Veterans were in priority group 5). Veterans applying for VHA healthcare are assigned to one of eight priority groups based on eligibility criteria including income and service connected disability. A lower score signifies a higher priority for enrollment. Veterans in priority group 5 are unique in that they're eligibility is based not on disability, but on income status (i.e. Medicaid eligibility).
Time frame: 8 weeks
Population: VA Priority groups 4 \& 5 only
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Screening | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (VA Priority Groups 4 & 5 Only) | 5 Participants |
| Awareness | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (VA Priority Groups 4 & 5 Only) | 9 Participants |
| Assistance | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (VA Priority Groups 4 & 5 Only) | 18 Participants |
p-value: 0.009495% CI: [1.512, 16.57]Mixed Models Analysis
p-value: 0.337795% CI: [0.521, 6.746]Mixed Models Analysis
Post Hoc
Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (With Arm 3 Refusals Removed)
Defined as participant connecting to one or more resources since the index unmet need screen and assessed via a participant survey administered 8 weeks following the index unmet need screen. The survey will ask: Since you completed the unmet social need screen on (insert date), were you able to connect with any of the programs or resources for help with (insert need(s) identified).
Time frame: 8 weeks
Population: Participants in arm 3 could refuse to speak with a social worker. This analysis is with arm 3 refusals removed. The participant with no race info refused arm 3 and is excluded from the 125.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Screening | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (With Arm 3 Refusals Removed) | 40 Participants |
| Awareness | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (With Arm 3 Refusals Removed) | 41 Participants |
| Assistance | Number of Participants Who Connected With a New Resource (With Arm 3 Refusals Removed) | 44 Participants |
p-value: 0.034795% CI: [1.044, 2.987]Mixed Models Analysis