Anxiety, Depression, Loneliness
Conditions
Brief summary
This study will use the University of Washington's ALACRITY Center's (UWAC) Discover, Design, Build, & Test (DDBT) method to develop and test an intervention to address the mental health health needs of older adults in senior housing (clients) who are forced to not only shelter-in-place but cannot have family or other visitors during this time. Older people (those over 60 years in age) are especially vulnerable and are more likely to have severe - even deadly - coronavirus infection than other age groups. These facts led to the need to have older adults socially isolate in order to protect their health; visits with family and friends are limited, and in senior housing (independent, supported and assisted care residences) have limited such visits by family to one person a day. This necessary practice of social distancing, while addressing an important public health crisis, unintentionally creates social isolation and loneliness, another deadly epidemic amongst the older population. Even before COVID-19, social isolation and loneliness was a prominent mental health and social problem in the aged, one that is associated with increases in other chronic conditions, dementia and suicide. Effective interventions for social isolation exist but are difficult to access and may not address all the concerns older adults have about this particular period of social isolation. The purpose of this proposed study is to deploy an adaptation of Behavioral Activation Therapy called Stay Connected to treat depression in older adults. The adaptation will allow activity directors and staff (clinicians) in these settings and senior centers to deliver the therapeutic elements of the intervention (behavioral activation) in the context of social distancing/shelter-in-place policies. Social workers in these settings will oversee the activity director and staff delivery of the intervention. The investigators are working with a variety of senior housing types (HUD certified and private systems) and senior centers in Skagit county (rural) and King county (urban) in Washington (WA) so that the resulting intervention is not tied to economic levels or access to digital technology.
Detailed description
Clinicians and clients from 6 rural and urban senior communities or senior centers will participate in this study. Senior communities or senior centers will be randomized to receive training and materials in either Stay Connected or a resource guide. The investigators will work with 2 staff from each community or senior center and conduct baseline, 4 week and 9 week assessments with clinicians and 20 clients from each community setting (N=12 clinicians and 120 clients).
Interventions
BEHAVIORALStay Connected
Stay Connected is a menu-driven set of strategies to combat loneliness, anxiety and depression in older adults based on behavioral activation principles.
BEHAVIORALTreatment as usual
Regular check-ins, resource/referral provision
Sponsors
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
University of Washington
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
60 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Older Adult Participants Inclusion Criteria: 1. 60 years of age or older 2. Physical and cognitive ability to complete interviews by phone or using video-chat technology (e.g., Zoom) 3. English speaking 4. Resident of participating Seattle-area senior living communities or member of Seattle-area senior centers 5. Ability to provide consent 6. Score of 5 or higher on Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) or score of 5 or higher on Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) or score of 6 or higher on University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale 7. No suicidal ideation
Exclusion criteria
1. Under the age of 60 2. Inability to physically and/or cognitively consent and/or participate in study procedures via phone, computer, and/or video call 3. Non-English speaking 4. Scores below inclusion cut-offs on PHQ-9, GAD-7, and UCLA Loneliness Scale Staff Participants Inclusion Criteria 1. English-speaking 2. Staff members in administration, social work, and/or activities department in Seattle area senior living communities or senior centers 3. Physical ability to complete training in intervention and complete questionnaires by phone, computer, or video-chat technology
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up | The PHQ-9 consists of 9 depression items and one disability item. Each item is associated with a symptom of depression, which the participant rates whether or not they have experienced the symptom over the last two weeks, with severity rating of 0-3. It is one of the few measures that is brief (it takes less than one minute to give) and has been found to have excellent sensitivity to change over time. Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total score ranges from 0 - 27 and higher scores indicate higher levels of depression symptoms. |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) | Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up | To assess for co-occurring anxiety, we will use the GAD-7, a 7- item screener for generalized anxiety. It consists of items related to GAD. Participants rate on a scale of 0-3 how much they have experienced in the last two weeks. The scale is a valid screener for GAD. Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total score ranges from 0 - 21, with higher scores mean an increased degree of severity of anxiety symptoms. |
| Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) | Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up and 9-Week Follow-Up | The SDS will be used as measure of disability/functional status. This is a brief analog disability scale, which uses visual-spatial, numeric and verbal anchors. The scale has been validated in medical and psychiatric populations with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses. Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total score ranges from 0 - 30, with higher scores indicating greater disruptions to their life from mental health symptoms. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM) | Baseline and 9 week follow up | This is a four item measure of intervention acceptability, where each item is rated on a 1-5 scale, with 1 = not at all acceptable and 5 = very acceptable, and the total score is a mean item score with minimum score of 1 and maximum of 5. Clinician participants complete this measure. Higher values are considered to be more positive (i.e., a more acceptable intervention). |
| University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale | Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up | A 3-item scale designed to measure one's subjective feelings of loneliness as well as feelings of social isolation. Participants rate each item as either O (I often feel this way), S (I sometimes feel this way), R (I rarely feel this way), N (I never feel this way). Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total scores range from 3 - 9, with higher scores indicating higher levels of loneliness. |
| Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM) | Baseline, 9 week follow up | This is a four item measure of how suitable an intervention is for the circumstances, where each item is rated on a 1-5 scale, with 1 = not at all appropriate and 5 = very appropriate, and the total score is a mean item score with minimum score of 1 and maximum of 5. Clinician participants complete this measure. Higher values are considered to be more positive (i.e., a more appropriate intervention). |
| Intervention Usability Scale (IUS) | 9 weeks | This is a ten item measure of how easy the intervention/system is to use and learn. Used for interventions (e.g., therapeutic modalities). Total scale scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores considered to be more positive (i.e., a more usable intervention). Scores of 70 and higher are considered to be a usable intervention. Clinician participants complete this measure. |
| Behavioral Activation Scale (BADS) | Client participants contributing Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up data, excluding cases missing at any timepoint. | The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) can be used to track changes weekly in the behaviors hypothesized to underlie depression and specifically targeted for change by behavioral activation. It examines changes in the following areas: activation, avoidance/rumination, work/school impairment, and social impairment. The BADS consists of 25 questions, each rated on a seven-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 6 (completely). Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total scores range from 0 - 150, with higher scores indicating more behavioral activation. |
| Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation - Short Version | Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up | The PROMIS Social Isolation item bank assesses perceptions of being avoided, excluded, detached, disconnected from, or unknown by, others. This measure consists of 4 items, each rated on a five-point scale ranging from 1 - 5. Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total scores range from 4 - 20, with higher scores meaning more social isolation. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Stay Connected Clients Menu-driven set of strategies to combat loneliness, anxiety and depression in older adults
Stay Connected: Stay Connected is a menu-driven set of strategies to combat loneliness, anxiety and depression in older adults based on behavioral activation principles. | 17 |
| Usual Care Clients Treatment as usual in these practice settings typically includes regular check-in calls and offering resources and referrals
Treatment as usual: Regular check-ins, resource/referral provision | 14 |
| Stay Connected Clinicians Menu-driven set of strategies to combat loneliness, anxiety and depression in older adults
Stay Connected: Stay Connected is a menu-driven set of strategies to combat loneliness, anxiety and depression in older adults based on behavioral activation principles. This group is the clinicians who delivered the Stay Connected intervention. | 1 |
| Usual Care Clinicians Treatment as usual in these practice settings typically includes regular check-in calls and offering resources and referrals
Treatment as usual: Regular check-ins, resource/referral provision. this group is the clinicians who delivered usual care. | 2 |
| Total | 34 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4-Week Follow-Up | Clients did not complete measure at this timepoint | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| 9-Week Follow-Up | Participant did not complete measure | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 9-Week Follow-Up | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Baseline | Participant did not complete measure | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Stay Connected Clients | Usual Care Clients | Stay Connected Clinicians | Usual Care Clinicians |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 73.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.2 | 74.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7 | 72.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.9 | 28.0 years | 38.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.07 |
| Education Level Associate degree | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Education Level Bachelors degree | 6 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Education Level High school graduate or equivalent | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Education Level Masters degree | 7 Participants | 5 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Education Level Professional or doctorate | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Education Level Some college, no degree | 13 Participants | 7 Participants | 6 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 5 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 27 Participants | 14 Participants | 11 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 31 Participants | 17 Participants | 12 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 27 Participants | 16 Participants | 11 Participants | — | — |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 4 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | — | — |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 22 | 0 / 18 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 2 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 22 | 0 / 18 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 2 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 22 | 0 / 18 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 2 |
Outcome results
Primary
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)
To assess for co-occurring anxiety, we will use the GAD-7, a 7- item screener for generalized anxiety. It consists of items related to GAD. Participants rate on a scale of 0-3 how much they have experienced in the last two weeks. The scale is a valid screener for GAD. Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total score ranges from 0 - 21, with higher scores mean an increased degree of severity of anxiety symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up
Population: Client participants contributing Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up data, excluding cases missing at any timepoint.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stay Connected Clients | Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) | Baseline | 5.82 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.64 |
| Stay Connected Clients | Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) | 4-Week Follow-Up | 4.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.11 |
| Stay Connected Clients | Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) | 9-Week Follow-Up | 4.59 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
| Usual Care Clients | Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) | Baseline | 4.43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.06 |
| Usual Care Clients | Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) | 4-Week Follow-Up | 3.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Usual Care Clients | Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) | 9-Week Follow-Up | 4.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.12 |
p-value: 0.226ANOVA
Primary
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
The PHQ-9 consists of 9 depression items and one disability item. Each item is associated with a symptom of depression, which the participant rates whether or not they have experienced the symptom over the last two weeks, with severity rating of 0-3. It is one of the few measures that is brief (it takes less than one minute to give) and has been found to have excellent sensitivity to change over time. Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total score ranges from 0 - 27 and higher scores indicate higher levels of depression symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up
Population: Client participants contributing Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up data, excluding cases missing at any timepoint.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stay Connected Clients | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | Baseline | 9.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.08 |
| Stay Connected Clients | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | 4-Week Follow-Up | 7.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.55 |
| Stay Connected Clients | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | 9-Week Follow-Up | 6.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.08 |
| Usual Care Clients | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | Baseline | 7.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.48 |
| Usual Care Clients | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | 4-Week Follow-Up | 6.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.03 |
| Usual Care Clients | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | 9-Week Follow-Up | 7.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.16 |
Comparison: Repeated measures ANOVA including a time x condition interaction term to test for differences in slopes by condition for client data.p-value: 0.036ANOVA
Primary
Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS)
The SDS will be used as measure of disability/functional status. This is a brief analog disability scale, which uses visual-spatial, numeric and verbal anchors. The scale has been validated in medical and psychiatric populations with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses. Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total score ranges from 0 - 30, with higher scores indicating greater disruptions to their life from mental health symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up and 9-Week Follow-Up
Population: Client participants contributing Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up data, excluding cases missing at any timepoint.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stay Connected Clients | Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) | Baseline | 9.18 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.36 |
| Stay Connected Clients | Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) | 4-Week Follow-Up | 6.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.72 |
| Stay Connected Clients | Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) | 9-Week Follow-Up | 8.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.45 |
| Usual Care Clients | Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) | Baseline | 8.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.78 |
| Usual Care Clients | Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) | 4-Week Follow-Up | 7.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.38 |
| Usual Care Clients | Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) | 9-Week Follow-Up | 9.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.54 |
p-value: 0.674ANOVA
Secondary
Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM)
This is a four item measure of intervention acceptability, where each item is rated on a 1-5 scale, with 1 = not at all acceptable and 5 = very acceptable, and the total score is a mean item score with minimum score of 1 and maximum of 5. Clinician participants complete this measure. Higher values are considered to be more positive (i.e., a more acceptable intervention).
Time frame: Baseline and 9 week follow up
Population: Both Clinicians who delivered Usual Care dropped out of the study after baseline assessment. Only one clinician in the Stay Connected group completed baseline assessment.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stay Connected Clients | Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM) | Baseline | 4.0 score on a scale | — |
| Stay Connected Clients | Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM) | 9 week follow up | 4.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Usual Care Clients | Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM) | Baseline | 4.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
Secondary
Behavioral Activation Scale (BADS)
The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) can be used to track changes weekly in the behaviors hypothesized to underlie depression and specifically targeted for change by behavioral activation. It examines changes in the following areas: activation, avoidance/rumination, work/school impairment, and social impairment. The BADS consists of 25 questions, each rated on a seven-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 6 (completely). Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total scores range from 0 - 150, with higher scores indicating more behavioral activation.
Time frame: Client participants contributing Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up data, excluding cases missing at any timepoint.
Population: Participants contributing data at Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up and 9-Week Follow-Up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stay Connected Clients | Behavioral Activation Scale (BADS) | Baseline | 91.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 26.25 |
| Stay Connected Clients | Behavioral Activation Scale (BADS) | 4-Week Follow-Up | 95.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 25.01 |
| Stay Connected Clients | Behavioral Activation Scale (BADS) | 9-Week Follow-Up | 97.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.58 |
| Usual Care Clients | Behavioral Activation Scale (BADS) | Baseline | 94.64 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 20.14 |
| Usual Care Clients | Behavioral Activation Scale (BADS) | 4-Week Follow-Up | 99.01 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 23.32 |
| Usual Care Clients | Behavioral Activation Scale (BADS) | 9-Week Follow-Up | 97.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 26.87 |
p-value: 0.741ANOVA
Secondary
Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM)
This is a four item measure of how suitable an intervention is for the circumstances, where each item is rated on a 1-5 scale, with 1 = not at all appropriate and 5 = very appropriate, and the total score is a mean item score with minimum score of 1 and maximum of 5. Clinician participants complete this measure. Higher values are considered to be more positive (i.e., a more appropriate intervention).
Time frame: Baseline, 9 week follow up
Population: Only clinicians were administered the measure. Both usual care clinicians dropped out of the study after baseline. Only 1 clinician in the Stay Connected group responded at baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stay Connected Clients | Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM) | Baseline | 5.00 score on a scale | — |
| Stay Connected Clients | Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM) | 9 weeks | 5.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Usual Care Clients | Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM) | Baseline | 4.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
Secondary
Intervention Usability Scale (IUS)
This is a ten item measure of how easy the intervention/system is to use and learn. Used for interventions (e.g., therapeutic modalities). Total scale scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores considered to be more positive (i.e., a more usable intervention). Scores of 70 and higher are considered to be a usable intervention. Clinician participants complete this measure.
Time frame: 9 weeks
Population: Data collected from Stay Connected group at 9 weeks only.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stay Connected Clients | Intervention Usability Scale (IUS) | 85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.07 |
Secondary
Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation - Short Version
The PROMIS Social Isolation item bank assesses perceptions of being avoided, excluded, detached, disconnected from, or unknown by, others. This measure consists of 4 items, each rated on a five-point scale ranging from 1 - 5. Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total scores range from 4 - 20, with higher scores meaning more social isolation.
Time frame: Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up
Population: Client participants contributing Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up data, excluding cases missing at any timepoint.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stay Connected Clients | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation - Short Version | Baseline | 11.76 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.82 |
| Stay Connected Clients | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation - Short Version | 4-Week Follow-Up | 10.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.31 |
| Stay Connected Clients | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation - Short Version | 9-Week Follow-Up | 10.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.6 |
| Usual Care Clients | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation - Short Version | Baseline | 10.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.01 |
| Usual Care Clients | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation - Short Version | 4-Week Follow-Up | 9.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.14 |
| Usual Care Clients | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation - Short Version | 9-Week Follow-Up | 9.43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.44 |
p-value: 0.737ANOVA
Secondary
University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale
A 3-item scale designed to measure one's subjective feelings of loneliness as well as feelings of social isolation. Participants rate each item as either O (I often feel this way), S (I sometimes feel this way), R (I rarely feel this way), N (I never feel this way). Older adult participants will complete this measure. Total scores range from 3 - 9, with higher scores indicating higher levels of loneliness.
Time frame: Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up
Population: Client participants contributing Baseline, 4-Week Follow-Up, and 9-Week Follow-Up data, excluding cases missing at any timepoint.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stay Connected Clients | University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale | Baseline | 6.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.74 |
| Stay Connected Clients | University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale | 4-Week Follow-Up | 5.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.87 |
| Stay Connected Clients | University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale | 9-Week Follow-Up | 5.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.09 |
| Usual Care Clients | University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale | Baseline | 5.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.27 |
| Usual Care Clients | University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale | 4-Week Follow-Up | 5.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Usual Care Clients | University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale | 9-Week Follow-Up | 5.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.66 |
p-value: 0.317ANOVA