Insomnia
Conditions
Keywords
Insomnia, Deprescribing, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Brief summary
This project consists of a randomized controlled trial. The objective of this trial is to test the effectiveness of an app-based cognitive behavioral program for insomnia (Health enSuite: Insomnia) in reducing insomnia symptoms.
Detailed description
Insomnia or insufficient sleep is one of the most prevalent public health issues. Nearly 1 in 4 Canadians over the age of 18 years report having difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep, the majority of whom have experienced these insomnia symptoms for more than a year. Chronic insomnia is characterized by one or more of the following symptoms occurring for at least three nights per week for at least 3 months: difficulty falling asleep, trouble maintaining sleep, difficulty in getting back to sleep, poor quality of sleep, and waking up too early the next morning. These symptoms persist despite adequate opportunity for sleep and are accompanied by significant impairments in daytime functioning. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a multi-component intervention approach that is recommended as the first line of treatment for patients with persistent insomnia. It targets beliefs, thoughts, and expectations related to sleep as well as behavioral factors that result in sleep loss (sleep schedules, caffeine intake prior to bedtime, bright light in bedroom). These interventions have been found to improve the quality and the duration of sleep and improve daytime functioning. Despite the efficacy of CBT-I programs, they are not readily available to most patients. Therefore, our goal is to develop a CBT-I program that can be delivered through an internet connected phone, tablet, or computer and provide effective treatment to a wide range of people with chronic insomnia. Given that many individuals seek help for sleep problems online or face barriers accessing in-person care, internet-based CBT-I offers a scalable and accessible solution for those experiencing chronic insomnia. Sleep medications are commonly used to manage insomnia symptoms. These include benzodiazepines such as temazepam and non-benzodiazepines like zopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon (often referred to as Z drugs). While these benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs) can be effective in the short term, long-term use is associated with diminishing benefits and potential risks, such as side effects, dependence, and-particularly in older adults-falls and cognitive impairment. Given these concerns, there is growing recognition of the importance of expanding access to non-pharmacological, evidence-based treatments for insomnia. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is one such approach, but it remains underutilized due to limited availability. A widely accessible, app-based CBT-I program has the potential to fill this gap and offer a safer, long-term solution for individuals struggling with chronic insomnia. This project consists of a randomized controlled trial. The objective of this trial is to test the effectiveness of an app-based cognitive behavioral program for insomnia (Health enSuite: Insomnia) in reducing insomnia symptoms. The objectives will be to assess the effectiveness of CBT-I delivered through the Health enSuite app in: * Reducing the severity of insomnia symptoms (primary outcome) * Increasing sleep efficiency and total sleep time (secondary outcomes) * Reducing sleep onset latency, time in bed, and the duration and frequency of awakenings at night (secondary outcomes) * Reducing symptoms of psychological distress, anxiety, and depression (secondary outcomes) User engagement and satisfaction with Health enSuite: Insomnia will also be evaluated to inform subsequent efforts to make this program available on a larger scale.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALExperimental: Health enSuite Insomnia
Health enSuite: Insomnia has been designed based on established cognitive behavioral treatments for insomnia (2,5,6) and adapted to fit an automated interactive platform available via an internet enabled device. Previous research has found that CBT for insomnia can be delivered via a web-based platform (15,16). The program is divided into a series of treatment modules or levels that will be delivered over the course of 8 weeks. The content of these 8 levels includes the following components, a sleep diary, Introduction to Health EnSuite Insomnia, Sleep restriction clock, Medications, Herbal Remedies & Sleep, Chronobiology & Sleep Timing, Sleep hygiene, Relaxation techniques, Changing Negative Thoughts Related to Sleep, Light and Sleep.
Sponsors
IWK Health Centre
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
This project consists of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT). The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) recommendations (http://www.consort-statement.org/) will guide the methodology. Participants will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention group or a waitlist control group. Participants in both groups will complete self-assessments including key outcome measures at baseline before starting the study, at two months post-randomization, and again at five months post-randomization. Participants in the intervention group will receive the full Health enSuite Insomnia program immediately after being randomized to this group. Participants in the waitlist control group will be waitlisted during the study. After their participation in the study has ended, participants in the waitlist control group will be given access to the full Health enSuite Insomnia program for two months.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
To be eligible for this study, participants must meet all of the following criteria: * Age 18 years or older Rationale: The intervention is designed for adults. Sleep patterns, treatment needs, and legal capacity for consent differ in children and adolescents, so participants must be legal adults to provide informed consent and to ensure relevance of the treatment content. * Experience one or more insomnia symptoms (e.g., difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early) at least 3 times per week for at least 3 months Rationale: This criterion aligns with standard diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia (e.g., DSM-5, ICSD-3 (9,10), ensuring that the intervention targets individuals with persistent and clinically meaningful symptoms. * Have access to an internet-connected device (e.g., smartphone, tablet, or computer) Rationale: The CBT-I program is delivered entirely online via a mobile app or web platform. Participants must have reliable access to an internet-enabled device to complete program content, questionnaires, and sleep diaries. * Not currently working regular overnight shifts (e.g., shifts starting between 10:00 PM and 12:00 AM and ending between 6:00 AM and 8:00 AM) Rationale: Night shift work disrupts circadian rhythms and sleep patterns in ways that are distinct from chronic insomnia. Individuals who work night shifts may not benefit from a standardized sleep schedule and could face difficulties adhering to the intervention. * Not currently a parent of an infant under 1 year of age Rationale: Caring for an infant often involves frequent nighttime awakenings and irregular sleep patterns that are not necessarily reflective of insomnia. These participants may be unable to maintain a consistent sleep schedule as required by the intervention. * Not currently pregnant or trying to become pregnant. Rationale: Sleep disturbances during pregnancy often result from physiological and hormonal changes, which differ from behavioral insomnia. The program has not been designed or tested for use during pregnancy, and eligibility will change if pregnancy occurs during the study. * Have a total score greater than 7 on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) (11), indicating at least mild insomnia symptoms. Rationale: The ISI is a validated tool used to assess the severity of insomnia symptoms. A score of 8 or more indicates at least mild insomnia, which supports the need for intervention. Excluding participants with minimal or no symptoms ensures that the program is delivered to those who stand to benefit and that changes in symptoms are measurable.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Score | Baseline assessment, 2 months post-randomization, 5 months post-randomization | The ISI is a 7-item questionnaire measuring insomnia severity, dissatisfaction with sleep, interference with daily functioning, and daytime impairment. Scores range from 0-28, with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scores (DASS-21) | Baseline assessment, 2 months post-randomization, 5 months post-randomization | The DASS-21 is a 21-item questionnaire measuring psychological distress across three subscales: depression, anxiety, and stress. Each item is scored 0-3, and higher scores indicate greater distress. |
| Change in Sleep Efficiency | Baseline assessment, 2 months post-randomization, 5 months post-randomization | Sleep efficiency will be calculated from sleep diary data as the ratio of total sleep time to time in bed (percentage). |
| Change in Total Sleep Time | Baseline assessment, 2 months post-randomization, 5 months post-randomization | Total sleep time in hours will be calculated from daily sleep diaries. Unit of Measure: Hours of sleep (hours/night). |
| Change in Sleep Onset Latency | Baseline assessment, 2 months post-randomization, 5 months post-randomization | Sleep onset latency (minutes taken to fall asleep) will be measured via sleep diary. Unit of Measure: Minutes. |
| Change in Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO) | Baseline assessment, 2 months post-randomization, 5 months post-randomization | WASO (total time awake after initially falling asleep) will be recorded via sleep diary. Unit of Measure: Minutes. |
Countries
Canada
Contacts
Primary ContactJaisheen Kour Reen
Backup ContactMaryam Akbari
Outcome results
None listed