Autistic Disorder
Conditions
Keywords
Steroid hormones, GC-MS, urine analysis, androgens, autism spectrum disorders
Brief summary
Background Based on various suggestions, social behavior is mediated by a change in steroid hormones. These have diverse effects on the (neuro-)development during critical stages, whereby especially androgen and insulin metabolism seem to play a key role. Various lines of evidence indicate that metformin could influence and improve the symptoms of social withdrawal. Therefore, the investigators will analyze urinary samples of patients before and after treatment with metformin to elucidate the changes in steroid hormone profiles and measure changes in social behavior to examine a potential correlation. Material & Methods Steroid hormone analysis including the most prominent androgen, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisone and cortisol metabolites analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry and a questionnaire (Autism-Spectrum Quotient) will be performed prior to and after 12-weeks metformin treatment. Discussion It is likely, that due to different pathophysiological mechanisms such as an effect on respiratory chain in mitochondria or via AMP activated protein kinase a general reduction of total androgens will be detected prior versus post metformin treatment. The encompassing measurement of steroid hormones will allow to detect influences on different metabolites and in consequence enzyme activities. The potential changes prior versus post shall give hints concerning the involvement of specific cascades involved, with potential pharmacological targets for future research.
Interventions
DRUGMetformin
Treatment with Metformin as prescribed by the treating physician.
Sponsors
Lindenhofstiftung
Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an indication for metformin according to the American Diabetes Association (American Diabetes Association, 2021a) starting a new metformin treatment. The main marker will be fasting plasma glucose levels of 7.0mmol/L and/or HbA1c 6.5% (American Diabetes Association, 2021a). * Written informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
* Patients under 18 years of age. * Clinically significant concomitant disease (e.g. advanced renal failure, hepatic dysfunction, neoplasia). * Significant musculoskeletal disease. * Active infection during sample collection. * Immunosuppressive medical therapy. * Hormonal/steroid treatment. * Pregnancy. * Psychiatric disease and known social behavior altering medication (e.g. antipsychotic medication). * Known or suspected malcompliance, drug or alcohol abuse. * Inability to follow the procedures of the study, e.g. due to insufficient language skills, severe dementia. * Life-expectancy \< 6 months. * Poor tolerability to metformin treatment with following treatment discontinuation within duration of follow up.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in GC-MS measured urinary androgen metabolite levels. | After 12 weeks follow-up | Changes in urinary androgen metabolite levels of interest (see below) prior to metformin treatment start and after 12-weeks of treatment. Hormones of interest include Androgen-Metabolites (Androsterone, Androstenediol, 11-Oxoetiocholanolone, 11β-Hydroxyandrosterone, 11β-Hydroxyetiocholanolone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, 5-Androstene-3β,17β-diol, 16α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 5-Androstene-3β,16α,17β-triol, 5-Pregnene-3β, 16α,17β-triol, Testosterone, 5α-Dihydrotestosterone). All will be measured in urinary samples using GC-MS (gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry). |
| Changes in GC-MS measured urinary oestrogen metabolite levels. | After 12 weeks follow-up | Changes in urinary oestrogen metabolite levels of interest (see below) prior to metformin treatment start and after 12-weeks of treatment. Hormones of interest include Oestrogen-Metabolites (Estriol, 17b-Estradiol), Progesterone-Metabolites (17-Hydroxypregnanolone, Pregnanediol, Pregnanetriol, 11-Oxo-Pregnanetriol). All wil be measured in urinary samples using GC-MS (gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry). |
| Changes in GC-MS measured urinary progesterone metabolite levels. | After 12 weeks follow-up | Changes in urinary progesterone metabolite levels of interest (see below) prior to metformin treatment start and after 12-weeks of treatment. Hormones of interest include Progesterone-Metabolites (17-Hydroxypregnanolone, Pregnanediol, Pregnanetriol, 11-Oxo-Pregnanetriol). All wil be measured in urinary samples using GC-MS (gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry). |
| Changes in GC-MS measured urinary aldosterone metabolite levels. | After 12 weeks follow-up | Changes in urinary aldosterone metabolite levels of interest (see below) prior to metformin treatment start and after 12-weeks of treatment. Hormones of interest include Aldosterone-Metabolites (Tetrahydroaldosterone). All wil be measured in urinary samples using GC-MS (gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry). |
| Changes in GC-MS measured urinary corticosterone metabolite levels. | After 12 weeks follow-up | Changes in urinary corticosterone metabolite levels of interest (see below) prior to metformin treatment start and after 12-weeks of treatment. Hormones of interest include Corticosterone-Metabolites (TetrahydroDOC, Tetrahydrodehydrocorticosterone, Tetrahydrocorticosterone, 5a-Tetrahydrocorticosterone, 18-Hydroxy-tetrahydrocompound A, Cortisone). All wil be measured in urinary samples using GC-MS (gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry). |
| Changes in GC-MS measured urinary cortisone metabolite levels. | After 12 weeks follow-up | Changes in urinary cortisone metabolite levels of interest (see below) prior to metformin treatment start and after 12-weeks of treatment. Hormones of interest include Cortisone-Metabolites (Tetrahydrocortisone, a-Cortolone, b-Cortolone, 20a-Dihydrocortisone, 20b-Dihydrocortisone). All wil be measured in urinary samples using GC-MS (gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry). |
| Changes in GC-MS measured urinary cortisol metabolite levels. | After 12 weeks follow-up | Changes in urinary cortisol metabolite levels of interest (see below) prior to metformin treatment start and after 12-weeks of treatment. Hormones of interest include Cortisol-Metabolites (Cortisol, Tetrahydrocortisol, 5a-Tetrahydrocortisol, a-Cortol, b-Cortol, 20a-Dihydrocortisol, 6b-Hydroxycortisol, 18-Hydroxycortisol). All wil be measured in urinary samples using GC-MS (gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry). |
| Behavioral Changes | After 12 weeks follow-up | Changes in social behavior measured by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient AQ prior to metformin treatment start and after 12-weeks of treatment. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Correlation between urinary steroid hormone level changes (metabolites of androgen, oestrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisone and cortisol) and behavioral changes measured with pearson correlation coefficient. | After 12 weeks follow-up | A potential correlation and/or dosage effect between the primary outcomes will be evaluated using the pearson correlation coefficient. |
Countries
Switzerland
Contacts
Primary ContactBenedikt Gasser, MD
Backup ContactSamuel F Buerki, pract. med.
Outcome results
None listed