Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, Mindfulness, Stress
Conditions
Keywords
First Responders
Brief summary
First responders (law enforcement, firefighters, and emergency medical system personnel) are subjected to daily pressures from their duties with resultant compassion fatigue, burnout, anger, poor mental and physical health, maladaptive behavior, and sleep disturbance. The unprecedented heroin and opioid epidemic in West Virginia has accelerated the stresses as these first responders witness overdoses and overdose death on a frequent basis. The plight and suffering of children of the overdose victims is an additional overlooked element in the stress on the first responder community. The proposed project will deliver mindfulness-based resilience training to improve the mental and physical wellbeing, prevent compassion fatigue, burnout, and attrition of first responders and performance improvement by reducing predictable cognitive errors in the Charleston and Huntington areas and measure the effects of this training on this population using validated questionnaires and salivary cortisol before and after the training.
Detailed description
West Virginia (WV) is in the midst of an unprecedented opioid and heroin epidemic with profound social, health, and economic consequences. This stress, especially among law enforcement officials (LEOs), is often experienced within a context of excessive anger, which decreases wellbeing and has the potential to negatively impact public wellbeing as well. These public safety personnel are often left to manage stress and anger in a cultural context that does not support help-seeking behavior and that encourages maladaptive coping mechanisms. Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) has demonstrated significant improvement in self-reported mindfulness, resilience, perceived operational and administrative stress, burnout, emotional intelligence, emotion regulation, mental and physical health, anger, fatigue, and sleep disturbance Introducing effective evidence-based training to first responders has the potential to improve well-being and decrease burnout and improve the performance of the people who protect the community. Should this hypotheses be confirmed, first responders in West Virginia will have an effective intervention to improve resilience, address perceived stress and burnout, and lead to greater mental and physical wellbeing in the face of unprecedented stresses associated with the opioid and heroin epidemic. This would enable this intervention to be scaled across the state among other populations of first responders in this unprecedented public health crisis. First responders will be recruited from volunteers targeting leadership and thought leaders at the frontline from the three-county area, but primarily from the cities of Charleston and Huntington, to participate in one of two 2.5-day intensive MBRT training sessions. Each 2.5-day session will be coordinated with each agency to ensure maximum participation without disrupting work schedules. Up to 35 participants will participate in each cohort. This study aims to recruit 2 cohorts from the pool of first responders in the Cabell, Kanawha, and Putnam Counties area for a minimum of 50 participants and maximum of 70 participants. Self report measures will be conducted at time 0 (before the intervention), time 1 (after the 2.5-day intensive training), time 2 (4 weeks after the 2.5-day intensive training and after the week 4 remote/virtual booster training) and at time 3 (90 days after the initial intensive training).
Interventions
BEHAVIORALMindfulness-Based Resilience Training
2.5-day intensive MBRT training sessions.
Sponsors
West Virginia University
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Current employment as a first responder * West Virginia residency * Availability/willingness to engage in a 2.5-day retreat style intervention on identified dates.
Exclusion criteria
* Not an actively employed first responder * Does not currently reside in WV * Not willing or able to participate
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) | Baseline | The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). It examines 5 key domains of mindfulness: observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, and nonreactivity to inner experience. Scores range from 39 to 195, with higher scores indicating greater tendency to be mindful. |
| Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ) | Baseline | The Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ) is an 8-item self-report measure that assesses the degree to which mindfulness is intentionally practiced or attempted and the ability to bring compassionate awareness to the present moment after observing the attention has drifted off or become judgmental. Items are scored on a Likert type scale ranging from not at all characteristic of me to entirely characteristic of me, and total scores range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater engagement in mindfulness practices and skills. |
| Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire | Baseline | The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (organizational \[OPSQ\]) is a 40-item questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales measuring operational stressors (20 job content items) and organizational stressors (20 job context items) on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress) and resulting in a maximum score of 140; higher scores indicate greater stress. |
| Operational Police Stress Questionnaire | Baseline | The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (Operational) is a 40-item questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales measuring operational stressors (20 job content items) and organizational stressors (20 job context items) on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress) and resulting in a maximum score of 140; higher scores indicate greater stress. |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Baseline | The Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS) is a 4-item scale used to assess perceived stress in life situations. Responses are on a Likert-type scale ranging from never to very often; higher scores indicate greater perceived stress, with a minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 16. |
| Emotional Regulation | Baseline | The Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS) is a 36-item measure that assesses clinically relevant difficulties in emotion regulation. Items range from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always), and the total score ranges from 36 to 180. Higher scores indicate greater difficulties with emotion regulation. |
| Emotional Intelligence Scale | Baseline | The Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) is a 33-item scale of emotional intelligence. Items are rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), and 3 items are reverse scored, producing a score range from 33 to 165. All items are summed to create a total score, and higher scores indicate greater emotional intelligence. |
| Brief Resilience Scale | Baseline | The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is a 6-item scale designed to assess the ability to recover from stress using a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scores are summed, then divided by the total number of items, to produce a total score ranging from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate greater resilience. |
| General Family Functioning | Baseline | The General Family Functioning Subscale (GFF) consists of 12 items. Respondents complete 12 items with a four-point response scale (1 = strongly agree, 4 = strongly disagree). A mean score is computed. Higher scores on the GFF indicate more problematic family functioning. The minimum score on the GFF is 12, and the maximum score is 48. |
| PROMIS Sleep | Baseline | Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Sleep. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (Score range of 4-19) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity. |
| PROMIS Health | Baseline | Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Health. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (Score Range 0-40) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity. |
| PROMIS Fatigue | Baseline | Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Fatigue. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (score range 4-20) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity. |
| PROMIS Anger | Baseline | Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Anger. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (score range 5-25) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
No subjects were excluded before assignment. Subjects lost 2 follow up were lost at varying times throughout the 2.5 day period. Mostly due to not showing up for the 2nd and 3rd dates.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training Designed to train participants in a number of experiential exercises evoking qualities of mindfulness: mental focus, sustained attention and personal and situational awareness. These exercises include versions of the body scan (body awareness exercise), sitting meditation, mindful movement, walking meditation, eating meditation, mindful martial arts exercises and other elements of mindfulness.
Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training: 2.5-day intensive MBRT training sessions. | 30 |
| Total | 30 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 12 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 1 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 29 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 30 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 28 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 8 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 22 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 30 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 30 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 30 |
Outcome results
Primary
Brief Resilience Scale
The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is a 6-item scale designed to assess the ability to recover from stress using a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scores are summed, then divided by the total number of items, to produce a total score ranging from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate greater resilience.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Brief Resilience Scale | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
Primary
Brief Resilience Scale
The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is a 6-item scale designed to assess the ability to recover from stress using a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scores are summed, then divided by the total number of items, to produce a total score ranging from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate greater resilience.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Brief Resilience Scale | 2.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
Primary
Brief Resilience Scale
The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is a 6-item scale designed to assess the ability to recover from stress using a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scores are summed, then divided by the total number of items, to produce a total score ranging from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate greater resilience.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Brief Resilience Scale | 2.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
Primary
Brief Resilience Scale
The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is a 6-item scale designed to assess the ability to recover from stress using a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scores are summed, then divided by the total number of items, to produce a total score ranging from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate greater resilience.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Brief Resilience Scale | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
Primary
Emotional Intelligence Scale
The Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) is a 33-item scale of emotional intelligence. Items are rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), and 3 items are reverse scored, producing a score range from 33 to 165. All items are summed to create a total score, and higher scores indicate greater emotional intelligence.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Emotional Intelligence Scale | 115.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.8 |
Primary
Emotional Intelligence Scale
The Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) is a 33-item scale of emotional intelligence. Items are rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), and 3 items are reverse scored, producing a score range from 33 to 165. All items are summed to create a total score, and higher scores indicate greater emotional intelligence.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Emotional Intelligence Scale | 116.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.9 |
Primary
Emotional Intelligence Scale
The Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) is a 33-item scale of emotional intelligence. Items are rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), and 3 items are reverse scored, producing a score range from 33 to 165. All items are summed to create a total score, and higher scores indicate greater emotional intelligence.
Time frame: 30 day post intervention
Population: 10 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Emotional Intelligence Scale | 119.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.9 |
Primary
Emotional Intelligence Scale
The Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) is a 33-item scale of emotional intelligence. Items are rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), and 3 items are reverse scored, producing a score range from 33 to 165. All items are summed to create a total score, and higher scores indicate greater emotional intelligence.
Time frame: 90 days
Population: 12 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Emotional Intelligence Scale | 120.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.5 |
Primary
Emotional Regulation
The Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS) is a 36-item measure that assesses clinically relevant difficulties in emotion regulation. Items range from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always), and the total score ranges from 36 to 180. Higher scores indicate greater difficulties with emotion regulation.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Emotional Regulation | 77.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.5 |
Primary
Emotional Regulation
The Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS) is a 36-item measure that assesses clinically relevant difficulties in emotion regulation. Items range from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always), and the total score ranges from 36 to 180. Higher scores indicate greater difficulties with emotion regulation.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Emotional Regulation | 84.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.4 |
Primary
Emotional Regulation
The Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS) is a 36-item measure that assesses clinically relevant difficulties in emotion regulation. Items range from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always), and the total score ranges from 36 to 180. Higher scores indicate greater difficulties with emotion regulation.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Emotional Regulation | 87.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.9 |
Primary
Emotional Regulation
The Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS) is a 36-item measure that assesses clinically relevant difficulties in emotion regulation. Items range from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always), and the total score ranges from 36 to 180. Higher scores indicate greater difficulties with emotion regulation.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Emotional Regulation | 83.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11 |
Primary
Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). It examines 5 key domains of mindfulness: observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, and nonreactivity to inner experience. Scores range from 39 to 195, with higher scores indicating greater tendency to be mindful.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) | 115.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.5 |
Primary
Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). It examines 5 key domains of mindfulness: observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, and nonreactivity to inner experience. Scores range from 39 to 195, with higher scores indicating greater tendency to be mindful.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) | 111.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.2 |
Primary
Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). It examines 5 key domains of mindfulness: observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, and nonreactivity to inner experience. Scores range from 39 to 195, with higher scores indicating greater tendency to be mindful.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) | 115.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.8 |
Primary
Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). It examines 5 key domains of mindfulness: observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, and nonreactivity to inner experience. Scores range from 39 to 195, with higher scores indicating greater tendency to be mindful.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 subjects lost to follow up from baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) | 115.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.1 |
Primary
General Family Functioning
The General Family Functioning Subscale (GFF) consists of 12 items. Respondents complete 12 items with a four-point response scale (1 = strongly agree, 4 = strongly disagree). A mean score is computed. Higher scores on the GFF indicate more problematic family functioning. The minimum score on the GFF is 12, and the maximum score is 48.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | General Family Functioning | 34.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.5 |
Primary
General Family Functioning
The General Family Functioning Subscale (GFF) consists of 12 items. Respondents complete 12 items with a four-point response scale (1 = strongly agree, 4 = strongly disagree). A mean score is computed. Higher scores on the GFF indicate more problematic family functioning. The minimum score on the GFF is 12, and the maximum score is 48.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | General Family Functioning | 35.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
Primary
General Family Functioning
The General Family Functioning Subscale (GFF) consists of 12 items. Respondents complete 12 items with a four-point response scale (1 = strongly agree, 4 = strongly disagree). A mean score is computed. Higher scores on the GFF indicate more problematic family functioning. The minimum score on the GFF is 12, and the maximum score is 48.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | General Family Functioning | 33.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.6 |
Primary
General Family Functioning
The General Family Functioning Subscale (GFF) consists of 12 items. Respondents complete 12 items with a four-point response scale (1 = strongly agree, 4 = strongly disagree). A mean score is computed. Higher scores on the GFF indicate more problematic family functioning. The minimum score on the GFF is 12, and the maximum score is 48.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | General Family Functioning | 35.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
Primary
Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ)
The Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ) is an 8-item self-report measure that assesses the degree to which mindfulness is intentionally practiced or attempted and the ability to bring compassionate awareness to the present moment after observing the attention has drifted off or become judgmental. Items are scored on a Likert type scale ranging from not at all characteristic of me to entirely characteristic of me, and total scores range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater engagement in mindfulness practices and skills.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ) | 25.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
Primary
Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ)
The Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ) is an 8-item self-report measure that assesses the degree to which mindfulness is intentionally practiced or attempted and the ability to bring compassionate awareness to the present moment after observing the attention has drifted off or become judgmental. Items are scored on a Likert type scale ranging from not at all characteristic of me to entirely characteristic of me, and total scores range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater engagement in mindfulness practices and skills.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ) | 23.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.9 |
Primary
Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ)
The Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ) is an 8-item self-report measure that assesses the degree to which mindfulness is intentionally practiced or attempted and the ability to bring compassionate awareness to the present moment after observing the attention has drifted off or become judgmental. Items are scored on a Likert type scale ranging from not at all characteristic of me to entirely characteristic of me, and total scores range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater engagement in mindfulness practices and skills.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ) | 24.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.1 |
Primary
Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ)
The Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ) is an 8-item self-report measure that assesses the degree to which mindfulness is intentionally practiced or attempted and the ability to bring compassionate awareness to the present moment after observing the attention has drifted off or become judgmental. Items are scored on a Likert type scale ranging from not at all characteristic of me to entirely characteristic of me, and total scores range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater engagement in mindfulness practices and skills.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Mindfulness Process Questionnaire (MPQ) | 25.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.6 |
Primary
Operational Police Stress Questionnaire
The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (Operational) is a 40-item questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales measuring operational stressors (20 job content items) and organizational stressors (20 job context items) on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress) and resulting in a maximum score of 140; higher scores indicate greater stress.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Operational Police Stress Questionnaire | 60.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 19.6 |
Primary
Operational Police Stress Questionnaire
The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (Operational) is a 40-item questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales measuring operational stressors (20 job content items) and organizational stressors (20 job context items) on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress) and resulting in a maximum score of 140; higher scores indicate greater stress.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Operational Police Stress Questionnaire | 65.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 27 |
Primary
Operational Police Stress Questionnaire
The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (Operational) is a 40-item questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales measuring operational stressors (20 job content items) and organizational stressors (20 job context items) on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress) and resulting in a maximum score of 140; higher scores indicate greater stress.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Operational Police Stress Questionnaire | 52.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 24.9 |
Primary
Operational Police Stress Questionnaire
The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (Operational) is a 40-item questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales measuring operational stressors (20 job content items) and organizational stressors (20 job context items) on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress) and resulting in a maximum score of 140; higher scores indicate greater stress.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Operational Police Stress Questionnaire | 50.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.3 |
Primary
Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire
The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (organizational \[OPSQ\]) is a 40-item questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales measuring operational stressors (20 job content items) and organizational stressors (20 job context items) on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress) and resulting in a maximum score of 140; higher scores indicate greater stress.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire | 66.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 24.8 |
Primary
Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire
The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (organizational \[OPSQ\]) is a 40-item questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales measuring operational stressors (20 job content items) and organizational stressors (20 job context items) on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress) and resulting in a maximum score of 140; higher scores indicate greater stress.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire | 64.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 25 |
Primary
Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire
The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (organizational \[OPSQ\]) is a 40-item questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales measuring operational stressors (20 job content items) and organizational stressors (20 job context items) on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress) and resulting in a maximum score of 140; higher scores indicate greater stress.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire | 53.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 22.7 |
Primary
Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire
The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (organizational \[OPSQ\]) is a 40-item questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales measuring operational stressors (20 job content items) and organizational stressors (20 job context items) on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress) and resulting in a maximum score of 140; higher scores indicate greater stress.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire | 57.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 27.6 |
Primary
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
The Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS) is a 4-item scale used to assess perceived stress in life situations. Responses are on a Likert-type scale ranging from never to very often; higher scores indicate greater perceived stress, with a minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 16.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | 8.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
Primary
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
The Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS) is a 4-item scale used to assess perceived stress in life situations. Responses are on a Likert-type scale ranging from never to very often; higher scores indicate greater perceived stress, with a minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 16.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | 9.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
Primary
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
The Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS) is a 4-item scale used to assess perceived stress in life situations. Responses are on a Likert-type scale ranging from never to very often; higher scores indicate greater perceived stress, with a minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 16.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | 9.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
Primary
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
The Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS) is a 4-item scale used to assess perceived stress in life situations. Responses are on a Likert-type scale ranging from never to very often; higher scores indicate greater perceived stress, with a minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 16.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | 8.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
Primary
PROMIS Anger
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Anger. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (score range 5-25) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Anger | 11.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
Primary
PROMIS Anger
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Anger. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (score range 5-25) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Anger | 13.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.5 |
Primary
PROMIS Anger
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Anger. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (score range 5-25) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
Population: 7 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Anger | 12.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.3 |
Primary
PROMIS Anger
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Anger. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (score range 5-25) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Anger | 11.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
Primary
PROMIS Fatigue
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Fatigue. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (score range 4-20) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Fatigue | 8.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
Primary
PROMIS Fatigue
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Fatigue. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (score range 4-20) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Fatigue | 10.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
Primary
PROMIS Fatigue
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Fatigue. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (score range 4-20) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
Population: 7 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Fatigue | 11.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
Primary
PROMIS Fatigue
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Fatigue. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (score range 4-20) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Fatigue | 9.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
Primary
PROMIS Health
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Health. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (Score Range 0-40) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Health | 33.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.8 |
Primary
PROMIS Health
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Health. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (Score Range 0-40) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Health | 32.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
Primary
PROMIS Health
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Health. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (Score Range 0-40) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Health | 32.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
Primary
PROMIS Health
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Health. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (Score Range 0-40) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Health | 33.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
Primary
PROMIS Sleep
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Sleep. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (Score range of 4-19) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Sleep | 11.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
Primary
PROMIS Sleep
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Sleep. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (Score range of 4-19) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: 90 days post intervention
Population: 12 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Sleep | 10.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
Primary
PROMIS Sleep
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Sleep. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (Score range of 4-19) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Sleep | 11.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
Primary
PROMIS Sleep
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) is comprised of Sleep. Item is rated on a Likert type scale (Score range of 4-19) with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.
Time frame: 30 days post intervention
Population: 10 Subjects lost to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | PROMIS Sleep | 11.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.3 |