Critical Illness
Conditions
Keywords
Intensive care, Palliative care, Surrogate decision-making, Quality of communication, Patient-centered care, Anxiety, Depression, Post-traumatic stress disorder
Brief summary
The National Academy of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health have called for urgent action to improve the care delivered to the nearly 1,000,000 older Americans who die in intensive care units (ICUs) annually, or survive with substantial impairments. These patients often die with distressing symptoms and may receive more invasive, life-prolonging treatment than they would choose for themselves. Moreover, their family members acting as surrogate decision makers often experience lasting psychological distress from the ICU experience. The investigators will conduct a randomized trial among 500 patients and 750 surrogates and up to 150 clinicians to determine whether early integration of specialty palliative care with standard critical care can improve outcomes for critically ill older patients at high risk of death or severe functional impairments and their family members.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALEarly Integration of Specialty Palliative Care with Critical Care
The PC team will visit the patient within 24 hours of randomization and the consultation will address the following domains of PC: illness understanding and goals of care conversations with patients/surrogates; symptom assessment and management; spiritual needs; patient and family coping and support; and care coordination and transitions. The initial family meeting will be scheduled to occur within two days of randomization. Follow-up visits will be conducted by the PC MD/APP every weekday. During this time, the ICU and PC team will be in daily communication. The PC team will continue to follow the patient in the hospital once discharged from ICU. Prior to discharge, the PC team will document patient goals and preferences for future treatment, coordinate appropriate PC services in the home and/or outpatient clinic settings and contact the patient's primary physician to provide an update on the patient's hospital stay.
Sponsors
University of Pittsburgh
Massachusetts General Hospital
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
60 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Patient Inclusion Criteria 1. Admitted to a participating study ICU 2. Age greater than or equal to 60 years 3. Meets one or more of the following acute or chronic triggers for PC consultation Acute: * Cardiac or respiratory arrest with coma * Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke requiring mechanical ventilation * ICU admission after hospital stay of greater than or equal to 10 days or ICU readmission within 30 days * Age greater than or equal to 80 and 1 or more forms of organ support * Multiorgan system failure * CCM physician judgment of greater than or equal to 50% risk of in-hospital death or new severe long term functional impairment Chronic: * Admission from a SNF or LTACH with progressive functional decline * Metastatic (stage IV) cancer or advanced cancer without curative treatment * End stage cardiorespiratory disease * End stage liver disease * Advanced dementia or other end-stage neurologic disease * Age greater than or equal to 80 with two or more major comorbidities * Moderate-severe frailty (excluding stable intellectual or physical disability 1. Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category (PCAC) greater than or equal to 2 2. Organ support: RRT, invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation, vasopressors 3. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score greater than or equal to 10 4. Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) greater than or equal to 30 5. Major comorbidities defined by Charlson Co-morbidity Index (CCI) 6. Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) score greater than or equal to 6 Patient Exclusion * No surrogate decision maker * Already received (or refused) a Palliative Care consultation during the same hospitalization * Determined to be imminently dying (within hours) by CCM physician * Within 1 year of receiving organ transplant, or actively undergoing work-up for organ transplant * Non-English speaking Surrogate Inclusion * Primary surrogate, as determined by the patient's advance directive or by the hierarchy codified in state law * Up to 3 additional surrogates Surrogate Exclusion * Age \<18 * Cannot read or understand English * Cannot complete surveys due to physical or cognitive limitations Clinician Inclusion •Patient's primary attending (or their designee)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Patient and family centeredness of care | Measured at 3 months after hospital discharge | 12-item Patient Perceived Patient-Centeredness of Care Scale (PPPC), previously modified for use by surrogates, completed at 3-month telephone follow-up of surrogates. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Composite measure of goal-concordant care | Measured at 3 months | Assessed by surrogates and patients (if able) at 3-month telephone follow-up using an 8-item composite measure of goal-concordant care. |
| Unmet palliative care needs | Measured at day 5 post-randomization | Measured using the adapted Needs of Social Nature, Existential Concerns, Symptoms, and Therapeutic Interaction (NEST) scale administered to surrogates and patients (if able) on day 5 post-randomization. The adapted NEST scale is designed for ICU use; it is a 13-item instrument developed to identify unmet social, emotional, physical, and care-system needs in serious illness. |
| Surrogates' prognostic awareness | Measured on study day 5 | Assessed on study day 5 using the validated Clinician-Surrogate Concordance Scale (CSCS), which our research team developed. The single item CSCS has excellent test-retest reliability (r =0.91). It has established criterion validity and responsiveness to change. |
| Surrogates' clarity about patient values and preferences | Measured on study day 5 | Assessed by surrogates/patients after family meetings on study day 5 using the "informed" and "values clarity" subscales, 6 items out of the 16-item Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS). The scale has established responsiveness to change, test-retest reliability (r=0.81), internal consistency (α=0.92), and discriminant validity. |
| Satisfaction with ICU care | Measured at 3 months | Assessed using the Family Satisfaction in the ICU (FS-ICU) instrument at 3-month telephone follow-up of surrogates and patients (if able). The FS-ICU is a 24-item scale concerning satisfaction with care, communication, and decision-making in the ICU. |
| Symptoms of anxiety and depression | Measured at 6 months | The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item, two-domain (anxiety, depression) instrument with established reliability and validity among ICU surrogates that is recommended by consensus guidelines for use among ICU surrogates. Assessed at 6-month telephone follow-up of surrogates and patients (if able). |
| Risk of post-traumatic stress disorder | Measured at 6 months | Assessed using the Impact of Events Scale-revised (IES-R) at 6-month telephone follow-up of surrogates and patients (if able). The IES-R is a valid, reliable, and responsive 22-item instrument measuring symptoms of avoidance and intrusive thoughts. A score ≥33 indicates a high risk of PTSD. It has been used successfully among ICU surrogates. |
| Proportion of patients with new DNR order during index hospitalization and time to first DNR order during index hospitalization | Measured at 6 months | Proportion of patients with new DNR order during index hospitalization and time to first DNR order during index hospitalization |
| Proportion of patients who received comfort-focused care during the index hospitalization and time to comfort-focused care during index hospitalization | Measured at 6 months | Proportion of patients who received comfort-focused care during the index hospitalization and time to comfort-focused care during index hospitalization |
| Proportion of patients enrolled in hospice during index hospitalization and time to hospice enrollment during index hospitalization | Measured at 6 months | Proportion of patients enrolled in hospice during index hospitalization and time to hospice enrollment during index hospitalization |
| ICU and hospital length of stay | Measured at 6 months | Duration of time patient spent in ICU and hospital during index hospitalization |
| Duration of mechanical ventilation | Measured at 6 months | Duration of time patient spent on mechanical ventilation during index hospitalization |
| Cost of index hospitalization | Measured at 6 months | Assigning costs using validated methods, the cost of index hospitalization will be calculated |
| Resource utilization over 6-months follow-up | Measured at 3 months and 6 months | Among hospital survivors investigators will perform interviews with surrogates at 3-months and 6-months to identify patient's post-discharge healthcare utilization (e.g. hospital admissions, ED visits, skilled-nursing facility use, hospice use, etc.), assigning costs using validated methods. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORDouglas B White, MD, MAS
University of Pittsburgh
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORYael Schenker, MD, MAS, FAAHPM
University of Pittsburgh
Outcome results
None listed