Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
cold water immersion, warm water immersion, muscle damage, recovery
Brief summary
The overall aim of this study is, to evaluate the effectiveness of repeated cold- and warm water immersion on performance recovery after muscle damage.
Detailed description
Participants perform a muscle-damage protocol, which comprises 5x20 drop jumps. After the exercise protocol is finished, the participants will undergo one of three recovery interventions. Cold-water immersion, Warm-water immersion or the control-intervention. During the exercise protocol and the recovery intervention following parameters will be assessed: Blood oxygenation, Muscle oxygenation, heart-rate, skin temperature and core temperature. Then, performance recovery will be assessed during the following 72 hrs (in a 24 hrs interval). At each time-point, following measurements will be conducted: vertical-jump performance, maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the m.quadriceps femoris muscle, muscle swelling and delayed-onset of muscle soreness.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALrepeated cold water therapy
This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
BEHAVIORALrepeated warm water therapy
This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
OTHERcontrol
This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
Sponsors
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
This study is a randomized controlled trial
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Healthy participants * No surgeries * No previous injuries * Anticonceptiva allowed
Exclusion criteria
* Acute injuries or current pain situations * Cryophobia * Fear * Pregnancy * Raynaud syndrome * Medication intake
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | baseline to 72 hours | maximun voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscle will be assessed. |
| Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | baseline to 72 hours | delayed onset of muscle soreness will be measured using a 0-10 scale, where 0 indicated no soreness and 10 indicates maximum soreness of the knee extensor muscles |
| Muscle Swelling | baseline to 72 hours | swelling of the knee extensor muscle will be performed using a ultrasound device. |
| Creatine-kinase (U/l) | baseline to 72 hours | using a blood sample (6 ml), creatine-kinase will be assessed |
| Muscle Blood Oxygenation | through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes | Muscle oxygenation saturation (SmO2) of the knee extensor muscle will be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy device. Oxygenated haemoglobin (oxyHb), deoxygenated haemoglobin (deoxyHb) and total haemoglobin (TotHb) were assessed in arbitrary units and SmO2 was calculated as oxyHb/TotHb x 100 value (%) |
| Skin Temperature (°C) | through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes | Skin temperature will be measured using a near infrared thermography camera |
| Core Temperature (°C) | through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes | core temperature will be measured using temperature pill that will provide real time values from the gastrointestinal region |
Countries
Switzerland
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest
repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. | 10 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest.
repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. | 10 |
| Control In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition.
control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. | 10 |
| Total | 30 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Control | Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 23.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6 | 23.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 | 23.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.3 | 23.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9 |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | — | — | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Switzerland | 10 participants | 10 participants | 10 participants | 30 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Core Temperature (°C)
core temperature will be measured using temperature pill that will provide real time values from the gastrointestinal region
Time frame: through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | BL | 37.1 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | post Exercise | 38.5 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | post Intervention | 37.9 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | 10 min | 37.6 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | 20 min | 37.3 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | 30 min | 37.2 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | 30 min | 37.5 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | BL | 37.1 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | 10 min | 37.8 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | 20 min | 37.5 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | post Exercise | 38.4 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Core Temperature (°C) | post Intervention | 38.5 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Control | Core Temperature (°C) | post Exercise | 38.3 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Control | Core Temperature (°C) | post Intervention | 37.9 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Control | Core Temperature (°C) | 30 min | 37.2 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Control | Core Temperature (°C) | 10 min | 37.5 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Control | Core Temperature (°C) | BL | 36.8 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Control | Core Temperature (°C) | 20 min | 37.3 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
Primary
Creatine-kinase (U/l)
using a blood sample (6 ml), creatine-kinase will be assessed
Time frame: baseline to 72 hours
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | 48h | 335.4 U/l | Standard Deviation 256.9 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | 24h | 573.5 U/l | Standard Deviation 488.9 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | BL | 111.0 U/l | Standard Deviation 41.5 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | 72h | 205.9 U/l | Standard Deviation 146.2 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | 72h | 314.3 U/l | Standard Deviation 321.8 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | BL | 214.3 U/l | Standard Deviation 180.9 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | 24h | 820.6 U/l | Standard Deviation 517.7 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | 48h | 441.2 U/l | Standard Deviation 349.2 |
| Control | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | BL | 119.8 U/l | Standard Deviation 50.2 |
| Control | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | 72h | 191.4 U/l | Standard Deviation 118.1 |
| Control | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | 48h | 288.3 U/l | Standard Deviation 200.9 |
| Control | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | 24h | 455.0 U/l | Standard Deviation 318.2 |
Primary
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
delayed onset of muscle soreness will be measured using a 0-10 scale, where 0 indicated no soreness and 10 indicates maximum soreness of the knee extensor muscles
Time frame: baseline to 72 hours
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | BL | 0.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 24h | 6.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 48h | 5.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 72h | 2.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 72h | 4.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | BL | 0.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 48h | 5.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 24h | 6.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Control | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 72h | 3.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Control | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 24h | 6.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Control | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 48h | 6.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| Control | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | BL | 0.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
Primary
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N)
maximun voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscle will be assessed.
Time frame: baseline to 72 hours
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | BL | 54.8 Newton | Standard Deviation 14.9 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | 24h | 33.8 Newton | Standard Deviation 13.9 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | 48h | 41.8 Newton | Standard Deviation 16.4 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | 72h | 45.0 Newton | Standard Deviation 17 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | 72h | 54.5 Newton | Standard Deviation 11.8 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | BL | 65.8 Newton | Standard Deviation 11.6 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | 48h | 47.9 Newton | Standard Deviation 10.3 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | 24h | 41.1 Newton | Standard Deviation 11.4 |
| Control | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | 72h | 40.4 Newton | Standard Deviation 13.2 |
| Control | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | 24h | 29.3 Newton | Standard Deviation 8.7 |
| Control | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | 48h | 34.7 Newton | Standard Deviation 12.3 |
| Control | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | BL | 52.2 Newton | Standard Deviation 14.1 |
Primary
Muscle Blood Oxygenation
Muscle oxygenation saturation (SmO2) of the knee extensor muscle will be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy device. Oxygenated haemoglobin (oxyHb), deoxygenated haemoglobin (deoxyHb) and total haemoglobin (TotHb) were assessed in arbitrary units and SmO2 was calculated as oxyHb/TotHb x 100 value (%)
Time frame: through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | 30min | 64.4 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 6.4 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | 10min | 73.6 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 5.3 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | BL | 68.7 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 4.4 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | post exercise | 70.4 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 7.7 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | post Intervention | 76.6 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 5.8 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | 20min | 67.8 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | 20min | 74.7 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | post exercise | 71.1 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 7.1 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | post Intervention | 76.6 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | 10min | 75.5 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | 30min | 74.4 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 3.9 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | BL | 68.8 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 3.8 |
| Control | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | 30min | 73.0 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 6.1 |
| Control | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | BL | 70.0 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| Control | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | post exercise | 73.4 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 5.9 |
| Control | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | 20min | 73.5 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 6.6 |
| Control | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | 10min | 75.0 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 5.4 |
| Control | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | post Intervention | 74.0 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | Standard Deviation 4.8 |
Primary
Muscle Swelling
swelling of the knee extensor muscle will be performed using a ultrasound device.
Time frame: baseline to 72 hours
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Muscle Swelling | BL | 4.3 cm | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Muscle Swelling | 24h | 4.6 cm | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Muscle Swelling | 48h | 4.5 cm | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Muscle Swelling | 72h | 4.4 cm | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Muscle Swelling | 72h | 5.0 cm | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Muscle Swelling | BL | 4.8 cm | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Muscle Swelling | 48h | 5.1 cm | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Muscle Swelling | 24h | 5.2 cm | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Control | Muscle Swelling | 72h | 4.6 cm | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Control | Muscle Swelling | 24h | 4.8 cm | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Control | Muscle Swelling | 48h | 4.7 cm | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Control | Muscle Swelling | BL | 4.6 cm | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
Primary
Skin Temperature (°C)
Skin temperature will be measured using a near infrared thermography camera
Time frame: through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | BL | 30.6 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | post Exercise | 30.0 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | post Intervention | 15.2 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | 10min | 24.8 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | 20min | 27.9 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Repeated Cold-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | 30min | 29.2 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | 30min | 34.8 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | BL | 31.2 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | 10min | 35.3 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | 20min | 34.9 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | post Exercise | 29.9 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion | Skin Temperature (°C) | post Intervention | 35.2 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Control | Skin Temperature (°C) | post Exercise | 29.5 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| Control | Skin Temperature (°C) | post Intervention | 31.8 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Control | Skin Temperature (°C) | 30min | 32.5 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Control | Skin Temperature (°C) | 10min | 32.3 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Control | Skin Temperature (°C) | BL | 30.9 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Control | Skin Temperature (°C) | 20min | 32.4 degree Celsius | Standard Deviation 0.8 |