Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
mHealth, physical activity, motivation, self-determination theory
Brief summary
During the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic, physical activity (PA) engagement levels declined worldwide. Despite the overwhelming adoption of wearable fitness tracker (WFT) devices, it continues to be unclear as to their effect on PA engagement or PA motivation. Building on past research, we hypothesized that combining a WFT with a known impactful intervention, motivational interviewing (MI) would positively influence both self-determination theory (SDT) motivation and PA during an unprecedented global emergency. A four-group randomized controlled study was conducted amongst 40 inactive adults over a 12-week period during the COVID-19 pandemic. One group (WFT, n = 10) received a wearable fitness tracker, a second (MI, n=10) received bi-weekly MI sessions, a third (WFT+, n=10) received both, and a fourth (Education, n=10) received basic PA education. Outcome measures for motivation and PA were measured though an online survey before and after the 12-week period.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALMotivational Interviewing
The individuals will be scheduled for and participate in six biweekly in person SDT based MI sessions. These sessions will take place in the HPCRL at CSU. The MI sessions will be conducted by a PhD student who has been trained by a MI practitioner. Participants will be provided a log book and will be asked to log their PA, with the goal of completing at least 150 minutes of PA per week. They will set biweekly PA goals, which will be discussed in the MI sessions. These participants will also receive general physical activity guidelines education and information on strategies to reach the recommended amount of activity per week during the initial baseline assessment meeting.
BEHAVIORALEducation
These participants will receive general physical activity guidelines education and information on strategies to reach the recommended amount of activity per week during the initial baseline assessment meeting. These participants will not do any other study related activities. At the conclusion of the study, these participants will be offered the chance to participate in one MI session.
BEHAVIORALWearable Fitness Trackers
Individuals assigned to this experimental condition will be given a wrist-worn WFT and will be instructed to wear it for the duration of the study. They will also download the corresponding mobile application on their smartphones. They will be trained by a member of our team on how to utilize the WFT and mobile application. The intended WFT tracks daily steps, miles traveled, kcals expended, and daily activity time. This device provides these data to the wearer via a small screen. Participants will be instructed to aim to complete at least 150 minutes of PA per week. Researchers will have the capability to track participant daily PA via the WFT and associated API. These individuals will be asked to set biweekly PA goals. These participants will also receive general physical activity guidelines education and information on strategies to reach the recommended amount of activity per week during the initial baseline assessment meeting.
BEHAVIORALWearable Fitness Tracker+
These individuals will be given the wrist-worn WFT, be instructed to wear it for the duration of the study AND be scheduled for six SDT based MI sessions. These participants will also be trained by a member of our team on how to utilize the WFT and associated application. They will be instructed to aim to complete 150 minutes of PA per week. These participants will be asked to set biweekly PA goals which will be discussed in MI sessions. Researchers will have the capability to track participant daily PA via the WFT and associated API. These participants will also receive general physical activity guidelines education and information on strategies to reach the recommended amount of activity per week during the initial baseline assessment meeting.
Sponsors
Colorado State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Females or males, aged 18 or older, * does not currently engage in 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA per week, * owns an Android, or iPhone smartphone device, * is willing to download a mobile app to be used on the smartphone device, 5) is willing to wear a small, wrist worn fitness tracker for the duration of the study, and 6) is be willing to attend 6 biweekly MI sessions over 12 weeks.
Exclusion criteria
* a history of myocardial infarction, angina, coronary artery bypass surgery, congestive heart failure, or diabetes, * limiting conditions such as concurrent cancer treatment, peripheral artery disease, orthopedic injury, or pain limiting arthritis, * seeking to participate in other structured PA programs during the duration of the study, * pregnant at the initiation of the study or plans to become pregnant during the study, and * alcohol or other substance abuse within the previous 12 months.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Baseline and at 12 weeks. | Changes in motivation for physical activity as described by the self-determination theory was assessed using the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, v3 (BREQ-3) and the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNS). The BREQ-3 uses four survey items per motivational subtype (Amotivation, External, Introjected, Identified, and Integrated Regulation, and Intrinsic Motivation). The BPNS uses three of four items per psychological need (Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness) The raw scores per subtype or need are averaged for one subtype and need score per participant. The scale ranges from 0 (does not apply to me) to 4 (applies to me very much). Therefore, subtype or need score closer to ) indicate low levels of that subtype whereas scores closer to 4 indicate higher levels of that subtype or need. |
| Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Baseline and at 12 weeks | Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) was assessed using five days (4 weekdays and 1 weekend day) of actigraphy (ActiGraph). |
| Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Baseline and at 12 weeks | Steps per day was assessed using five days (4 weekdays and 1 weekend day) of actigraphy (ActiGraph). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited through a variety of means including flyers on the Colorado State University campus, social media, and mass emails. Participants were recruited and admitted into the study on a rolling basis from April 2020-June 2020.
Pre-assignment details
Consented participants were stratified by sex (male/female) and age (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69 y/o.) before being randomized to one of four conditions.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Education Education: These participants will receive general physical activity guidelines education and information on strategies to reach the recommended amount of activity per week during the initial baseline assessment meeting. These participants will not do any other study related activities. At the conclusion of the study, these participants will be offered the chance to participate in one MI session. | 10 |
| Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing: The individuals will be scheduled for and participate in six biweekly in person SDT based MI sessions. These sessions will take place in the HPCRL at CSU. The MI sessions will be conducted by a PhD student who has been trained by a MI practitioner. Participants will be provided a log book and will be asked to log their PA, with the goal of completing at least 150 minutes of PA per week. They will set biweekly PA goals, which will be discussed in the MI sessions. These participants will also receive general physical activity guidelines education and information on strategies to reach the recommended amount of activity per week during the initial baseline assessment meeting. | 10 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker Wearable Fitness Trackers: Individuals assigned to this experimental condition will be given a wrist-worn WFT and will be instructed to wear it for the duration of the study. They will also download the corresponding mobile application on their smartphones. They will be trained by a member of our team on how to utilize the WFT and mobile application. The intended WFT tracks daily steps, miles traveled, kcals expended, and daily activity time. This device provides these data to the wearer via a small screen. Participants will be instructed to aim to complete at least 150 minutes of PA per week. Researchers will have the capability to track participant daily PA via the WFT and associated API. These individuals will be asked to set biweekly PA goals. These participants will also receive general physical activity guidelines education and information on strategies to reach the recommended amount of activity per week during the initial baseline assessment meeting. | 10 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ Wearable Fitness Tracker+: These individuals will be given the wrist-worn WFT, be instructed to wear it for the duration of the study AND be scheduled for six SDT based MI sessions. These participants will also be trained by a member of our team on how to utilize the WFT and associated application. They will be instructed to aim to complete 150 minutes of PA per week. These participants will be asked to set biweekly PA goals which will be discussed in MI sessions. Researchers will have the capability to track participant daily PA via the WFT and associated API. These participants will also receive general physical activity guidelines education and information on strategies to reach the recommended amount of activity per week during the initial baseline assessment meeting. | 10 |
| Total | 40 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Wearable Fitness Tracker | Motivational Interviewing | Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Total | Education |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 40 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 42.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.21 | 40.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.27 | 42.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.08 | 41.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.59 | 41.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.8 |
| Body Mass Index | 25.68 kg/m2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.54 | 28.31 kg/m2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.01 | 30.53 kg/m2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.23 | 28.35 kg/m2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.9 | 28.89 kg/m2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.81 |
| Education College Degree | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 11 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Education Graduate Degree | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 26 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Education High School or GED | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Education Some College | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 8 Participants | 36 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Income $100,000-$150,000 | 1 Participants | 5 Participants | 3 Participants | 11 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Income $12,500-$26,999 | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Income $27,000-$43,999 | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Income $44,000-$59,999 | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 6 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Income $60,000-$74,999 | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 6 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Income $75,000-$99,999 | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Income Do Not Know/Prefer Not to Answer | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Income More than $150,000 | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 6 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Motivation Variables Amotivation | 0.35 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.41 | 0.48 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.46 | 0.83 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.31 | 0.54 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.42 | 0.48 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.48 |
| Motivation Variables Autonomy | 3.68 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.56 | 3.28 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.52 | 3.63 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.51 | 3.55 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.49 | 3.60 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.35 |
| Motivation Variables Competence | 3.03 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.22 | 2.78 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.48 | 2.62 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.73 | 2.88 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.77 | 3.10 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.64 |
| Motivation Variables External Regulation | 0.98 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.32 | 1.83 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.04 | 1.53 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.78 | 1.44 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.8 | 1.43 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.06 |
| Motivation Variables Identified Regulation | 3.10 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.52 | 2.60 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.49 | 2.98 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.32 | 2.94 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.5 | 3.06 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.65 |
| Motivation Variables Integrated Regulation | 2.50 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.94 | 1.73 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.51 | 2.03 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.49 | 2.09 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.61 | 2.09 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.57 |
| Motivation Variables Intrinsic Regulation | 2.53 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.07 | 1.98 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.82 | 1.83 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.89 | 2.10 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.88 | 2.07 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.73 |
| Motivation Variables Introjected Regulation | 2.23 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.95 | 2.35 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.07 | 2.62 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.63 | 2.34 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.87 | 2.17 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.82 |
| Motivation Variables Relatedness | 3.00 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.37 | 3.35 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.76 | 3.30 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.86 | 3.18 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.63 | 3.08 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.58 |
| Motivation Variables Relative Autonomy Index | 4.57 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.03 | 1.65 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.06 | 4.78 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.22 | 3.53 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.52 | 3.13 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.78 |
| Physical Activity Variables Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Minutes per Weekday | 74.18 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 32.55 | 51.63 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 26.84 | 51.90 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 22.18 | 60.07 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 26.08 | 62.55 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 22.43 |
| Physical Activity Variables Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Minutes per Weekend Day | 70.58 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.33 | 69.16 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 38.2 | 63.87 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 27.17 | 69.22 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 28.71 | 73.25 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 30.61 |
| Physical Activity Variables Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity per Day | 74.05 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 23.58 | 56.26 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 25.1 | 53.82 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 20.88 | 62.38 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 22.35 | 65.37 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 19.82 |
| Physical Activity Variables Steps per Day | 5817.82 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2334.36 | 4640.30 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1759.94 | 5564.56 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1783.55 | 5428.35 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1963.02 | 5690.71 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1974.24 |
| Physical Activity Variables Steps per Weekday | 5877.11 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2741.19 | 4514.95 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2646.5 | 5346.10 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1712.86 | 5265.15 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2300.41 | 5322.45 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2101.1 |
| Physical Activity Variables Steps per Weekend Day | 5494.35 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2142.58 | 5293.85 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2554.78 | 6189.68 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2784.17 | 5856.80 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2634.49 | 6449.33 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3056.45 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 10 Participants | 9 Participants | 10 Participants | 39 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 10 participants | 10 participants | 10 participants | 40 participants | 10 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 8 Participants | 8 Participants | 8 Participants | 32 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 8 Participants | 2 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks.
Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) was assessed using five days (4 weekdays and 1 weekend day) of actigraphy (ActiGraph).
Time frame: Baseline and at 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Activity per Weekend Day | 72.32 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 29.27 |
| Education | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity per Weekday | 66.17 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 16.99 |
| Education | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity per Day | 66.70 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 17.83 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity per Weekday | 64.00 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 25.1 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Activity per Weekend Day | 69.70 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 22.3 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity per Day | 67.75 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 16.47 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity per Day | 76.37 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 29.19 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity per Weekday | 78.97 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 32.67 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Activity per Weekend Day | 66.17 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 38.62 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Activity per Weekend Day | 76.38 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 38.5 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity per Day | 71.08 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 36.9 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Minutes of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity per Weekday | 68.60 Minutes of MVPA per day | Standard Deviation 41.11 |
Primary
Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks.
Changes in motivation for physical activity as described by the self-determination theory was assessed using the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, v3 (BREQ-3) and the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNS). The BREQ-3 uses four survey items per motivational subtype (Amotivation, External, Introjected, Identified, and Integrated Regulation, and Intrinsic Motivation). The BPNS uses three of four items per psychological need (Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness) The raw scores per subtype or need are averaged for one subtype and need score per participant. The scale ranges from 0 (does not apply to me) to 4 (applies to me very much). Therefore, subtype or need score closer to ) indicate low levels of that subtype whereas scores closer to 4 indicate higher levels of that subtype or need.
Time frame: Baseline and at 12 weeks.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Introjected Regulation | 2.45 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
| Education | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Intrinsic Motivation | 2.47 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| Education | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Relative Autonomy Index | 3.37 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.59 |
| Education | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | External Regulation | 1.58 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| Education | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Identified Regulation | 3.10 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Education | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Amotivation | 0.30 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Education | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Autonomy | 3.62 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Education | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Competence | 3.20 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| Education | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Integrated Regulation | 2.38 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.93 |
| Education | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Relatedness | 3.06 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.18 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Integrated Regulation | 2.45 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Autonomy | 3.97 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Intrinsic Motivation | 2.70 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Relative Autonomy Index | 4.00 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.06 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | External Regulation | 1.45 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.91 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Introjected Regulation | 2.33 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Amotivation | 0.48 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Competence | 3.83 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.33 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Identified Regulation | 3.10 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Relatedness | 3.92 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Relative Autonomy Index | 5.08 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.27 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Amotivation | 0.40 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | External Regulation | 0.89 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Introjected Regulation | 2.31 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Identified Regulation | 3.20 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Integrated Regulation | 2.61 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Intrinsic Motivation | 2.87 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Autonomy | 4.10 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Competence | 3.65 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Relatedness | 3.14 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Amotivation | 0.43 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Autonomy | 4.23 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Identified Regulation | 3.33 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Introjected Regulation | 2.48 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Relatedness | 3.87 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Competence | 3.75 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | External Regulation | 1.27 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Intrinsic Motivation | 2.98 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Relative Autonomy Index | 4.78 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.22 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Motivation From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Integrated Regulation | 2.63 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
Primary
Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks.
Steps per day was assessed using five days (4 weekdays and 1 weekend day) of actigraphy (ActiGraph).
Time frame: Baseline and at 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Day | 6155.58 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 1370.35 |
| Education | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Weekend Day | 6387.75 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 2350.78 |
| Education | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Weekday | 6216.31 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 1370.35 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Day | 5400.56 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 1314.9 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Weekend Day | 5235.22 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 1749.21 |
| Motivational Interviewing | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Weekday | 5211.16 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 1847.8 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Weekday | 7183.81 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 2430.83 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Day | 6693.01 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 2394.24 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Weekend Day | 5275.90 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 3292.88 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Day | 6232.15 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 2857.27 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Weekend Day | 6565.06 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 3156.44 |
| Wearable Fitness Tracker+ | Change in Steps Per Day From Baseline at 12 Weeks. | Steps per Weekday | 6123.24 Steps per day | Standard Deviation 3047.3 |