Covid19, Vaccination
Conditions
Keywords
COVID19, vaccination
Brief summary
In this work, the investigators are partnering with Contra Costa Health Services (CCHS), the department of health in Contra Costa County, CA, to measure COVID-19 vaccinations and other COVID-19 related preventive health behaviors in the county's Medicaid managed care population. This work will test ways to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake. The investigators hypothesize that small financial incentives and other low-cost behavioral nudges can be used to increase vaccine uptake and reduce disparities in uptake among diverse racial/ethnic minority populations.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALFinancial incentives
Each of the study arms, including the no message/control arm, will be interacted with different financial incentives (N=5,000)
BEHAVIORALConvenient scheduling link
In addition, study arms will be randomly assigned a convenient link to the county public vaccine appointment scheduling system highlighted for participants (N=5,000).
BEHAVIORALRace concordant
Randomized to a messenger who is race concordant with the participant
BEHAVIORALGender concordant
Randomized to a messenger who is gender concordant with the participant
Sponsors
Contra Costa Health Services
Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab
University of Southern California
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* age 18 and over * member of Contra Costa Health Plan (CCHP)
Exclusion criteria
* contraindications to vaccination, as determined by county health plan or other medical staff.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | 1 month | Percent of the population with at least one COVID-19 vaccination |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Vaccine Intentions | 30 days | Stated intention of receiving COVID-19 vaccination in the next 30 days (0% - 100% probability) |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
This is a cross randomization design. Subjects were randomized equally to control (no message) or an emotional message, a safety/effectiveness message or a consequence message. Each message arm was further randomized to financial incentives \[50%\] vs. no financial incentives \[50%\], with 25% randomized to a $10 incentive and 25% to a $50 incentive Each arm further randomized to receive a convenient scheduling link highlighted \[50%\] vs. not \[50%\].
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Control Arm No messaging about COVID-19 vaccination | 136 |
| Emotional Message Participants view an emotional video from the state of California about getting back to normal. | 137 |
| Safety Message; Discordant Gender and Race Participants view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines. Race and gender of messenger were discordant with the participant. | 29 |
| Consequences Message; Discordant Gender and Race Participants view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19. Race and gender of messenger was discordant with the participant. | 37 |
| Safety Message; Gender Concordant, Race Discordant Participants view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines; gender concordant but race discordant messenger. | 32 |
| Consequences Message; Gender Concordant, Race Discordant Participants view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19; gender concordant but race discordant messenger. | 31 |
| Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines; gender discordant but race concordant messenger. | 43 |
| Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19; gender discordant but race concordant messenger. | 33 |
| Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant Participants view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines; gender and race concordant messenger. | 39 |
| Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant Participants view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19; gender and race concordant messenger. | 35 |
| Link Participants receive a link at the end of the survey to an easy vaccination scheduling system. | 147 |
| Link and Emotional Message Participants get a link and view the emotional message about getting back to normal. | 122 |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant Participants receive a link to the easy vaccination scheduling system. Prior to this, participants view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender and race discordant messenger. | 30 |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant Participants receive a link to the easy vaccination scheduling system. Prior to this, participants view a video the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender and race discordant messenger. | 31 |
| Link; Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant Participants receive a link to the easy vaccination scheduling system. Prior to this, participants view a video the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender concordant and race discordant messenger. | 30 |
| Link; Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant Participants receive a link to the easy vaccination scheduling system. Prior to this, participants view a video the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender concordant and race discordant messenger. | 23 |
| Link; Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants receive a link to the easy vaccination scheduling system. Prior to this, participants view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender discordant and race concordant messenger. | 35 |
| Link; Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants receive a link to the easy vaccination scheduling system. Prior to this, participants view a video the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender discordant and race concordant messenger. | 34 |
| Link; Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant Participants receive a link to the easy vaccination scheduling system. Prior to this, participants view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender and race concordant messenger. | 34 |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant Participants receive a link to the easy vaccination scheduling system. Prior to this, participants view a video the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender and race concordant messenger. | 27 |
| $10 Financial Incentive Participants offered a $10 financial incentive for vaccination. | 113 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Emotional Message Participants offered a $10 financial incentive for getting vaccinated and view an emotional video from the state of California about getting back to normal. | 103 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive for vaccination and view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines; gender and race discordant messenger | 27 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19; gender and race discordant messenger. | 22 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines; gender concordant but race discordant messenger. | 30 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19; gender concordant but race discordant messenger. | 24 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines; gender discordant but race concordant messenger. | 33 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19; gender discordant but race concordant messenger. | 28 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines; gender and race concordant messenger. | 17 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender and race concordant messenger. | 32 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 117 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Emotion Message Participants offered a $10 financial incentive, a video message about getting back to normal, and an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 100 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Discordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive, view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender and race discordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 20 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Discordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive, view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccination with a gender and race discordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 19 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive, view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender concordant and race discordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 28 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive, view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated with a gender concordant and race discordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 15 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender discordant and race concordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 22 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive, view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated with a gender discordant and race concordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 22 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Concordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender and race concordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 24 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Concordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive and view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender and race concordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link | 18 |
| $50 Financial Incentive Participants offered a $50 financial incentive | 112 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Emotional Message Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated and view an emotional video from the state of California about getting back to normal. | 120 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant Participants offered a $10 financial incentive, view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender and race discordant messenger. | 28 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive and view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender and race discordant messenger. | 18 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive, view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender concordant and race discordant messenger. | 26 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated and view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender concordant and race discordant messenger. | 33 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated and view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender discordant and race concordant messenger. | 21 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated and view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender discordant and race concordant messenger. | 20 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated, view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender and race concordant messenger. | 21 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated and view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender and race concordant messenger. | 23 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 104 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Emotion Message Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated, view an emotional video from the state of California about getting back to normal and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 99 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Discordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated, view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender and race discordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 28 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Discordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated, view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender and race discordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 23 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated, view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender concordant and race discordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 27 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated, view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender concordant and race discordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 26 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated, view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a discordant gender and race concordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 19 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated, view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender and race discordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 30 |
| 50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Concordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated, view a video with information about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines with a gender and race concordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 20 |
| 50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Concordant Participants offered a $50 financial incentive for getting vaccinated and view a video with information about the consequences of not getting vaccinated against COVID-19 with a gender and race concordant messenger and provided an easy vaccination scheduling link. | 24 |
| Total | 2,701 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | $10 Financial Incentive | $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Emotional Message | $10 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Total | $10 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Safety Message; Gender Concordant, Race Discordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | 50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Concordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Consequences Message; Gender Concordant, Race Discordant | Control Arm | $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Discordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Discordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Emotion Message | $50 Financial Incentive; Link | Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | 50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Concordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Link | Emotional Message | $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Link and Emotional Message | Link and Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | $50 Financial Incentive; Emotional Message | $50 Financial Incentive | Link and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Link; Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Concordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Link; Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Safety Message; Discordant Gender and Race | $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Link; Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Link; Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Link; Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Discordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Discordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Emotion Message | Consequences Message; Discordant Gender and Race | Link and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | $10 Financial Incentive; Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 36.53 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.51 | 37.74 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.96 | 37.97 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.63 | 33.83 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.98 | 32.12 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.26 | 38.11 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.34 | 35.14 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.62 | 36.44 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.57 | 35.42 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.75 | 34.14 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.52 | 38.12 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.02 | 36.79 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.73 | 34.69 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.2 | 35.30 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.8 | 37.63 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.04 | 37.59 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.13 | 36.65 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.57 | 36.91 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.73 | 33.70 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.74 | 36.50 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.73 | 37.93 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.1 | 35.88 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.63 | 40.74 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.39 | 34.35 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.84 | 40.30 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.58 | 39.33 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.8 | 42.43 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.74 | 37.45 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.27 | 37.46 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.07 | 36.85 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.49 | 33.76 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.1 | 40.64 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.85 | 36.29 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.03 | 34.82 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.53 | 34.27 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.53 | 39.78 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.52 | 38.37 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.96 | 35.87 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.05 | 32.43 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.02 | 35.50 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.22 | 36.87 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.98 | 37.51 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.28 | 34.03 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.44 | 35.50 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.31 | 39.67 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.14 | 38.33 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.61 | 37.39 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.9 | 34.77 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.01 | 37.31 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.7 | 33.64 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.03 | 34.54 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.54 | 34.15 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.43 | 32.80 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.99 | 36.18 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.1 | 35.32 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.31 | 29.63 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.85 | 35.15 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.52 | 33.99 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.31 | 39.32 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.42 | 39.11 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.81 | 37.15 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.92 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black (non-Hispanic) | 32 Participants | 4 Participants | 10 Participants | 33 Participants | 5 Participants | 8 Participants | 14 Participants | 824 Participants | 6 Participants | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 9 Participants | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 6 Participants | 6 Participants | 9 Participants | 39 Participants | 9 Participants | 10 Participants | 31 Participants | 33 Participants | 7 Participants | 8 Participants | 11 Participants | 12 Participants | 7 Participants | 4 Participants | 11 Participants | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 12 Participants | 52 Participants | 51 Participants | 11 Participants | 7 Participants | 37 Participants | 7 Participants | 6 Participants | 13 Participants | 30 Participants | 39 Participants | 5 Participants | 6 Participants | 4 Participants | 3 Participants | 9 Participants | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 8 Participants | 9 Participants | 7 Participants | 4 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 11 Participants | 32 Participants | 16 Participants | 11 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic or Latino | 41 Participants | 7 Participants | 10 Participants | 37 Participants | 7 Participants | 10 Participants | 7 Participants | 908 Participants | 16 Participants | 10 Participants | 13 Participants | 3 Participants | 12 Participants | 10 Participants | 13 Participants | 8 Participants | 10 Participants | 42 Participants | 5 Participants | 10 Participants | 29 Participants | 33 Participants | 17 Participants | 7 Participants | 11 Participants | 16 Participants | 5 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 7 Participants | 11 Participants | 7 Participants | 51 Participants | 43 Participants | 8 Participants | 5 Participants | 44 Participants | 13 Participants | 12 Participants | 9 Participants | 43 Participants | 26 Participants | 13 Participants | 12 Participants | 6 Participants | 9 Participants | 3 Participants | 8 Participants | 7 Participants | 6 Participants | 14 Participants | 11 Participants | 6 Participants | 10 Participants | 12 Participants | 6 Participants | 7 Participants | 34 Participants | 11 Participants | 4 Participants | 41 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White (non-Hispanic) | 40 Participants | 8 Participants | 12 Participants | 33 Participants | 5 Participants | 9 Participants | 7 Participants | 959 Participants | 11 Participants | 7 Participants | 8 Participants | 12 Participants | 13 Participants | 13 Participants | 5 Participants | 3 Participants | 12 Participants | 55 Participants | 9 Participants | 8 Participants | 39 Participants | 38 Participants | 19 Participants | 8 Participants | 11 Participants | 11 Participants | 9 Participants | 6 Participants | 14 Participants | 9 Participants | 6 Participants | 14 Participants | 44 Participants | 43 Participants | 7 Participants | 6 Participants | 41 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 8 Participants | 47 Participants | 47 Participants | 13 Participants | 12 Participants | 8 Participants | 12 Participants | 11 Participants | 7 Participants | 15 Participants | 8 Participants | 12 Participants | 16 Participants | 5 Participants | 8 Participants | 12 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 34 Participants | 10 Participants | 12 Participants | 42 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 81 Participants | 12 Participants | 23 Participants | 75 Participants | 10 Participants | 17 Participants | 18 Participants | 2007 Participants | 26 Participants | 20 Participants | 18 Participants | 16 Participants | 25 Participants | 23 Participants | 19 Participants | 25 Participants | 26 Participants | 99 Participants | 15 Participants | 19 Participants | 70 Participants | 85 Participants | 29 Participants | 15 Participants | 24 Participants | 30 Participants | 13 Participants | 19 Participants | 27 Participants | 12 Participants | 15 Participants | 26 Participants | 110 Participants | 97 Participants | 19 Participants | 14 Participants | 83 Participants | 17 Participants | 21 Participants | 25 Participants | 91 Participants | 88 Participants | 26 Participants | 22 Participants | 14 Participants | 19 Participants | 18 Participants | 19 Participants | 23 Participants | 17 Participants | 29 Participants | 22 Participants | 13 Participants | 23 Participants | 25 Participants | 16 Participants | 15 Participants | 77 Participants | 27 Participants | 20 Participants | 85 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 32 Participants | 7 Participants | 9 Participants | 28 Participants | 7 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 694 Participants | 7 Participants | 2 Participants | 8 Participants | 8 Participants | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 5 Participants | 37 Participants | 8 Participants | 9 Participants | 29 Participants | 19 Participants | 14 Participants | 8 Participants | 9 Participants | 9 Participants | 8 Participants | 1 Participants | 8 Participants | 8 Participants | 6 Participants | 7 Participants | 37 Participants | 40 Participants | 7 Participants | 4 Participants | 39 Participants | 13 Participants | 7 Participants | 5 Participants | 29 Participants | 24 Participants | 5 Participants | 8 Participants | 4 Participants | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 3 Participants | 6 Participants | 5 Participants | 6 Participants | 12 Participants | 2 Participants | 5 Participants | 9 Participants | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 23 Participants | 10 Participants | 7 Participants | 32 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 729 | 0 / 681 | 0 / 663 | 0 / 628 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 729 | 0 / 681 | 0 / 663 | 0 / 628 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 729 | 0 / 681 | 0 / 663 | 0 / 628 |
Outcome results
Primary
Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month
Percent of the population with at least one COVID-19 vaccination
Time frame: 1 month
Population: This is a cross randomization design. Subjects were randomized equally to control (no message) or an emotional message, a safety/effectiveness message or a consequence message. Each of these arms was interacted with a financial incentive of $10 or $50 and, separately, with a convenient link to a vaccine appointment scheduling system. In practice, this means there are 60 arms. See protocol for details. Since it's not feasible to show all arms concisely, we report details by message arm.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Arm | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 124 Participants |
| Control Arm | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 12 Participants |
| Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 133 Participants |
| Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 4 Participants |
| Safety Message; Discordant Gender and Race | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 0 Participants |
| Safety Message; Discordant Gender and Race | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 29 Participants |
| Consequences Message; Discordant Gender and Race | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 36 Participants |
| Consequences Message; Discordant Gender and Race | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| Safety Message; Gender Concordant, Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 2 Participants |
| Safety Message; Gender Concordant, Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 30 Participants |
| Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 28 Participants |
| Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 40 Participants |
| Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 30 Participants |
| Safety Message; Concordant Gender and Race | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| Safety Message; Concordant Gender and Race | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 36 Participants |
| Consequences Message; Concordant Gender and Race | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 32 Participants |
| Consequences Message; Concordant Gender and Race | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| Link | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 132 Participants |
| Link | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 15 Participants |
| Link and Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 17 Participants |
| Link and Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 105 Participants |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 2 Participants |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 28 Participants |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 30 Participants |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 27 Participants |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 2 Participants |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 21 Participants |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 33 Participants |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 2 Participants |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 2 Participants |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 32 Participants |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 30 Participants |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 4 Participants |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 26 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 10 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 103 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 98 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 5 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 24 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 20 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 2 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 27 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 23 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 30 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 28 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 0 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 16 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 29 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 9 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 108 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 94 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 6 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 0 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 20 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 18 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 2 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 26 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 14 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 22 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 0 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 21 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 21 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 17 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 6 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 106 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 13 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 107 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 19 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 9 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 17 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 3 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 23 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 29 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 4 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 20 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 0 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 20 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 20 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 22 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 100 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 4 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 9 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Emotional Message | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 90 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 2 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 26 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 22 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 0 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 27 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 22 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 4 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 19 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 0 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 1 Participants |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 29 Participants |
| 50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 2 Participants |
| 50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 18 Participants |
| 50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Particpants who Received Vaccine | 2 Participants |
| 50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Rate of COVID-19 Vaccination at 1 Month | Number of Participants who did not Receive Vaccine | 22 Participants |
Other Pre-specified
Vaccine Intentions
Stated intention of receiving COVID-19 vaccination in the next 30 days (0% - 100% probability)
Time frame: 30 days
Population: This is a cross randomization design. Subjects were randomized equally to control (no message) or an emotional message, a safety/effectiveness message or a consequence message. Each ofthese arms was interacted with a fi nancial incentive of $10 or $50 and, separately, with a convenient link to a vaccine appointment scheduling system. In practice, this means there are 60 arms.See protocol for details
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Arm | Vaccine Intentions | 34.13 percent probability | Standard Deviation 33.8 |
| Emotional Message | Vaccine Intentions | 37.87 percent probability | Standard Deviation 33.85 |
| Safety Message; Discordant Gender and Race | Vaccine Intentions | 29.31 percent probability | Standard Deviation 31.79 |
| Consequences Message; Discordant Gender and Race | Vaccine Intentions | 46.11 percent probability | Standard Deviation 30.13 |
| Safety Message; Gender Concordant, Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 38.72 percent probability | Standard Deviation 32.19 |
| Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 41.61 percent probability | Standard Deviation 30.53 |
| Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 40.60 percent probability | Standard Deviation 36.28 |
| Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 35.24 percent probability | Standard Deviation 33.88 |
| Safety Message; Concordant Gender and Race | Vaccine Intentions | 37.36 percent probability | Standard Deviation 37.55 |
| Consequences Message; Concordant Gender and Race | Vaccine Intentions | 48.49 percent probability | Standard Deviation 34.5 |
| Link | Vaccine Intentions | 37.88 percent probability | Standard Deviation 33.48 |
| Link and Emotional Message | Vaccine Intentions | 39.34 percent probability | Standard Deviation 31.67 |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 42.30 percent probability | Standard Deviation 33.92 |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 39.77 percent probability | Standard Deviation 31.81 |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 46.07 percent probability | Standard Deviation 30.16 |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 40.96 percent probability | Standard Deviation 36.18 |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 37.89 percent probability | Standard Deviation 33.1 |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 38.76 percent probability | Standard Deviation 38.81 |
| Link and Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 31.91 percent probability | Standard Deviation 34.83 |
| Link and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 39.07 percent probability | Standard Deviation 37.83 |
| $10 Financial Incentive | Vaccine Intentions | 33.02 percent probability | Standard Deviation 31.83 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Emotional Message | Vaccine Intentions | 34.76 percent probability | Standard Deviation 33.39 |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 36.26 percent probability | Standard Deviation 33.22 |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 40.86 percent probability | Standard Deviation 28.73 |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 49.17 percent probability | Standard Deviation 37.82 |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 46.17 percent probability | Standard Deviation 36.27 |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 41.24 percent probability | Standard Deviation 31.3 |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 42.96 percent probability | Standard Deviation 29.47 |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 44.29 percent probability | Standard Deviation 32.14 |
| $10 Financial Incentive and Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 47.63 percent probability | Standard Deviation 31.79 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link | Vaccine Intentions | 35.72 percent probability | Standard Deviation 32.84 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Emotional Message | Vaccine Intentions | 41.67 percent probability | Standard Deviation 34.33 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 30.25 percent probability | Standard Deviation 26.25 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 32.26 percent probability | Standard Deviation 36.41 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 42.79 percent probability | Standard Deviation 40.32 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 34.87 percent probability | Standard Deviation 24.36 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 35.36 percent probability | Standard Deviation 32.74 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 41.68 percent probability | Standard Deviation 36.42 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 42.29 percent probability | Standard Deviation 38.97 |
| $10 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 45.28 percent probability | Standard Deviation 39.08 |
| $50 Financial Incentive | Vaccine Intentions | 29.67 percent probability | Standard Deviation 29.39 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Emotional Message | Vaccine Intentions | 36.12 percent probability | Standard Deviation 32.55 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 48.07 percent probability | Standard Deviation 38.34 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 36.33 percent probability | Standard Deviation 35.22 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 33.38 percent probability | Standard Deviation 28.73 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 50.64 percent probability | Standard Deviation 36.1 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 37.24 percent probability | Standard Deviation 22.78 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 58.15 percent probability | Standard Deviation 31.55 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Safety Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 42.76 percent probability | Standard Deviation 36.24 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Consequences Message; Gender and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 48.13 percent probability | Standard Deviation 33.91 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link | Vaccine Intentions | 32.32 percent probability | Standard Deviation 31.79 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Emotional Message | Vaccine Intentions | 33.26 percent probability | Standard Deviation 31.11 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 45.86 percent probability | Standard Deviation 37.32 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 50.70 percent probability | Standard Deviation 30.45 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 31.22 percent probability | Standard Deviation 30.38 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Concordant and Race Discordant | Vaccine Intentions | 39.31 percent probability | Standard Deviation 36.02 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 41.11 percent probability | Standard Deviation 35.37 |
| $50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender Discordant and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 38.33 percent probability | Standard Deviation 30.85 |
| 50 Financial Incentive; Link; Safety Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 45.40 percent probability | Standard Deviation 34.78 |
| 50 Financial Incentive; Link; Consequences Message, Gender and Race Concordant | Vaccine Intentions | 35.75 percent probability | Standard Deviation 30.03 |