Opioid Abuse
Conditions
Keywords
American Indian, Cherokee Nation, Community intervention
Brief summary
The target population is students attending high schools in small rural towns in the 14 counties that partially or fully fall within the Cherokee Nation reservation. Following recruitment of 20 school-based clusters, clusters are allocated to either the intervention condition or delayed-intervention control condition using constrained randomization. Constrained randomization helps to ensure balanced cluster sizes as well as similar levels of risk between the intervention and control at baseline. Study participants include all 10th grade students enrolled in the participating study high schools and students will be followed into the first year after their expected graduation.
Detailed description
The national public health opioid crisis has disproportionately burdened rural White populations, and disproportionately burdened American Indian populations. Therefore, the Cherokee Nation (CN) and Emory University public health scientists have designed an opioid prevention trial to be conducted in at-risk rural communities in the CN (in northeast Oklahoma) with primarily White and American Indian adolescents and young adults. The goal of this study is to implement and evaluate a theory-based, integrated multi-level community intervention designed to prevent the onset and escalation of opioid and other drug misuse. The researchers propose a cluster randomized trial building directly on the success of their most recent previous trial, which demonstrated that the intervention effectively reduced alcohol and other drug use among American Indian and other youth living within the CN. Two distinct intervention approaches-community organizing as implemented in the established Communities Mobilizing for Change and Action (CMCA) intervention protocol, and universal school-based brief intervention and referral as implemented in the established Connect intervention protocol -will be expanded and integrated to further enhance effects in preventing and reducing opioid misuse. The CMCA and Connect interventions were originally designed to target adolescent alcohol use but nevertheless showed significant beneficial effects on use of other drugs, including prescription drug misuse. The proposed study will: (1) further improve the design of the interventions with increased focus on opioids, (2) test the expanded, integrated versions in a cluster randomized trial, and (3) design and test new systems for sustained implementation within existing structures of the Cherokee Nation. Building upon the extant prevention science evidence, this study will respond to a gap in evidence concerning opioid misuse prevention among at-risk adolescents transitioning to young adulthood among American Indian and other rural youth.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALConnect Program
The Connect program includes school-based screening, brief intervention and referral, and will be treated as part of the participating schools' prevention programs. A computer-based screening and brief intervention will be supported by Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health (CNBH) supervised Connect coaches universally, to reduce potential stigma associated with speaking to a Connect coach and to reinforce drug free norms among all students. Follow-up of moderate to high-risk youth will be conducted by a Connect Coach through Zoom, other electronic communication, or in-person visits, with referral to Cherokee Nation or community services if deemed necessary.
BEHAVIORALCommunities Mobilizing for Change and Action (CMCA)
The community-level intervention Communities Mobilizing for Change and Action (CMCA) will involve educating and organizing of adult volunteers and consent will be assumed by their participation. Trainings and tools will be provided, including Family Action Kits, to support local families, community organizations and citizens, including information on national and local opioid and other drug use, evidence-based policies, programs and practices, and how to motivate and create family and local action for drug prevention.
Sponsors
Emory University
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Sixteen to 20 high schools and surrounding towns within the 14 counties that partially or fully fall within the Cherokee Nation reservation in northeast Oklahoma will be randomly assigned to receive the preventive interventions offered by this study or usual school and community prevention. A total of 800 to 1200 students are expected to enroll from the randomized sites.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
15 Years to 17 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Tenth grade students enrolled in the participating high schools
Exclusion criteria
* unable to understand written or verbal English Inclusion criteria for high schools: * Counties that partially or fully fall within the Cherokee Nation reservation * Town population of 3,000 or less * Class size between 30 to 100 students
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | The number of days of alcohol use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. |
| Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | The number of days of heavy alcohol use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. Heavy alcohol use is defined as having at least four (among young women) or five (among young men) alcoholic drinks within a couple of hours. |
| Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | The number of days of marijuana use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. |
| Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | The number of days of opioid drug misuse use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Social support from parents/caregivers is assessed with 6 items which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support. |
| Social Support From Friend | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Social support from a friend is assessed with 6 items, which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support. |
| Social Support From Teacher | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Social support from a teacher is assessed with 6 items, which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support. |
| Social Support From Other Adult | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Social support from an adult, other than a parent/caregiver or teacher, is assessed with 6 items which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support. |
| Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Ease or difficulty in accessing alcohol is assessed with 4 items using a 4-point scale where 1 = very difficult to get and 4 = very easy to get. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater ease of availability. |
| Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Ease or difficulty in accessing marijuana is assessed with 5 items using a 4-point scale where 1 = very difficult to get and 4 = very easy to get. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater ease of availability. |
| Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Ease or difficulty in accessing prescription opioids is assessed with 5 items using a 4-point scale where 1 = very difficult to get and 4 = very easy to get. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater ease of availability. |
| Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Participants are asked 4 items to assess if they think various social groups (parents, community adults, peers, self) disapprove of young people drinking alcohol. Responses are given as 1 = don't disapprove, 2 = disapprove, and 3 = strongly disapprove. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating stronger disapproval |
| Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Participants are asked 4 items to assess if they think various social groups (parents, community adults, peers, self) disapprove of young people using marijuana. Responses are given as 1 = don't disapprove, 2 = disapprove, and 3 = strongly disapprove. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating stronger disapproval. |
| Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Participants are asked 4 items to assess if they think various social groups (parents, community adults, peers, self) disapprove of young people missing prescription opioids. Responses are given as 1 = don't disapprove, 2 = disapprove, and 3 = strongly disapprove. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating stronger disapproval. |
| Self-Efficacy | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Self-efficacy is assessed with 3 items asking how easy or hard it would be for participants to ask for help or refuse alcohol or drugs. Responses given on a 4-point scale, where 1 = very easy and 4 = very hard. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with lower scores indicating increased self-efficacy. |
| Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days) | Normative estimates of peer drug use (alcohol, marijuana, prescription opioid misuse) are assessed with 3 items asking about how many of their peers in school used drugs in the past year. Possible responses are 1 = none or almost none, 2 = less than half, 3 = about half, 4 = more than half, and 5 = almost all or all. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating higher normative estimates of peer drug use. |
| Proportion of Participants With Alcohol Use 6 Months Post-Graduation | 6 Months Post-Graduation | Model predicted proportion of participants with alcohol use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. The Least Squares Mean values are limited to the 6-month post-graduation time point while adjusting for baseline use. |
| Proportion of Participants With Heavy Alcohol Use 6 Months Post-Graduation | 6 Months Post-Graduation | Model predicted proportion of participants with heavy alcohol use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. Heavy alcohol use is defined as having at least four (among young women) or five (among young men) alcoholic drinks within a couple of hours. The Least Squares Mean values are limited to the 6-month post-graduation time point while adjusting for baseline use. |
| Proportion of Participants With Marijuana Use 6 Months Post-Graduation | 6 Months Post-Graduation | Model predicted proportion of participants with marijuana use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. The Least Squares Mean values are limited to the 6-month post-graduation time point while adjusting for baseline use. |
| Number of Participants With Opioid Drug Misuse 6 Months Post-Graduation | 6 Months Post-Graduation | The number of participants reporting prescription opioid misuse in the past 30 days at the survey administered 6-month post-graduation. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORKelli Komro, PhD
Emory University
Participant flow
Recruitment details
A total of 919 participants were enrolled from 20 high schools in the Cherokee Nation Reservation, in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, USA. Participant enrollment began on September 29, 2021 (the day of the Baseline survey) and the assessment at the end of high school (spring of 12th grade) occurred on May 17, 2024. The final study assessment for the 6-months post-graduation time point occurred on December 31, 2024.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention Students in schools assigned to the preventive intervention study condition taking part in the Connect school-based prevention program and the community-level Communities Mobilizing for Change and Action (CMCA) intervention. | 465 |
| Control Group Students in schools assigned to the control group did not receive the Connect and CMCA interventions. Schools in the control group received usual school and community prevention and were offered the trial's programs after the end of this three-year study. | 454 |
| Total | 919 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Preventive Intervention | Total | Control Group |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 15.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.6 | 15.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.7 | 15.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.7 |
| Participants reporting alcohol use in past 30 days Alcohol use reported | 74 Participants | 166 Participants | 92 Participants |
| Participants reporting alcohol use in past 30 days Missing response | 5 Participants | 7 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Participants reporting heavy alcohol use in past 30 days Heavy alcohol use reported | 43 Participants | 95 Participants | 52 Participants |
| Participants reporting heavy alcohol use in past 30 days Missing response | 4 Participants | 11 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Participants reporting marijuana use in past 30 days Marijuana use reported | 68 Participants | 136 Participants | 68 Participants |
| Participants reporting marijuana use in past 30 days Missing response | 7 Participants | 16 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Participants reporting prescription opioid misuse in past 30 days Missing response | 12 Participants | 30 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Participants reporting prescription opioid misuse in past 30 days Prescription opioid misuse reported | 21 Participants | 38 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized American Indian and White | 102 Participants | 205 Participants | 103 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized American Indian Only | 130 Participants | 266 Participants | 136 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Missing | 4 Participants | 9 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other | 55 Participants | 116 Participants | 61 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White Only | 174 Participants | 323 Participants | 149 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 465 Participants | 919 Participants | 454 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Decline to answer | 20 Participants | 35 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female | 230 Participants | 444 Participants | 214 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male | 215 Participants | 437 Participants | 222 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Missing | 0 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 465 | 0 / 454 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 465 | 0 / 454 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 465 | 0 / 454 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Days of Alcohol Use
The number of days of alcohol use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 0.70 days | Standard Error 0.16 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 0.68 days | Standard Error 0.16 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 0.69 days | Standard Error 0.15 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 0.66 days | Standard Error 0.17 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 0.71 days | Standard Error 0.17 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 1.21 days | Standard Error 0.28 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 0.58 days | Standard Error 0.14 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 0.70 days | Standard Error 0.16 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 0.84 days | Standard Error 0.18 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 1.01 days | Standard Error 0.22 |
Primary
Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use
The number of days of heavy alcohol use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. Heavy alcohol use is defined as having at least four (among young women) or five (among young men) alcoholic drinks within a couple of hours.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 0.50 days | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 0.47 days | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 0.48 days | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 0.46 days | Standard Error 0.11 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 0.51 days | Standard Error 0.11 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 0.90 days | Standard Error 0.2 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 0.30 days | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 0.40 days | Standard Error 0.09 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 0.52 days | Standard Error 0.11 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 0.68 days | Standard Error 0.14 |
Primary
Number of Days of Marijuana Use
The number of days of marijuana use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 1.50 days | Standard Error 0.18 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 1.44 days | Standard Error 0.19 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 1.46 days | Standard Error 0.18 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 1.41 days | Standard Error 0.22 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 1.53 days | Standard Error 0.2 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.51 days | Standard Error 0.35 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 1.71 days | Standard Error 0.22 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 1.88 days | Standard Error 0.21 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.07 days | Standard Error 0.23 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Marijuana Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.28 days | Standard Error 0.27 |
Primary
Number of Days of Opioid Misuse
The number of days of opioid drug misuse use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 0.15 days | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 0.12 days | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 0.19 days | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 0.10 days | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Preventive Intervention | Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 0.24 days | Standard Error 0.09 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 0.23 days | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 0.07 days | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 0.10 days | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 0.17 days | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Number of Days of Opioid Misuse | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 0.13 days | Standard Error 0.05 |
Secondary
Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use
Normative estimates of peer drug use (alcohol, marijuana, prescription opioid misuse) are assessed with 3 items asking about how many of their peers in school used drugs in the past year. Possible responses are 1 = none or almost none, 2 = less than half, 3 = about half, 4 = more than half, and 5 = almost all or all. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating higher normative estimates of peer drug use.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.45 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| Preventive Intervention | Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.36 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| Preventive Intervention | Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.41 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| Preventive Intervention | Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.32 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Preventive Intervention | Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.50 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| Control Group | Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.52 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.51 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| Control Group | Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.52 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| Control Group | Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.52 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| Control Group | Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.52 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
Secondary
Number of Days of Alcohol Use
The number of days of alcohol use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms.
Time frame: 6 Months Post-Graduation
Secondary
Number of Days of Heavy Alcohol Use
The number of days of heavy alcohol use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. Heavy alcohol use is defined as having at least four (among young women) or five (among young men) alcoholic drinks within a couple of hours.
Time frame: 6 Months Post-Graduation
Secondary
Number of Days of Marijuana Use
The number of days of marijuana use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms.
Time frame: 6 Months Post-Graduation
Secondary
Number of Days of Opioid Drug Misuse
The number of days of prescription opioid misuse in the past 30 days is compared between study arms.
Time frame: 6 Months Post-Graduation
Secondary
Perceived Availability of Alcohol
Ease or difficulty in accessing alcohol is assessed with 4 items using a 4-point scale where 1 = very difficult to get and 4 = very easy to get. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater ease of availability.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.20 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.24 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.22 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.26 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.18 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.42 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.22 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.27 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.32 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Alcohol | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.37 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
Secondary
Perceived Availability of Marijuana
Ease or difficulty in accessing marijuana is assessed with 5 items using a 4-point scale where 1 = very difficult to get and 4 = very easy to get. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater ease of availability.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.06 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.10 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.08 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.12 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.04 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.27 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.10 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.14 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.18 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.23 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.07 |
Secondary
Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids
Ease or difficulty in accessing prescription opioids is assessed with 5 items using a 4-point scale where 1 = very difficult to get and 4 = very easy to get. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater ease of availability.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 1.51 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 1.48 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 1.49 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 1.47 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Preventive Intervention | Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 1.52 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 1.55 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 1.47 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 1.49 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 1.51 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 1.53 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
Secondary
Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy is assessed with 3 items asking how easy or hard it would be for participants to ask for help or refuse alcohol or drugs. Responses given on a 4-point scale, where 1 = very easy and 4 = very hard. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with lower scores indicating increased self-efficacy.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Self-Efficacy | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 1.58 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.02 |
| Preventive Intervention | Self-Efficacy | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 1.55 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Self-Efficacy | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 1.57 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.02 |
| Preventive Intervention | Self-Efficacy | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 1.54 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Preventive Intervention | Self-Efficacy | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 1.59 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Self-Efficacy | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 1.60 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Self-Efficacy | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 1.65 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Self-Efficacy | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 1.64 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Self-Efficacy | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 1.63 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.02 |
| Control Group | Self-Efficacy | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 1.62 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
Secondary
Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use
Participants are asked 4 items to assess if they think various social groups (parents, community adults, peers, self) disapprove of young people drinking alcohol. Responses are given as 1 = don't disapprove, 2 = disapprove, and 3 = strongly disapprove. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating stronger disapproval
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.10 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.09 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.10 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.08 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.11 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 1.99 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.03 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.02 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.01 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.00 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
Secondary
Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana
Participants are asked 4 items to assess if they think various social groups (parents, community adults, peers, self) disapprove of young people using marijuana. Responses are given as 1 = don't disapprove, 2 = disapprove, and 3 = strongly disapprove. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating stronger disapproval.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.16 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.16 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.16 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.15 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.16 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.10 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.08 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.09 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.09 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.09 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
Secondary
Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids
Participants are asked 4 items to assess if they think various social groups (parents, community adults, peers, self) disapprove of young people missing prescription opioids. Responses are given as 1 = don't disapprove, 2 = disapprove, and 3 = strongly disapprove. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating stronger disapproval.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.55 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.02 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.57 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.56 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.02 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.58 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.54 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 2.56 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 2.46 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 2.49 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.02 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 2.51 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.02 |
| Control Group | Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 2.54 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
Secondary
Social Support From Friend
Social support from a friend is assessed with 6 items, which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Friend | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 3.43 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Friend | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 3.44 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Friend | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 3.44 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Friend | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 3.44 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Friend | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 3.43 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Friend | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 3.44 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Friend | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 3.39 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Friend | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 3.40 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Friend | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 3.41 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Friend | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 3.43 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
Secondary
Social Support From Other Adult
Social support from an adult, other than a parent/caregiver or teacher, is assessed with 6 items which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Other Adult | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 3.09 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Other Adult | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 3.18 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Other Adult | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 3.14 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Other Adult | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 3.22 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Other Adult | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 3.05 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Other Adult | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 3.15 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Other Adult | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 3.06 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Other Adult | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 3.09 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Other Adult | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 3.11 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Other Adult | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 3.13 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
Secondary
Social Support From Parent/Caregiver
Social support from parents/caregivers is assessed with 6 items which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 3.50 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 3.49 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 3.49 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.02 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 3.49 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 3.50 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 3.51 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 3.45 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 3.47 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 3.48 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Parent/Caregiver | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 3.50 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
Secondary
Social Support From Teacher
Social support from a teacher is assessed with 6 items, which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support.
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Population: The analysis population includes participants who completed the baseline survey as the overall number of participants analyzed. The least squares means are calculated adjusting for repeated measures with responses from all participants in the baseline population. The number of participants at each time point represents the students who completed subsequent surveys at the indicated time points. Some survey items were left unanswered by students.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Teacher | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 3.27 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Teacher | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 3.31 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Teacher | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 3.29 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Teacher | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 3.33 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Preventive Intervention | Social Support From Teacher | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 3.25 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Teacher | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 12th Grade | 3.31 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Teacher | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 10th Grade | 3.19 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Teacher | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 11th Grade | 3.22 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Teacher | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Spring of 11th Grade | 3.25 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Control Group | Social Support From Teacher | Baseline (Fall of 10th Grade) to Fall of 12th Grade | 3.28 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |