Chronic Pain
Conditions
Keywords
Chronic conditions, Voice-activated smart technology
Brief summary
Multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) are costly and pervasive among older adults. MCCs account for 90% of Medicare spending, and 65% of Medicare beneficiaries have 3 or more chronic conditions; 23% have 5 or more. MCCs are often addressed in primary care, where time pressures force a focus on medication and lab results rather than self-management skills. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate whether voice-activated smart technology increases adoption and sustains use of an evidence-based electronic health intervention (Elder Tree, or ET) for older adults with multiple chronic conditions, and thereby improves its potential to widely enhance quality of life and health outcomes. ET is an existing intervention providing tools, motivation, and support on a computer platform to help older adults manage their health. An Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ)-funded randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that ET improved quality of life and other factors among high users of primary care with multiple chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. However, many people did not use it extensively, which is a common problem with all web apps.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALElderTree on laptop (ET- LT)
ElderTree (ET) is an existing intervention providing tools, motivation, and support on a computer platform to help older adults manage their health. ET is based on the extensively tested Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS). ET is a walled garden free of ads, with design features based on older users' feedback as well as best-practice principles such as uncluttered screens and large type. ET uses computers to deliver key elements of successful interventions: long duration, ongoing outreach, prompts, monitoring, cognitive reframing, action planning, problem solving, self-tailoring, and peer support. ET-LT arm will access ET on Laptop (ET- LT)
BEHAVIORALElderTree on smart system (ET- SS)
ElderTree (ET) is an existing intervention providing tools, motivation, and support on a computer platform to help older adults manage their health. ET is based on the extensively tested Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS). ET is a walled garden free of ads, with design features based on older users' feedback as well as best-practice principles such as uncluttered screens and large type. ET uses computers to deliver key elements of successful interventions: long duration, ongoing outreach, prompts, monitoring, cognitive reframing, action planning, problem solving, self-tailoring, and peer support. ElderTree on smart system (ET- SS) will use voice-activated smart speakers connected to the Internet. Because they are used by talking and listening rather than typing and reading, many barriers associated with laptop use can be avoided.
BEHAVIORALTreatment as usual (TAU)
Treatment as usual (TAU)
Sponsors
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
DOUBLE (Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
60 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Be ≥60 years old; * Have been treated in University of Wisconsin (UW) Health clinics, with no plans to leave during the study period (only relevant for UW Health patients, not patients recruited from the community); * Have a chronic pain diagnosis AND a medical diagnoses of three or more of the following common chronic conditions: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, stroke, BMI 30+, cancer, chronic kidney disease, depression, osteoporosis, arthritis, or dizziness/falls/loss of vestibular function; * Be willing to share healthcare use (e.g. 30-day readmissions) in electronic health records (only relevant for UW Health patients, not patients recruited from the community); and * Allow researchers to share information about a patient's health status with their primary care physician (PCP).
Exclusion criteria
* Require an interpreter * Have a medical diagnosis of any of the following: * Alzheimer's * Schizophrenia/other psychotic disorders * Dementia * Autism spectrum disorder * Known terminal illness with less than 6 months to live * Acute medical problem requiring immediate hospitalization
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score | Baseline, 4 months, 8 months | Pain interference was measured using the 4-item subscale from the PROMIS 29. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. Scoring of individual items varies and is calculated by the scale's developers; with higher values indicating more pain interference. The possible range is 41.1 to 76.3 (PROMIS scores reported here have weighted ranges). |
| Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score | Baseline, 4 months, 8 months | Psychosocial quality of life was measured using the 12-item subscale from the PROMIS 29. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. Scoring of individual items varies and is calculated by the scale's developers; with higher values indicating better quality of life. The possible range is 21.2 to 67.6. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Intensity | Baseline, 4 months, 8 months | Pain intensity was measured using a single item subscale from the PROMIS 29 (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) Global Health. The item asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. The raw score of the item was used (range: 0-10); with higher values indicating more pain intensity. |
| Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days | Baseline, 4 months, 8 months | 30-day readmissions were measured using a single item asking participants to answer regarding the past 4 months. The raw score, answering yes/no to having a 30-day readmission, was used. Those participants answering 'yes' to being readmitted in the last 30 days are reported for each time point. |
| Health Distress | Baseline, 4 months, 8 months | Health distress was measured using the 4-item Lorig Health Distress Scale. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past month. The measure was scored by averaged the items; with higher values indicating more health distress. Possible range is 0 to 5. |
| ElderTree Days of Use | baseline to 4 months, and 4 months to 8 months | Days of ElderTree use within a 4 month period before their survey date. The possible range for days of ElderTree use is 0 to 120. |
| Loneliness | Baseline, 4 months, 8 months | Loneliness was measured using the 5-item NIH Toolbox Social Relationship Scale Loneliness. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past month. Scoring of individual items varies and is calculated by the scale's developers; with higher values indicating more Loneliness. Possible range is 20 to 80. |
| Irritability | Baseline, 4 months, 8 months | Irritability was measured using the 5-item Brief Irritability Test. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. The measure was scored by summing the items; with higher values indicating more irritability. Possible range is 5 to 30. |
| Communication With Physicians | Baseline, 4 months, 8 months | Communication with physicians was measured using the 3-item Lorig Communication with Physicians. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 4 months. The measure was scored by averaging the items; with higher values indicating better communication with the healthcare provider. Possible range is 0 to 5. |
| Well-being | Baseline, 4 months, 8 months | Well-being was measured using the 5-items World Health Organization (WHO) Well-Being Index. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. The measure was scored by summing the items; with higher values indicating better well-being. Possible range is 0 to 25. |
| Physical Quality of Life | Baseline, 4 months, 8 months | Physical quality of life was measured using the 12-item subscale from the PROMIS 29 (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) Global Health. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. Scoring of individual items varies and is calculated by the scale's developers; with higher values indicating more physical quality of life. The possible range is 16.2-67.7. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Control Group Participants will receive treatment as usual (TAU). | 91 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) Participants will receive ElderTree on a laptop.
ElderTree on laptop (ET- LT): ElderTree (ET) is an existing intervention providing tools, motivation, and support on a computer platform to help older adults manage their health. | 91 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) Participants will receive ElderTree on a smart system.
ElderTree (ET) is an existing intervention providing tools, motivation, and support on a computer platform to help older adults manage their health.
ElderTree on smart system (ET- SS) will use voice-activated smart speakers connected to the Internet. Because they are used by talking and listening rather than typing and reading, many barriers associated with laptop use can be avoided. | 86 |
| Total | 268 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 3 | 1 | 3 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Control Group | ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 69.49 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.77 | 69.76 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.39 | 70.13 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.86 | 69.79 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.34 |
| Number of chronic conditions | 6.52 chronic conditions STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.31 | 6.54 chronic conditions STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.54 | 6.57 chronic conditions STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.55 | 6.54 chronic conditions STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.46 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Participants Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Participants Black, Euro-African, or African American | 20 Participants | 16 Participants | 14 Participants | 50 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Participants Black or African American & American Indian or Alaskan Native | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Participants White | 68 Participants | 72 Participants | 71 Participants | 211 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Participants White, Black or African American, & American Indian or Alaskan Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Participants White & Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 63 Participants | 59 Participants | 55 Participants | 177 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 28 Participants | 32 Participants | 31 Participants | 91 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 3 / 91 | 1 / 91 | 1 / 86 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 91 | 0 / 91 | 0 / 86 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 91 | 0 / 91 | 0 / 86 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score
Pain interference was measured using the 4-item subscale from the PROMIS 29. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. Scoring of individual items varies and is calculated by the scale's developers; with higher values indicating more pain interference. The possible range is 41.1 to 76.3 (PROMIS scores reported here have weighted ranges).
Time frame: Baseline, 4 months, 8 months
Population: All participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score | 4 months | 57.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.88 |
| Control Group | Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score | Baseline | 58.44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.98 |
| Control Group | Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score | 8 months | 57.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.39 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score | 4 months | 58.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.55 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score | Baseline | 59.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.83 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score | 8 months | 57.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.88 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score | Baseline | 59.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.86 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score | 8 months | 57.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.31 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v2.1 - Pain Interference Score | 4 months | 57.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.39 |
Primary
Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score
Psychosocial quality of life was measured using the 12-item subscale from the PROMIS 29. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. Scoring of individual items varies and is calculated by the scale's developers; with higher values indicating better quality of life. The possible range is 21.2 to 67.6.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 months, 8 months
Population: All participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score | 4 months | 46.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.34 |
| Control Group | Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score | Baseline | 46.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.26 |
| Control Group | Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score | 8 months | 47.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.88 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score | 4 months | 46.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.98 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score | Baseline | 45.26 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.95 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score | 8 months | 45.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.26 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score | Baseline | 46.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.81 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score | 8 months | 47.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.72 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Change in PROMIS Short Form v2.1 - Psychosocial Quality of Life Score | 4 months | 46.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.12 |
Secondary
Communication With Physicians
Communication with physicians was measured using the 3-item Lorig Communication with Physicians. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 4 months. The measure was scored by averaging the items; with higher values indicating better communication with the healthcare provider. Possible range is 0 to 5.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 months, 8 months
Population: All participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Communication With Physicians | 8 months | 3.26 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.47 |
| Control Group | Communication With Physicians | 4 months | 3.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.39 |
| Control Group | Communication With Physicians | Baseline | 3.16 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Communication With Physicians | 4 months | 3.37 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.15 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Communication With Physicians | Baseline | 3.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Communication With Physicians | 8 months | 3.18 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.39 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Communication With Physicians | Baseline | 2.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.35 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Communication With Physicians | 8 months | 3.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Communication With Physicians | 4 months | 3.42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.05 |
Secondary
ElderTree Days of Use
Days of ElderTree use within a 4 month period before their survey date. The possible range for days of ElderTree use is 0 to 120.
Time frame: baseline to 4 months, and 4 months to 8 months
Population: The control group did not use ElderTree, all participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | ElderTree Days of Use | Baseline to 4 months | 28.47 Days | Standard Deviation 19.28 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | ElderTree Days of Use | 4 months to 8 months | 17.48 Days | Standard Deviation 14.34 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | ElderTree Days of Use | Baseline to 4 months | 19.02 Days | Standard Deviation 16.09 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | ElderTree Days of Use | 4 months to 8 months | 10.08 Days | Standard Deviation 9.85 |
Secondary
Health Distress
Health distress was measured using the 4-item Lorig Health Distress Scale. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past month. The measure was scored by averaged the items; with higher values indicating more health distress. Possible range is 0 to 5.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 months, 8 months
Population: All participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Health Distress | 4 months | 1.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
| Control Group | Health Distress | Baseline | 2.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
| Control Group | Health Distress | 8 months | 1.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.24 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Health Distress | 4 months | 1.85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.24 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Health Distress | Baseline | 2.04 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Health Distress | 8 months | 1.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.21 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Health Distress | Baseline | 1.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.28 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Health Distress | 8 months | 1.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Health Distress | 4 months | 1.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.21 |
Secondary
Irritability
Irritability was measured using the 5-item Brief Irritability Test. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. The measure was scored by summing the items; with higher values indicating more irritability. Possible range is 5 to 30.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 months, 8 months
Population: All participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Irritability | 4 months | 10.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.01 |
| Control Group | Irritability | Baseline | 11.30 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.32 |
| Control Group | Irritability | 8 months | 10.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.25 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Irritability | 4 months | 10.72 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.05 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Irritability | Baseline | 11.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.14 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Irritability | 8 months | 10.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.2 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Irritability | Baseline | 10.59 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.66 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Irritability | 8 months | 9.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.95 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Irritability | 4 months | 10.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.41 |
Secondary
Loneliness
Loneliness was measured using the 5-item NIH Toolbox Social Relationship Scale Loneliness. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past month. Scoring of individual items varies and is calculated by the scale's developers; with higher values indicating more Loneliness. Possible range is 20 to 80.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 months, 8 months
Population: All participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Loneliness | 4 months | 51.41 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.63 |
| Control Group | Loneliness | Baseline | 52.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.76 |
| Control Group | Loneliness | 8 months | 51.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.85 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Loneliness | 4 months | 55.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.63 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Loneliness | Baseline | 55.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.55 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Loneliness | 8 months | 53.84 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.12 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Loneliness | Baseline | 53.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.32 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Loneliness | 8 months | 50.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.16 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Loneliness | 4 months | 52.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.86 |
Secondary
Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days
30-day readmissions were measured using a single item asking participants to answer regarding the past 4 months. The raw score, answering yes/no to having a 30-day readmission, was used. Those participants answering 'yes' to being readmitted in the last 30 days are reported for each time point.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 months, 8 months
Population: All participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days | 4 months | 5 Participants |
| Control Group | Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days | Baseline | 4 Participants |
| Control Group | Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days | 8 months | 7 Participants |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days | 4 months | 6 Participants |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days | Baseline | 4 Participants |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days | 8 months | 5 Participants |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days | Baseline | 5 Participants |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days | 8 months | 6 Participants |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Number of Participants Readmitted Within 30-days | 4 months | 3 Participants |
Secondary
Pain Intensity
Pain intensity was measured using a single item subscale from the PROMIS 29 (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) Global Health. The item asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. The raw score of the item was used (range: 0-10); with higher values indicating more pain intensity.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 months, 8 months
Population: All participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Pain Intensity | 4 Months | 4.21 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.29 |
| Control Group | Pain Intensity | Baseline | 4.48 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.27 |
| Control Group | Pain Intensity | 8 Months | 4.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.38 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Pain Intensity | 4 Months | 4.13 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.91 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Pain Intensity | Baseline | 4.53 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.07 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Pain Intensity | 8 Months | 4.09 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.11 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Pain Intensity | Baseline | 4.64 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.27 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Pain Intensity | 8 Months | 4.58 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.57 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Pain Intensity | 4 Months | 4.39 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.43 |
Secondary
Physical Quality of Life
Physical quality of life was measured using the 12-item subscale from the PROMIS 29 (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) Global Health. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. Scoring of individual items varies and is calculated by the scale's developers; with higher values indicating more physical quality of life. The possible range is 16.2-67.7.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 months, 8 months
Population: All participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Physical Quality of Life | 4 months | 40.28 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.61 |
| Control Group | Physical Quality of Life | Baseline | 40.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.23 |
| Control Group | Physical Quality of Life | 8 months | 40.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.04 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Physical Quality of Life | 4 months | 41.30 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.15 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Physical Quality of Life | Baseline | 40.84 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.11 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Physical Quality of Life | 8 months | 40.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.55 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Physical Quality of Life | Baseline | 41.01 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.35 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Physical Quality of Life | 8 months | 42.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.67 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Physical Quality of Life | 4 months | 41.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.3 |
Secondary
Well-being
Well-being was measured using the 5-items World Health Organization (WHO) Well-Being Index. The items asked participants to answer regarding the past 7 days. The measure was scored by summing the items; with higher values indicating better well-being. Possible range is 0 to 25.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 months, 8 months
Population: All participants did not return surveys at 4 and 8 month time points.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Well-being | 8 months | 13.27 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.78 |
| Control Group | Well-being | 4 months | 13.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.93 |
| Control Group | Well-being | Baseline | 12.75 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.55 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Well-being | 8 months | 12.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.69 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Well-being | Baseline | 12.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.74 |
| ElderTree on Laptop (ET- LT) | Well-being | 4 months | 13.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.42 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Well-being | 4 months | 13.48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.31 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Well-being | Baseline | 13.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.81 |
| ElderTree on Smart System (ET- SS) | Well-being | 8 months | 14.15 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.87 |