Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Conditions
Keywords
Artificial Pancreas (AP), Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM), Closed Loop Control (CLC), Insulin Pump
Brief summary
The purpose of this pilot study is to test the safety and feasibility of using two or three research modules in conjunction with an automated insulin delivery device (AID).
Detailed description
This concept is implemented in the Adaptive Biobehavioral Control (ABC) system - ABC will use human-machine co-adaptation of AID, recognizing both the necessity for the control algorithm to adapt to changes in human physiology, and the necessity for the person to adapt to AID action. ABC will be implemented on the Web Information Tool (WIT) platform/system and includes the following modules to be used alongside the automated insulin delivery device facilitating behavioral adaptation: * Behavioral Adaptation Module (BAM) - a behavioral intervention deployed in a mobile app to assist a person's adaptation to automated insulin delivery by information and risk assessment primarily regarding glycemic risks, and * Auto Titration Module (ATM) - a web-based tool with an automated procedure to track risk status and changes in the participant's metabolic profile. This module will present updated insulin control parameters to the user once a week using a web-based format accessible to the participant. * Web-based Simulation Tool (WST) --a web-based education tool for participants to interact with their data to visualize and replay various scenarios to understand the impact of insulin parameter changes. Design: Two-week baseline use of personal AID system followed by randomization 1:1 into two groups. * Group 1 will use their personal AID system and add an auto titration module (ATM) and web simulation tool (WST) in which insulin parameters may be adjusted on a weekly basis. * Group 2 will use their personal AID system and add the ATM / WST on a weekly basis as well as a behavioral adaptation module (BAM). The BAM will consist of information modules in which information only is given to participants (e.g. hypoglycemic risks).
Interventions
DEVICEWeb Simulation Tool (WST)
WST will allow users of the Control-IQ system replay treatment scenarios in computer simulation, thereby allowing user training with carbohydrate and insulin action.
DEVICEBehavioral Adaptation Module (BAM)
BAM provides on-demand information to the participant primarily on glycemic risks.
DEVICEAuto Titration Module (ATM)
ATM provides recommendations to the participant to periodically update insulin parameters.
The t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ technology, Tandem Diabetes Care will be the AID in this study.
Sponsors
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
University of Virginia
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Age ≥18.0 and ≤70 years old at time of consent 2. Clinical diagnosis, based on investigator assessment, of type 1 diabetes for at least one year 3. Currently using insulin pump for at least six months 4. Currently using insulin for at least six months 5. Currently using or anticipated to be using the t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ technology at the start of the run-in phase (Visit 1). 6. Using or willing to use insulin parameters such as carbohydrate ratio and correction factors consistently on their pump in order to dose insulin for meals or corrections 7. Access to internet and willingness to upload data during the study as needed 8. Willing to use an app on a smart phone during the study. 9. For females, not currently known to be pregnant or breastfeeding 10. If female, sexually active, and of childbearing potential, must agree to use a form of contraception to prevent pregnancy while a participant in the study. A negative serum or urine pregnancy test will be required for all females of childbearing potential. Participants who become pregnant will be discontinued from the study. Also, participants who during the study develop and express the intention to become pregnant within the timespan of the study will be discontinued. 11. Willingness to use only insulin analogs approved for use in the t:slim X2 pump such as lispro (Humalog) or aspart (Novolog) and not use ultra-rapid acting insulin analogs (e.g. FiAsp) during the study 12. Total daily insulin dose (TDD) at least 10 units per day 13. Willingness not to start any new non-insulin glucose-lowering agent during the course of the trial (including metformin, GLP-1 agonists, pramlintide, DPP-4 inhibitors, biguanides, and sulfonylureas) 14. An understanding and willingness to follow the protocol and signed informed consent
Exclusion criteria
1. Concurrent use of any non-insulin glucose-lowering agent other than metformin (including GLP-1 agonists, pramlintide, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT-2 inhibitors, sulfonylureas) 2. A condition, which in the opinion of the investigator or designee, would put the participant at risk or interfere with the completion of the protocol. 3. History of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in the 12 months prior to enrollment 4. Severe hypoglycemia resulting in seizure or loss of consciousness in the 12 months prior to enrollment 5. Currently being treated for a seizure disorder 6. Hemophilia or any other bleeding disorder 7. Planned surgery during study duration 8. Participation in another pharmaceutical or device trial at the time of enrollment or during the study 9. Having a direct supervisor at place of employment who is also directly involved in conducting the clinical trial (e.g. study investigator, coordinator, etc.); or having a first-degree relative who is directly involved in conducting the clinical trial.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of SAE or ADE Related to the Use of ATM / WST and BAM Modules. | 6 weeks | Safety assessment of ATM / WST and BAM modules by assessing serious adverse events or adverse device effects deemed related to the use of ATM/WST and BAM modules specifically. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Time in Range | 6 weeks | Percent of CGM readings in the target ranges of 70-180mg/dL from 2 weeks of baseline compared to last 2 weeks of treatment period. |
| Time in Hypoglycemia | 6 weeks | Percent of CGM readings \<70 mg/dL |
| INSPIRE Questionnaire | 6 weeks | Questionnaire addressing system/technology use. The INSPIRE questionnaire assesses user expectations and experiences with Insulin Delivery Systems: Perceptions, Ideas, Reflections, Expectations (INSPIRE). Survey total scores are computed by calculating the mean of the sum of all item ratings then multiplying the mean by 25 to scale the score to a range from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate a more positive perception of insulin delivery systems. Items are rated on a 5 point Likert scale ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). The Adult survey has 22 items. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
31 participants signed a consent which was defined as enrollment in the protocol. 1 participant withdrew after signing the consent due to personal scheduling issues and 30 participants were randomized and reported in study results.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Group 1 AID + Auto Titration Module (ATM) and Web Simulation Tool (WST) for 6 weeks
Web Simulation Tool (WST): WST will allow users of the Control-IQ system replay treatment scenarios in computer simulation, thereby allowing user training with carbohydrate and insulin action.
Auto Titration Module (ATM): ATM provides recommendations to the participant to periodically update insulin parameters.
Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) System: The t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ technology, Tandem Diabetes Care will be the AID in this study. | 15 |
| Group 2 AID + Auto Titration Module (ATM) and Web Simulation Tool (WST) +Behavioral Adaptation Module (BAM) for 6 weeks
Web Simulation Tool (WST): WST will allow users of the Control-IQ system replay treatment scenarios in computer simulation, thereby allowing user training with carbohydrate and insulin action.
Behavioral Adaptation Module (BAM): BAM provides on-demand information to the participant primarily on glycemic risks.
Auto Titration Module (ATM): ATM provides recommendations to the participant to periodically update insulin parameters.
Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) System: The t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ technology, Tandem Diabetes Care will be the AID in this study. | 15 |
| Total | 30 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Group 1 | Group 2 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 42 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12 | 38 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 16 | 40 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14 |
| Duration of Diabetes | 23 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13 | 23 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 15 | 23 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 15 Participants | 14 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 12 Participants | 14 Participants | 26 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 9 Participants | 8 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 6 Participants | 7 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Total Daily Insulin | 47.6 units per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 29.9 | 45.6 units per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 19.8 | 46.6 units per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 24.9 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 15 | 0 / 15 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 15 | 0 / 15 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 15 | 0 / 15 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of SAE or ADE Related to the Use of ATM / WST and BAM Modules.
Safety assessment of ATM / WST and BAM modules by assessing serious adverse events or adverse device effects deemed related to the use of ATM/WST and BAM modules specifically.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Number of SAE or ADE Related to the Use of ATM / WST and BAM Modules. | 0 events |
| Group 2 | Number of SAE or ADE Related to the Use of ATM / WST and BAM Modules. | 0 events |
Secondary
INSPIRE Questionnaire
Questionnaire addressing system/technology use. The INSPIRE questionnaire assesses user expectations and experiences with Insulin Delivery Systems: Perceptions, Ideas, Reflections, Expectations (INSPIRE). Survey total scores are computed by calculating the mean of the sum of all item ratings then multiplying the mean by 25 to scale the score to a range from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate a more positive perception of insulin delivery systems. Items are rated on a 5 point Likert scale ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). The Adult survey has 22 items.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | INSPIRE Questionnaire | 77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12 |
| Group 2 | INSPIRE Questionnaire | 74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8 |
| Group 2 Baseline | INSPIRE Questionnaire | 75 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9 |
| Group 2 Post Randomization | INSPIRE Questionnaire | 75 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9 |
Secondary
Time in Hypoglycemia
Percent of CGM readings \<70 mg/dL
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Time in Hypoglycemia | 2.35 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 1.98 |
| Group 2 | Time in Hypoglycemia | 1.41 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 1.33 |
| Group 2 Baseline | Time in Hypoglycemia | 1.58 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 1.71 |
| Group 2 Post Randomization | Time in Hypoglycemia | 1.48 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
p-value: <0.05t-test, 2 sided
p-value: 0.93t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Time in Range
Percent of CGM readings in the target ranges of 70-180mg/dL from 2 weeks of baseline compared to last 2 weeks of treatment period.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Time in Range | 77.0 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 11.6 |
| Group 2 | Time in Range | 73.8 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 8.1 |
| Group 2 Baseline | Time in Range | 74.6 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 9.4 |
| Group 2 Post Randomization | Time in Range | 74.6 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 8.9 |
p-value: 0.064t-test, 2 sided
p-value: 0.97t-test, 2 sided