Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Use Cessation, Tobacco Use Disorder
Conditions
Brief summary
Cigarette smoking remains one of the leading causes of preventable death. Effective smoking cessation medications exist but use of these treatments is low, making it difficult for most to quit smoking. Behavioral interventions are needed to engage current smokers in the process of quitting smoking and promote the use of evidence-based cessation medications. At the same time, genetics influences one's smoking behaviors (e.g., how much they smoke, difficulty quitting) and risk of smoking-related diseases, yet these personalized factors have not been included in existing behavioral interventions. Incorporating these individualized factors into smoking cessation interventions may make them more personally engaging and thus motivating for treatment. This study will pilot test a risk communication tool that is personalized to one's genetics and will demonstrate the feasibility of a larger trial to test the effect of this personalized genetically-informed intervention on smoking cessation.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALGenetically-Informed RiskProfile
* Participants will meet with a behavioral interventionist to receive their personalized genetically-informed RiskProfile intervention which incorporates smoking-related genetic risk propensity and phenotypic risk (cigarettes smoked per day) into a risk communication tool designed to activate behavior change, specifically, to increase the use of smoking cessation medications and promote smoking-related behavior change. * This is a fully remote trial, with intervention delivered via video conferencing.
* Participants will meet with a behavioral interventionist to receive standardized brief advice to quit smoking and encouragement to use freely-available smoking cessation resources. Participants will receive their personalized RiskProfile after all data collection has been completed. * This is a fully remote trial, with brief cessation advice delivered via video conferencing.
Sponsors
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Washington University School of Medicine
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* At least 18 years of age * Smoked combustible cigarettes in past 30 days * Computer access for remote-based study visits
Exclusion criteria
* Younger than 18 years of age * No computer access
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Use of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy in Past 30 Days | Baseline, immediately prior to intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up | Participants in both groups were asked about their use of several smoking cessation medications (Question: In the past 30 days, have you used any of the following prescription medications or over-the-counter aids to help you quit or cut back on smoking?; Response options: 1=Bupropion or Zyban; 2=Varenicline or Chantix; 3=Nicotine patch; 4=Nicotine gum or lozenge; 5=Other (Specify). |
| Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day | Baseline, immediately prior to intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up | Participants in both groups were asked In the past 30 days, how many days did you smoke cigarettes and On the days in which you smoked cigarettes in the past month, about how many cigarettes did you smoke. The values from these questions are multiplied together and then divided by 30 (days) to calculate the number of cigarettes smoked per day for each participant. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Perceived Benefits of Cessation | Baseline, immediately following intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up | Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of personal health benefits related to quitting smoking. This measure is based on 3 items from the Perceived Risks and Benefits Questionnaire (PRBQ) addressing benefits related to reduced risks of smoking-related diseases, avoidance of future health problems, and increased longevity if the participant were to quit smoking. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Very Unlikely to 5=Very Likely. Individual scores on the 3 items were then averaged together for a total scale range of 1 to 5. A higher score represents higher perceived benefits of cessation. |
| Change in Perceived Value of Cessation Treatments | Baseline, immediately following intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up | Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of the importance of using smoking cessation medications to help quit smoking. This measure includes 4 items modified from the Beliefs and Attitudes about Buproprion Scale which assesses perceived importance of using medications for smoking cessation, perceived confidence in medications as a smoking cessation aid, general expectancy that smoking cessation medications help people stop smoking, and perceived confidence in being able to use smoking cessation medications within the next month. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Not at all to 5=Extremely. Individual scores on the 4 items were then averaged together for at total scale range of 1-5. A higher score represents a higher perceived value of cessation treatment. |
| Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Baseline, immediately prior to intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up | Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported stage of readiness to quit smoking. This measure includes one item based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change and measured along stages of Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, and Action. (Question: Are you thinking of quitting smoking?; Response options: 1=No, I am not seriously considering quitting within the next 6 months (Precontemplation); 2=Yes, I am seriously considering quitting within the next 6 months (Contemplation); 3=Yes, I am seriously planning to quit within the next 30 days (Preparation); 4=I have quit smoking within the past 6 months (Action). A higher score represents a higher stage of readiness to quit smoking. |
| Personal Relevance of Intervention | Immediately following intervention receipt | Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of the extent to which the intervention was personally significant and applicable. This measure includes 4 items modified from the Personal Relevance Scale and addresses the extent to which the intervention helped participants learn something about themselves, the role that their personal characteristics play in their smoking, how smoking affects their life, and the impact on their smoking cessation attempts. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Strongly Disagree to 5=Strongly Agree. Individual scores on the 4 items were then averaged together for a total scale range of 1 to 5. A higher score represents a higher perception of personal relevance of the intervention. |
| Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Baseline, immediately following intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up | Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of personal ability to engage in activities that promote smoking cessation. This measure is based on 3 items modified from the Skill Self-Efficacy Scale and 3 items modified from the Try Self-Efficacy Scale. Skill self-efficacy items address confidence to solicit social support, avoid situations with a high risk of relapse, and distract oneself when experiencing cravings during a quit attempt. Try self-efficacy items address perceived personal ability to smoke fewer cigarettes a day, resist smoking for one week, and resist smoking for one month. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Not at all to 5=Very. Individual scores on the 3 items were then averaged together for a total scale range of 1-5. A higher score represents a higher perceived self-efficacy of cessation. |
| Change in Perceived Disease Risk | Baseline, immediately following intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up | Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of personal susceptibility to smoking-related diseases. This measure includes one item comprising the perceived susceptibility scale (Question: How likely is it for you to develop a smoking-related disease such as lung cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), if you continue to smoke?; Response options: 1=Very unlikely; 2=Somewhat unlikely; 3=Neither unlikely nor likely; 4=Somewhat likely; 5=Very likely). A higher score represents a higher perceived disease risk. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
The study opened to participant enrollment on 02/08/2021 and closed to participant enrollment on 05/29/2022.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile Participants will meet with a behavioral interventionist to receive their personalized genetically-informed RiskProfile intervention which incorporates smoking-related genetic risk propensity and phenotypic risk (cigarettes smoked per day) into a risk communication tool designed to activate behavior change, specifically, to increase the use of smoking cessation medications and promote smoking-related behavior change.
This is a fully remote trial, with intervention delivered via video conferencing. | 74 |
| Brief Cessation Advice Participants will meet with a behavioral interventionist to receive standardized brief advice to quit smoking and encouragement to use freely-available smoking cessation resources. Participants will receive their personalized RiskProfile after all data collection has been completed.
This is a fully remote trial, with brief cessation advice delivered via video conferencing. | 74 |
| Total | 148 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 5 | 10 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Brief Cessation Advice | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 6 Participants | 12 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 68 Participants | 62 Participants | 130 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 73 Participants | 74 Participants | 147 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 27 Participants | 25 Participants | 52 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 45 Participants | 45 Participants | 90 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 74 participants | 74 participants | 148 participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female | 51 Participants | 54 Participants | 105 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male | 21 Participants | 19 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Non-binary | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Trans female / trans w | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 74 | 0 / 74 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 74 | 0 / 74 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 74 | 0 / 74 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day
Participants in both groups were asked In the past 30 days, how many days did you smoke cigarettes and On the days in which you smoked cigarettes in the past month, about how many cigarettes did you smoke. The values from these questions are multiplied together and then divided by 30 (days) to calculate the number of cigarettes smoked per day for each participant.
Time frame: Baseline, immediately prior to intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up
Population: Some participants did not complete assessments at prior to intervention, 30-day follow-up and 6 month follow-up so that is why the number of participants analyzed at these time points does not match the number of participants enrolled.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day | Self-reported cigarettes per day at baseline | 13.1 cigarettes smoked per day | Standard Deviation 8.2 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day | Self-reported cigarettes per day at prior to intervention | 12.0 cigarettes smoked per day | Standard Deviation 8.5 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day | Self-reported cigarettes per day at 30-day follow-up | 9.2 cigarettes smoked per day | Standard Deviation 8.4 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day | Self-reported cigarettes per day at 6-month follow-up | 7.3 cigarettes smoked per day | Standard Deviation 7.3 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day | Self-reported cigarettes per day at 6-month follow-up | 9.1 cigarettes smoked per day | Standard Deviation 8.1 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day | Self-reported cigarettes per day at baseline | 12.3 cigarettes smoked per day | Standard Deviation 7.7 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day | Self-reported cigarettes per day at 30-day follow-up | 9.7 cigarettes smoked per day | Standard Deviation 7.5 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day | Self-reported cigarettes per day at prior to intervention | 11.5 cigarettes smoked per day | Standard Deviation 7.5 |
Primary
Change in Use of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy in Past 30 Days
Participants in both groups were asked about their use of several smoking cessation medications (Question: In the past 30 days, have you used any of the following prescription medications or over-the-counter aids to help you quit or cut back on smoking?; Response options: 1=Bupropion or Zyban; 2=Varenicline or Chantix; 3=Nicotine patch; 4=Nicotine gum or lozenge; 5=Other (Specify).
Time frame: Baseline, immediately prior to intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up
Population: Some participants did not complete assessments at prior to intervention, 30-day follow-up and 6 month follow-up so that is why the number of participants analyzed at these time points does not match the number of participants enrolled.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Use of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy in Past 30 Days | Self-reported use of any smoking cessation medications at baseline | 11 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Use of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy in Past 30 Days | Self-reported use of any smoking cessation medications at prior to intervention | 9 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Use of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy in Past 30 Days | Self-reported use of any smoking cessation medications at 30-day follow-up | 16 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Use of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy in Past 30 Days | Self-reported use of any smoking cessation medications at 6-month follow-up | 15 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Use of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy in Past 30 Days | Self-reported use of any smoking cessation medications at 6-month follow-up | 8 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Use of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy in Past 30 Days | Self-reported use of any smoking cessation medications at baseline | 9 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Use of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy in Past 30 Days | Self-reported use of any smoking cessation medications at 30-day follow-up | 8 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Use of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy in Past 30 Days | Self-reported use of any smoking cessation medications at prior to intervention | 2 Participants |
Secondary
Change in Perceived Benefits of Cessation
Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of personal health benefits related to quitting smoking. This measure is based on 3 items from the Perceived Risks and Benefits Questionnaire (PRBQ) addressing benefits related to reduced risks of smoking-related diseases, avoidance of future health problems, and increased longevity if the participant were to quit smoking. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Very Unlikely to 5=Very Likely. Individual scores on the 3 items were then averaged together for a total scale range of 1 to 5. A higher score represents higher perceived benefits of cessation.
Time frame: Baseline, immediately following intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up
Population: Some participants did not complete assessments at baseline, immediately following intervention, 30-day follow-up and 6 month follow-up so that is why the number of participants analyzed at these time points does not match the number of participants enrolled.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Benefits of Cessation | Self-reported perception of benefits of cessation at baseline | 4.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Benefits of Cessation | Self-reported perception of benefits of cessation immediately following intervention receipt | 4.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Benefits of Cessation | Self-reported perception of benefits of cessation at 30-day follow-up | 4.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Benefits of Cessation | Self-reported perception of benefits of cessation at 6-month follow-up | 4.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Benefits of Cessation | Self-reported perception of benefits of cessation at 6-month follow-up | 4.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Benefits of Cessation | Self-reported perception of benefits of cessation at baseline | 4.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Benefits of Cessation | Self-reported perception of benefits of cessation at 30-day follow-up | 4.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Benefits of Cessation | Self-reported perception of benefits of cessation immediately following intervention receipt | 4.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
Secondary
Change in Perceived Disease Risk
Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of personal susceptibility to smoking-related diseases. This measure includes one item comprising the perceived susceptibility scale (Question: How likely is it for you to develop a smoking-related disease such as lung cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), if you continue to smoke?; Response options: 1=Very unlikely; 2=Somewhat unlikely; 3=Neither unlikely nor likely; 4=Somewhat likely; 5=Very likely). A higher score represents a higher perceived disease risk.
Time frame: Baseline, immediately following intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up
Population: Some participants did not complete assessments at baseline, immediately following intervention, 30-day follow-up and 6 month follow-up so that is why the number of participants analyzed at these time points does not match the number of participants enrolled.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Disease Risk | Baseline | 4.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Disease Risk | Immediately following intervention receipt | 4.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Disease Risk | 30-day follow-up | 4.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Disease Risk | 6-month follow-up | 4.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Disease Risk | 6-month follow-up | 4.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Disease Risk | Baseline | 4.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Disease Risk | 30-day follow-up | 4.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Disease Risk | Immediately following intervention receipt | 4.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
Secondary
Change in Perceived Value of Cessation Treatments
Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of the importance of using smoking cessation medications to help quit smoking. This measure includes 4 items modified from the Beliefs and Attitudes about Buproprion Scale which assesses perceived importance of using medications for smoking cessation, perceived confidence in medications as a smoking cessation aid, general expectancy that smoking cessation medications help people stop smoking, and perceived confidence in being able to use smoking cessation medications within the next month. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Not at all to 5=Extremely. Individual scores on the 4 items were then averaged together for at total scale range of 1-5. A higher score represents a higher perceived value of cessation treatment.
Time frame: Baseline, immediately following intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up
Population: Some participants did not complete assessments at immediately following intervention, 30-day follow-up and 6 month follow-up so that is why the number of participants analyzed at these time points does not match the number of participants enrolled.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Value of Cessation Treatments | Baseline | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Value of Cessation Treatments | Immediately following intervention receipt | 3.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Value of Cessation Treatments | 30-day follow-up | 3.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Perceived Value of Cessation Treatments | 6-month follow-up | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Value of Cessation Treatments | 6-month follow-up | 2.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Value of Cessation Treatments | Baseline | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Value of Cessation Treatments | 30-day follow-up | 2.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Perceived Value of Cessation Treatments | Immediately following intervention receipt | 2.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
Secondary
Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking
Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported stage of readiness to quit smoking. This measure includes one item based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change and measured along stages of Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, and Action. (Question: Are you thinking of quitting smoking?; Response options: 1=No, I am not seriously considering quitting within the next 6 months (Precontemplation); 2=Yes, I am seriously considering quitting within the next 6 months (Contemplation); 3=Yes, I am seriously planning to quit within the next 30 days (Preparation); 4=I have quit smoking within the past 6 months (Action). A higher score represents a higher stage of readiness to quit smoking.
Time frame: Baseline, immediately prior to intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up
Population: Some participants did not complete assessments at prior to intervention, 30-day follow-up and 6 month follow-up so that is why the number of participants analyzed at these time points does not match the number of participants enrolled.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 30-day follow-up, Precontemplation count | 8 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Baseline, Action count | 0 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 30-day follow-up, Contemplation count | 37 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Baseline, Contemplation count | 45 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 30-day follow-up, Preparation count | 22 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Prior to intervention, Precontemplation count | 12 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 30-day follow-up, Action count | 4 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Baseline, Precontemplation count | 16 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 6-month follow-up, Precontemplation count | 13 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Prior to intervention, Contemplation count | 41 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 6-month follow-up, Contemplation count | 29 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Baseline, Preparation count | 13 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 6-month follow-up, Preparation count | 16 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Prior to intervention, Preparation count | 17 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 6-month follow-up, Action count | 10 Participants |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Prior to intervention, Action count | 1 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 6-month follow-up, Action count | 7 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Baseline, Precontemplation count | 22 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Baseline, Contemplation count | 37 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Baseline, Preparation count | 15 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Baseline, Action count | 0 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Prior to intervention, Precontemplation count | 13 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Prior to intervention, Contemplation count | 39 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Prior to intervention, Action count | 1 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 30-day follow-up, Precontemplation count | 12 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 30-day follow-up, Contemplation count | 36 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 30-day follow-up, Preparation count | 13 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 30-day follow-up, Action count | 4 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 6-month follow-up, Precontemplation count | 4 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 6-month follow-up, Contemplation count | 43 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | 6-month follow-up, Preparation count | 9 Participants |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Readiness to Quit Smoking | Prior to intervention, Preparation count | 13 Participants |
Secondary
Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation
Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of personal ability to engage in activities that promote smoking cessation. This measure is based on 3 items modified from the Skill Self-Efficacy Scale and 3 items modified from the Try Self-Efficacy Scale. Skill self-efficacy items address confidence to solicit social support, avoid situations with a high risk of relapse, and distract oneself when experiencing cravings during a quit attempt. Try self-efficacy items address perceived personal ability to smoke fewer cigarettes a day, resist smoking for one week, and resist smoking for one month. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Not at all to 5=Very. Individual scores on the 3 items were then averaged together for a total scale range of 1-5. A higher score represents a higher perceived self-efficacy of cessation.
Time frame: Baseline, immediately following intervention receipt, 30-day follow-up, and 6-month follow-up
Population: Some participants did not complete assessments at immediately following intervention, 30-day follow-up and 6 month follow-up so that is why the number of participants analyzed at these time points does not match the number of participants enrolled.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported skill self-efficacy at baseline | 3.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported skill self-efficacy immediately following intervention receipt | 3.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported skill self-efficacy at 30-day follow-up | 3.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported skill self-efficacy at 6-month follow-up | 3.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported try self-efficacy at baseline | 2.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported try self-efficacy immediately following intervention receipt | 2.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported try self-efficacy at 30-day follow-up | 2.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported try self-efficacy at 6-month follow-up | 3.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported try self-efficacy at 6-month follow-up | 3.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported skill self-efficacy at baseline | 3.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported try self-efficacy at baseline | 2.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported skill self-efficacy immediately following intervention receipt | 3.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported try self-efficacy at 30-day follow-up | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported skill self-efficacy at 30-day follow-up | 3.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported try self-efficacy immediately following intervention receipt | 2.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Change in Self-efficacy of Cessation | Self-reported skill self-efficacy at 6-month follow-up | 3.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
Secondary
Personal Relevance of Intervention
Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of the extent to which the intervention was personally significant and applicable. This measure includes 4 items modified from the Personal Relevance Scale and addresses the extent to which the intervention helped participants learn something about themselves, the role that their personal characteristics play in their smoking, how smoking affects their life, and the impact on their smoking cessation attempts. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Strongly Disagree to 5=Strongly Agree. Individual scores on the 4 items were then averaged together for a total scale range of 1 to 5. A higher score represents a higher perception of personal relevance of the intervention.
Time frame: Immediately following intervention receipt
Population: Some participants did not complete the assessment immediately following intervention so that is why the number of participants analyzed does not match the number of participants enrolled.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Genetically-Informed RiskProfile | Personal Relevance of Intervention | 4.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Brief Cessation Advice | Personal Relevance of Intervention | 3.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |