Healthy Subjects, Opioid Antagonist, Pharmacokinetics
Conditions
Keywords
Opioid antagonist, Intranasal naloxone, Pharmacokinetics
Brief summary
Intranasal (IN) naloxone is available as 2 mg or 4 mg dose with the indication to re-administer additional doses every 2 to 3 minutes (using alternating nostrils) if needed until emergency medical assistance arrives. The 4 mg dose is distributed in packages of two nasal sprays (1 dose per nasal spray), but additional doses can be administered if needed and available. While the pharmacokinetics of IN naloxone have been determined following administration of a 4 mg dose in each nostril concurrently, the pharmacokinetics have not been determined following multiple doses when there is a 2-3 minute delay between doses and when doses are re-administered to the same nostril. Obtaining data with repeat dosing will inform if and how fast naloxone plasma concentrations can be reached to be able to reverse highly-potent opioid overdoses. This study will be a randomized, unblinded, three-way crossover study to determine naloxone plasma concentration after administration of multiple doses: A. Four 4 mg IN naloxone doses (1 dose every 2.5 minutes) B. Four 4 mg IN naloxone doses (2 doses every 2.5 minutes) C. Two 4 mg IN naloxone doses (1 dose every 2.5 minutes)
Detailed description
Naloxone, a fast-acting mu-opioid antagonist, is a treatment commonly used in reversing opioid overdose. Naloxone is available in multiple formulations, including for injection intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and more recently as a spray administered intranasally (IN). The IN naloxone formulation, which was approved in 2015, is of particular interest as there is a need for naloxone formulations for community use by caregivers and first responders/law enforcement who do not have medical training. It is critical to administer naloxone as quickly as possible to prevent irreversible brain damage and death. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Division of Applied Regulatory Science (DARS) has conducted modeling and simulation, evaluating how many doses of IN naloxone may be needed to reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression from fentanyl and fentanyl derivates under a range of overdose scenarios. These analyses have suggested that more than two doses of IN naloxone are sometimes required to reverse the effects of highly potent opioids (e.g., certain fentanyl derivatives). Experience with intranasal formulations for other products has shown that repeat administration of doses given in close proximity to the same nostril can influence drug exposure due to run-off from the application site, limited absorption, or other factors. While the pharmacokinetics of IN naloxone have been determined following administration of a 4 mg dose in each nostril concurrently, the pharmacokinetics have not been determined following multiple doses according to the FDA product label: * Administer a single spray intranasally into one nostril. * Administer additional doses using a new nasal spray with each dose, if the patient does not respond or responds and then relapses into respiratory depression, additional doses may be given every 2 to 3 minutes until emergency medical assistance arrives. This involves a 2-3 minute delay between each dose and re-administering to a previously dosed nostril starting with the 3rd dose, which may result in a less than dose-proportional increase in naloxone plasma concentration and/or delayed increase in naloxone exposure compared to the first 2 doses. Obtaining data with repeat dosing will inform if and how fast naloxone plasma concentrations can be reached to be able to reverse highly-potent opioid overdoses. This study will be a randomized, unblinded, three-way crossover study to determine naloxone plasma concentration after administration of multiple doses: A. Four 4 mg IN naloxone doses (1 dose every 2.5 minutes) B. Four 4 mg IN naloxone doses (2 doses every 2.5 minutes) C. Two 4 mg IN naloxone doses (1 dose every 2.5 minutes) The above 3 treatments will be evaluated in a randomized order over 3 treatment periods. Healthy subjects will be randomized to one of six treatment sequences (i.e., ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA). Subjects will report to the study site for screening from Days -28 to -2 and then will return to the site on Day -1 for baseline assessments and check-in. After check-in (Day -1), subjects will receive dosing for the 3 respective treatment periods on Days 1, 4 and 7. There will be two days of washout between each treatment period. Participants will be confined in the study clinic from Day -1 until the morning of Day 8. On dosing days, dosing will occur as per the treatment description and pharmacokinetic (PK) assessments will occur at 16 different time points.
Interventions
DRUGFour naloxone nasal spray doses (1 every 2.5 min)
Four 4 mg IN naloxone doses (left nostril at 0 min, right nostril at 2.5 min, left nostril at 5 min, right nostril at 7.5 min
DRUGFour naloxone nasal spray doses (2 every 2.5 min)
Four 4 mg IN naloxone doses (left and right nostrils at 0 min, left and right nostrils at 2.5 min)
DRUGTwo naloxone nasal spray doses (1 every 2.5 min)
Two 4 mg IN naloxone doses (left nostril at 0 min, right nostril at 2.5 min)
Sponsors
Spaulding Clinical Research LLC
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Masking description
The study will be unblinded as the product is administered intranasally and different arms will have a different number of administrations at different times.
Intervention model description
This is a three-way crossover study where subjects will be randomized to one of six possible treatment sequences.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 55 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. Subject signs an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved written informed consent and privacy language as per national regulations (e.g., Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act authorization \[HIPAA\]) before any study related procedures are performed. 2. Subject is a healthy, non-smoking man or woman, 18 to 55 years of age, inclusive, who has a body mass index of 18.5 to 32 kg/m2, inclusive, at Screening. 3. Subject has normal medical history findings, clinical laboratory results, vital sign measurements, 12 lead ECG results, and physical examination findings at screening or, if abnormal, the abnormality is not considered clinically significant (as determined and documented by the investigator or designee). 4. Subject must have a negative test result for alcohol and drugs of abuse at screening and check-in (Day -1). 5. Subject must test negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by a molecular diagnostic test at check-in (Day -1). If a subject's test comes back inconclusive, it can be repeated. 6. Female subjects must be of non-childbearing potential or, if they are of childbearing potential, they must: 1) have been strictly abstinent for 1 month before check-in (Day -1) and agree to remain strictly abstinent for the duration of the study and for at least 1month after the last application of study drug; OR 2) be practicing 2 highly effective methods of birth control (as determined by the investigator or designee; one of the methods must be a barrier technique) from at least 1 month before check-in (Day -1) until at least 1 month after the end of the study. 7. Male subjects must agree to practice 2 highly effective methods of birth control (as determined by the investigator or designee) from at least 1 month before check-in (Day -1) until at least 1 month after the last application of study drug. 8. Subject is highly likely (as determined by the investigator) to comply with the protocol defined procedures and to complete the study.
Exclusion criteria
1. Subject has a deviated septum or previous nasal surgeries or need to use another nasal spray product during study that would impact administration of the intranasal drug. 2. Subject has had an episode of epistaxis or an upper respiratory infection in the previous month. 3. Subject has used any prescription or nonprescription drugs (including aspirin or NSAIDs and excluding oral contraceptives and acetaminophen) within 14 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) or complementary and alternative medicines within 28 days before the first dose of study drug. 4. Subject is currently participating in another clinical study of an investigational drug or has been dosed with any investigational drug within 30 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) of the compound. 5. Subject has used nicotine-containing products (e.g., cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, snuff) within 6 weeks of Screening. 6. Subject has consumed alcohol, xanthine containing products (e.g., tea, coffee, cola), caffeine, grapefruit, or grapefruit juice within 24 h of check-in. Subjects must refrain from ingesting these throughout the study. 7. Subject has any underlying disease or surgical or medical condition (e.g., cancer, human immunodeficiency virus \[HIV\], severe hepatic or renal impairment) that could put the subject at risk or would normally prevent participation in a clinical study. This includes subjects with any underlying medical conditions that the Investigator believes would put subjects at increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19 based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. The CDC lists cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunocompromised state from solid organ transplant, severe obesity, serious heart conditions, sickle cell disease, pregnancy, smoking and type 2 diabetes mellitus as conditions that put subjects at increased risk. Additionally, the CDC lists asthma (moderate-to-severe), cerebrovascular disease, cystic fibrosis, hypertension, immunocompromised state or immune deficiencies, neurologic conditions such as dementia, liver disease, pulmonary fibrosis, thalassemia, overweight, type 1 diabetes mellitus as conditions that might put subjects at increased risk. 8. Subject has any signs or symptoms that are consistent with COVID-19 per CDC recommendations. These include subjects with fever or chills, cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, fatigue, muscle or body aches, headache, new loss of taste or smell, sore throat, congestion or runny nose, nausea or vomiting, or diarrhea may have COVID-19. In addition, the subject has any other findings suggestive of COVID-19 risk in the opinion of the investigator. 9. Subject has known or suspected allergies or sensitivities to the study drug. 10. Subject has clinical laboratory test results (hematology, serum chemistry and urinalysis) at Screening or check-In that are outside the reference ranges provided by the clinical laboratory and considered clinically significant by the investigator. 11. Subject has a positive test result at Screening for HIV 1 or 2 antibody, hepatitis C virus antibodies, or hepatitis B surface antigen. 12. Subject is unable or unwilling to undergo multiple venipunctures for blood sample collection because of poor tolerability or unlikely to complete the trial due to poor venous access. 13. Female subject is pregnant or lactating before enrollment in the study.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min) | 10, 12.5, and 15 minutes, 10 minutes reported | Naloxone plasma concentrations will be determined at specified timepoints. The four naloxone nasal spray dose arm (1 dose every 2.5 min) will be compared separately to the two naloxone nasal spray dose arm (1 dose every 2.5 min). |
| First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm (2 Doses Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min) | 4.5, 7, and 10 minutes | Naloxone plasma concentrations will be determined at specified timepoints. The four naloxone nasal spray dose arm (2 doses every 2.5 min) will be compared separately to the two naloxone nasal spray dose arm (1 dose every 2.5 min). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Area Under the Curve From Time 0 to Infinity (AUC0-inf) | 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes | Dose proportionality based on AUC0-inf will be compared between each of the three IN naloxone treatments as a secondary endpoint. For the comparisons, the 4 naloxone dose arms will be considered as the test and the reference will be the 2 naloxone dose arm. An additional comparison will be performed between the 4 naloxone dose arm B (2 doses every 2.5 min) as test and the 4 naloxone dose arm A (1 dose every 2.5 min) as reference. Values are reported as dose-normalized AUC0-inf. |
| Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Area Under the Curve From Time 0 to Last Sample (AUC0-t) | 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes | Dose proportionality based on AUC0-t will be compared between each of the three IN naloxone treatments as a secondary endpoint. For the comparisons, the 4 naloxone dose arms will be considered as the test and the reference will be the 2 naloxone dose arm. An additional comparison will be performed between the 4 naloxone dose arm B (2 doses every 2.5 min) as test and the 4 naloxone dose arm A (1 dose every 2.5 min) as reference. Values are reported as dose-normalized AUC0-t. |
| Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Fentanyl for a Medium Overdose Scenario | 720 minutes | Data from this study will be combined with an existing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for opioid-induced respiratory depression to determine mean time to rescue. An intravenous fentanyl dose of 1.63 mg was selected as representative of a medium overdose scenario. The first naloxone dose in the simulations was administered 1 minute after ventilation decreased to 40% of baseline. Brain hypoxia (time to rescue a simulated patient) was defined as time brain oxygen partial pressure was less than 20 mm Hg and cardiac arrest was defined as the time cardiac output was less than 0.01 L/min. A value of 120 minutes means that simulated patients for that measure/dispersion metric were not predicted to recovered for the opioid dose and intervention. |
| Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Fentanyl for a High Overdose Scenario | 720 minutes | Data from this study will be combined with an existing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for opioid-induced respiratory depression to determine mean time to rescue. An intravenous fentanyl dose of 2.97 mg was selected as representative of a medium overdose scenario. The first naloxone dose in the simulations was administered 1 minute after ventilation decreased to 40% of baseline. Brain hypoxia (time to rescue a simulated patient) was defined as time brain oxygen partial pressure was less than 20 mm Hg and cardiac arrest was defined as the time cardiac output was less than 0.01 L/min. A value of 120 minutes means that simulated patients for that measure/dispersion metric were not predicted to recovered for the opioid dose and intervention. |
| Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Carfentanil for a Medium Overdose Scenario | 720 min | Data from this study will be combined with an existing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for opioid-induced respiratory depression to determine mean time to rescue. An intravenous carfentanil dose of 0.012 mg was selected as representative of a medium overdose scenario. The first naloxone dose in the simulations was administered 1 minute after ventilation decreased to 40% of baseline. Brain hypoxia (time to rescue a simulated patient) was defined as time brain oxygen partial pressure was less than 20 mm Hg and cardiac arrest was defined as the time cardiac output was less than 0.01 L/min. A value of 120 minutes means that simulated patients for that measure/dispersion metric were not predicted to recovered for the opioid dose and intervention. |
| Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Carfentanil for a High Overdose Scenario | 720 min | Data from this study will be combined with an existing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for opioid-induced respiratory depression to determine mean time to rescue. An intravenous carfentanil dose of 0.022 mg was selected as representative of a medium overdose scenario. The first naloxone dose in the simulations was administered 1 minute after ventilation decreased to 40% of baseline. Brain hypoxia (time to rescue a simulated patient) was defined as time brain oxygen partial pressure was less than 20 mm Hg and cardiac arrest was defined as the time cardiac output was less than 0.01 L/min. A value of 120 minutes means that simulated patients for that measure/dispersion metric were not predicted to recovered for the opioid dose and intervention. |
| First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm B (2 Doses Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm A (1 Dose Every 2.5 Minutes) | 4.5, 7, and 10 minutes | Naloxone plasma concentrations will be determined at specified timepoints. The 4 naloxone dose arm B (2 doses every 2.5 min) will be compared to the 4 naloxone dose arm A (1 dose every 2.5 min) |
| Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Maximum Concentration (Cmax). | 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes | Dose proportionality based on Cmax will be compared between each of the three IN naloxone treatments as a secondary endpoint. For the comparisons, the 4 naloxone dose arms will be considered as the test and the reference will be the 2 naloxone dose arm. An additional comparison will be performed between the 4 naloxone dose arm B (2 doses every 2.5 min) as test and the 4 naloxone dose arm A (1 dose every 2.5 min) as reference. Values are reported as dose-normalized Cmax. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Naloxone Time of Maximum Concentration (Tmax) | 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes | PK parameter tmax for naloxone will be calculated |
| Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, and 30 minutes | PK parameter pAUC from time 0 to 30 minutes for naloxone will be calculated |
| Naloxone AUC0-inf | 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes | PK parameter AUC0-inf for naloxone will be calculated |
| Naloxone AUC0-t | 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes | PK parameter AUC0-t for naloxone will be calculated |
| Naloxone Cmax | 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes | PK parameter for Cmax will be calculated |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| All Participants Participants were randomized to 1 of 6 treatment sequences (i.e., ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA) and over 3 treatment periods received received 3 treatments as follows:
Treatment A: Four 4 mg IN naloxone doses (1 dose every 2.5 min; Left nostril at 0 min, Right nostril at 2.5 min, Left nostril at 5 min, Right nostril at 7.5 min) Treatment B: Four 4 mg IN naloxone doses (2 doses every 2.5 min; Left and Right nostril at 0 min, Left and Right nostril at 2.5 min) Treatment C: Two 4 mg IN naloxone doses (Left nostril at 0 min, Right nostril at 2.5 min) | 21 |
| Total | 21 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | All Participants |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 34 Years |
| Body mass index | 28.4 kg/m^2 |
| Body weight | 79.6 kg |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 4 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 17 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 9 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 11 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 21 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 11 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 21 | 0 / 21 | 0 / 21 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 11 / 21 | 5 / 21 | 8 / 21 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 21 | 0 / 21 | 0 / 21 |
Outcome results
Primary
First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min)
Naloxone plasma concentrations will be determined at specified timepoints. The four naloxone nasal spray dose arm (1 dose every 2.5 min) will be compared separately to the two naloxone nasal spray dose arm (1 dose every 2.5 min).
Time frame: 10, 12.5, and 15 minutes, 10 minutes reported
Population: Includes any participant who had naloxone plasma concentration samples available within the specified PK sampling window and who did not miss one of the assigned doses. Prespecified timepoints for comparison were 10, 12.5, and 15 minutes. Only the data for the first timepoint when there is a higher naloxone plasma concentration in the 4 naloxone dose arm was prespecified for reporting. 10-minute data is shown. below
| Arm | Measure | Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min) | 8.49 ng/mL | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 70 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min) | 4.42 ng/mL | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 159 |
Comparison: Up to three different time points have been pre-specified for the comparison (10, 12.5, and 15 min). Time points will be evaluated from earliest to latest time. Testing will proceed until either one passes or all pre-specified time points fail. Subject-level naloxone concentrations will be log-transformed. Naloxone concentrations below the lower limit of quantification will result in that time point from that subject being removed for comparisons involving that treatment arm.p-value: 0.002t-test, 1 sided
Primary
First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm (2 Doses Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min)
Naloxone plasma concentrations will be determined at specified timepoints. The four naloxone nasal spray dose arm (2 doses every 2.5 min) will be compared separately to the two naloxone nasal spray dose arm (1 dose every 2.5 min).
Time frame: 4.5, 7, and 10 minutes
Population: Includes any participant who had naloxone plasma concentration samples available within the specified PK sampling window and who did not miss one of the assigned doses. Prespecified timepoints for comparison were 4.5, 7, and 10 minutes. Only the data for the first timepoint when there is a higher naloxone plasma concentration in the 4 naloxone dose arm (2 doses every 2.5 min) was prespecified for reporting. 4.5-minute data is shown. below
| Arm | Measure | Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm (2 Doses Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min) | 2.24 ng/mL | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 134 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm (2 Doses Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm (1 Every 2.5 Min) | 1.23 ng/mL | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 250 |
Comparison: Up to three different time points have been pre-specified for the comparison (4.5, 7, and 10 minutes). Time points will be evaluated from earliest to latest time. Testing will proceed until either one passes or all pre-specified time points fail. Subject-level naloxone concentrations will be log-transformed. Naloxone concentrations below the lower limit of quantification will result in that time point from that subject being removed for comparisons involving that treatment arm.p-value: 0.018t-test, 1 sided
Secondary
Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Area Under the Curve From Time 0 to Infinity (AUC0-inf)
Dose proportionality based on AUC0-inf will be compared between each of the three IN naloxone treatments as a secondary endpoint. For the comparisons, the 4 naloxone dose arms will be considered as the test and the reference will be the 2 naloxone dose arm. An additional comparison will be performed between the 4 naloxone dose arm B (2 doses every 2.5 min) as test and the 4 naloxone dose arm A (1 dose every 2.5 min) as reference. Values are reported as dose-normalized AUC0-inf.
Time frame: 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes
Population: Includes any participant who received study drug and had at least one post-dose sample collected.
| Arm | Measure | Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Area Under the Curve From Time 0 to Infinity (AUC0-inf) | 4.18 ng/mL * hr / mg (dose) | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 25 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Area Under the Curve From Time 0 to Infinity (AUC0-inf) | 3.79 ng/mL * hr / mg (dose) | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 26 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Area Under the Curve From Time 0 to Infinity (AUC0-inf) | 5.05 ng/mL * hr / mg (dose) | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 21 |
Comparison: Dose-adjusted values for AUC0-inf will be calculated based on noncompartmental PK parameter results, normalized to per mg of naloxone administered. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, comparisons of log-transformed dose-adjusted PK parameters will be performed. Treatment will be a fixed effect. Participant will be included as a random effect on the intercept.p-value: 0.00290% CI: [0.76, 0.91]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: Dose-adjusted values for AUC0-inf will be calculated based on noncompartmental PK parameter results, normalized to per mg of naloxone administered. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, comparisons of log-transformed dose-adjusted PK parameters will be performed. Treatment will be a fixed effect. Participant will be included as a random effect on the intercept.p-value: <0.00190% CI: [0.7, 0.81]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: Dose-adjusted values for AUC0-inf will be calculated based on noncompartmental PK parameter results, normalized to per mg of naloxone administered. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, comparisons of log-transformed dose-adjusted PK parameters will be performed. Treatment will be a fixed effect. Participant will be included as a random effect on the intercept.p-value: 0.01490% CI: [0.85, 0.97]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Area Under the Curve From Time 0 to Last Sample (AUC0-t)
Dose proportionality based on AUC0-t will be compared between each of the three IN naloxone treatments as a secondary endpoint. For the comparisons, the 4 naloxone dose arms will be considered as the test and the reference will be the 2 naloxone dose arm. An additional comparison will be performed between the 4 naloxone dose arm B (2 doses every 2.5 min) as test and the 4 naloxone dose arm A (1 dose every 2.5 min) as reference. Values are reported as dose-normalized AUC0-t.
Time frame: 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes
Population: Includes any participant who received study drug and had at least one post-dose sample collected.
| Arm | Measure | Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Area Under the Curve From Time 0 to Last Sample (AUC0-t) | 4.13 ng/mL * hr / mg (dose) | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 25 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Area Under the Curve From Time 0 to Last Sample (AUC0-t) | 3.74 ng/mL * hr / mg (dose) | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 26 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Area Under the Curve From Time 0 to Last Sample (AUC0-t) | 5.05 ng/mL * hr / mg (dose) | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 21 |
Comparison: Dose-adjusted values for AUC0-t will be calculated based on noncompartmental PK parameter results, normalized to per mg of naloxone administered. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, comparisons of log-transformed dose-adjusted PK parameters will be performed. Treatment will be a fixed effect. Participant will be included as a random effect on the intercept.p-value: <0.00190% CI: [0.69, 0.8]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: Dose-adjusted values for AUC0-t will be calculated based on noncompartmental PK parameter results, normalized to per mg of naloxone administered. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, comparisons of log-transformed dose-adjusted PK parameters will be performed. Treatment will be a fixed effect. Participant will be included as a random effect on the intercept.p-value: 0.01490% CI: [0.85, 0.96]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: Dose-adjusted values for AUC0-t will be calculated based on noncompartmental PK parameter results, normalized to per mg of naloxone administered. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, comparisons of log-transformed dose-adjusted PK parameters will be performed. Treatment will be a fixed effect. Participant will be included as a random effect on the intercept.p-value: 0.00190% CI: [0.75, 0.89]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Maximum Concentration (Cmax).
Dose proportionality based on Cmax will be compared between each of the three IN naloxone treatments as a secondary endpoint. For the comparisons, the 4 naloxone dose arms will be considered as the test and the reference will be the 2 naloxone dose arm. An additional comparison will be performed between the 4 naloxone dose arm B (2 doses every 2.5 min) as test and the 4 naloxone dose arm A (1 dose every 2.5 min) as reference. Values are reported as dose-normalized Cmax.
Time frame: 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes
Population: Includes any participant who receive study drug and have at least one post-dose sample collected.
| Arm | Measure | Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Maximum Concentration (Cmax). | 1.10 ng/mL / mg (dose) | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 36 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Maximum Concentration (Cmax). | 0.96 ng/mL / mg (dose) | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 44 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Dose-proportionality of the 4 Naloxone Dose Arms in Reference to the 2 Naloxone Dose Arm Based on Maximum Concentration (Cmax). | 1.25 ng/mL / mg (dose) | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 48 |
Comparison: Dose-adjusted values for Cmax will be calculated based on noncompartmental PK parameter results, normalized to per mg of naloxone administered. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, comparisons of log-transformed dose-adjusted PK parameters will be performed. Treatment will be a fixed effect. Participant will be included as a random effect on the intercept.p-value: 0.190% CI: [0.78, 1]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: Dose-adjusted values for Cmax will be calculated based on noncompartmental PK parameter results, normalized to per mg of naloxone administered. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, comparisons of log-transformed dose-adjusted PK parameters will be performed. Treatment will be a fixed effect. Participant will be included as a random effect on the intercept.p-value: 0.01890% CI: [0.65, 0.92]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: Dose-adjusted values for Cmax will be calculated based on noncompartmental PK parameter results, normalized to per mg of naloxone administered. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, comparisons of log-transformed dose-adjusted PK parameters will be performed. Treatment will be a fixed effect. Participant will be included as a random effect on the intercept.p-value: 0.1290% CI: [0.75, 1.01]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm B (2 Doses Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm A (1 Dose Every 2.5 Minutes)
Naloxone plasma concentrations will be determined at specified timepoints. The 4 naloxone dose arm B (2 doses every 2.5 min) will be compared to the 4 naloxone dose arm A (1 dose every 2.5 min)
Time frame: 4.5, 7, and 10 minutes
Population: Includes any participant who had naloxone plasma concentration samples available within the specified PK sampling window and who did not miss one of the assigned doses. Prespecified timepoints for comparison were 4.5, 7, and 10 minutes. Only the data for the first timepoint when there is a higher naloxone plasma concentration in the 4 naloxone dose arm (2 every 2.5 min) was prespecified for reporting. 4.5-minute data is shown. below
| Arm | Measure | Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm B (2 Doses Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm A (1 Dose Every 2.5 Minutes) | 2.24 ng/mL | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 134 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | First Timepoint When There is a Higher Naloxone Plasma Concentration in the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm B (2 Doses Every 2.5 Min) Compared to the 4 Naloxone Dose Arm A (1 Dose Every 2.5 Minutes) | 1.33 ng/mL | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 124 |
Comparison: Up to three different time points have been pre-specified for the comparison (4.5, 7, and 10 minutes). Time points will be evaluated from earliest to latest time. Testing will proceed until either one passes or all pre-specified time points fail. Subject-level naloxone concentrations will be log-transformed. Naloxone concentrations below the lower limit of quantification will result in that time point from that subject being removed for comparisons involving that treatment arm.p-value: 0.013t-test, 1 sided
Secondary
Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Carfentanil for a High Overdose Scenario
Data from this study will be combined with an existing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for opioid-induced respiratory depression to determine mean time to rescue. An intravenous carfentanil dose of 0.022 mg was selected as representative of a medium overdose scenario. The first naloxone dose in the simulations was administered 1 minute after ventilation decreased to 40% of baseline. Brain hypoxia (time to rescue a simulated patient) was defined as time brain oxygen partial pressure was less than 20 mm Hg and cardiac arrest was defined as the time cardiac output was less than 0.01 L/min. A value of 120 minutes means that simulated patients for that measure/dispersion metric were not predicted to recovered for the opioid dose and intervention.
Time frame: 720 min
Population: Simulated patient data are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR) based on 200 randomly selected simulated patients from a population of 2000 with different pharmacokinetic and binding parameters and repeating this 2500 times with replacement. Reported result is the median and interquartile range from 2500 simulated studies with 200 simulated patients each.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Carfentanil for a High Overdose Scenario | 120 min |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Carfentanil for a High Overdose Scenario | 120 min |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Carfentanil for a High Overdose Scenario | 120 min |
Secondary
Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Carfentanil for a Medium Overdose Scenario
Data from this study will be combined with an existing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for opioid-induced respiratory depression to determine mean time to rescue. An intravenous carfentanil dose of 0.012 mg was selected as representative of a medium overdose scenario. The first naloxone dose in the simulations was administered 1 minute after ventilation decreased to 40% of baseline. Brain hypoxia (time to rescue a simulated patient) was defined as time brain oxygen partial pressure was less than 20 mm Hg and cardiac arrest was defined as the time cardiac output was less than 0.01 L/min. A value of 120 minutes means that simulated patients for that measure/dispersion metric were not predicted to recovered for the opioid dose and intervention.
Time frame: 720 min
Population: Simulated patient data are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR) based on 200 randomly selected simulated patients from a population of 2000 with different pharmacokinetic and binding parameters and repeating this 2500 times with replacement. Reported result is the median and interquartile range from 2500 simulated studies with 200 simulated patients each.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Carfentanil for a Medium Overdose Scenario | 2.3 min |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Carfentanil for a Medium Overdose Scenario | 1 min |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Carfentanil for a Medium Overdose Scenario | 2.3 min |
Secondary
Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Fentanyl for a High Overdose Scenario
Data from this study will be combined with an existing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for opioid-induced respiratory depression to determine mean time to rescue. An intravenous fentanyl dose of 2.97 mg was selected as representative of a medium overdose scenario. The first naloxone dose in the simulations was administered 1 minute after ventilation decreased to 40% of baseline. Brain hypoxia (time to rescue a simulated patient) was defined as time brain oxygen partial pressure was less than 20 mm Hg and cardiac arrest was defined as the time cardiac output was less than 0.01 L/min. A value of 120 minutes means that simulated patients for that measure/dispersion metric were not predicted to recovered for the opioid dose and intervention.
Time frame: 720 minutes
Population: Simulated patient data are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR) based on 200 randomly selected simulated patients from a population of 2000 with different pharmacokinetic and binding parameters and repeating this 2500 times with replacement. Reported result is the median and interquartile range from 2500 simulated studies with 200 simulated patients each.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Fentanyl for a High Overdose Scenario | 4.5 min |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Fentanyl for a High Overdose Scenario | 3.7 min |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Fentanyl for a High Overdose Scenario | 4.5 min |
Secondary
Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Fentanyl for a Medium Overdose Scenario
Data from this study will be combined with an existing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for opioid-induced respiratory depression to determine mean time to rescue. An intravenous fentanyl dose of 1.63 mg was selected as representative of a medium overdose scenario. The first naloxone dose in the simulations was administered 1 minute after ventilation decreased to 40% of baseline. Brain hypoxia (time to rescue a simulated patient) was defined as time brain oxygen partial pressure was less than 20 mm Hg and cardiac arrest was defined as the time cardiac output was less than 0.01 L/min. A value of 120 minutes means that simulated patients for that measure/dispersion metric were not predicted to recovered for the opioid dose and intervention.
Time frame: 720 minutes
Population: Simulated patient data are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR) based on 200 randomly selected simulated patients from a population of 2000 with different pharmacokinetic and binding parameters and repeating this 2500 times with replacement. Reported result is the median and interquartile range from 2500 simulated studies with 200 simulated patients each.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Fentanyl for a Medium Overdose Scenario | 2.2 min |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Fentanyl for a Medium Overdose Scenario | 1.6 min |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Predicted Time to Rescue a Patient From Simulated Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression From Fentanyl for a Medium Overdose Scenario | 2.2 min |
Other Pre-specified
Naloxone AUC0-inf
PK parameter AUC0-inf for naloxone will be calculated
Time frame: 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes
Population: Includes any participant who received study drug and had at least one post-dose sample collected.
| Arm | Measure | Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone AUC0-inf | 1606 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 25 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone AUC0-inf | 1455 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 26 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone AUC0-inf | 978 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 20 |
Other Pre-specified
Naloxone AUC0-t
PK parameter AUC0-t for naloxone will be calculated
Time frame: 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes
Population: Includes any participant who received study drug and had at least one post-dose sample collected.
| Arm | Measure | Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone AUC0-t | 1587 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 25 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone AUC0-t | 1437 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 26 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone AUC0-t | 970 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 21 |
Other Pre-specified
Naloxone Cmax
PK parameter for Cmax will be calculated
Time frame: 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes
Population: Includes any participant who received study drug and had at least one post-dose sample collected.
| Arm | Measure | Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Cmax | 17.6 ng/mL | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 36 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Cmax | 15.4 ng/mL | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 44 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Cmax | 10.0 ng/mL | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 48 |
Other Pre-specified
Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes
PK parameter pAUC from time 0 to 30 minutes for naloxone will be calculated
Time frame: 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, and 30 minutes
Population: Includes any participant who received study drug and had at least one post-dose sample collected. Partial AUCs are reported for 0 minutes to 7 minutes, 0 minutes to 10 minutes, 0 minutes to 12.5 minutes, 0 minutes to 15 minutes, 0 minutes to 20 minutes, and 0 minutes to 30 minute.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (GEOMETRIC_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 7.5 minutes | 9.2 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 108 |
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 10 minutes | 28.0 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 87 |
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 12.5 minutes | 54.1 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 74 |
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 15 minutes | 86.3 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 68 |
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 20 minutes | 162.7 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 54 |
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 30 minutes | 298.7 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 40 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 30 minutes | 279.5 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 46 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 7.5 minutes | 12.9 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 121 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 15 minutes | 93.9 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 70 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 20 minutes | 161.4 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 57 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 10 minutes | 34.6 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 93 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 12.5 minutes | 58.6 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 87 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 10 minutes | 17.2 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 176 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 12.5 minutes | 28.8 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 176 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 30 minutes | 167.7 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 37 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 15 minutes | 44.9 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 137 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 7.5 minutes | 6.0 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 275 |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Partial Area Under the Curve (pAUC) From First Dose to 30 Minutes | Partial AUC 0 to 20 minutes | 84.0 ng/mL * hr | Geometric Coefficient of Variation 97 |
Other Pre-specified
Naloxone Time of Maximum Concentration (Tmax)
PK parameter tmax for naloxone will be calculated
Time frame: 0 [pre-dose], 2, 4.5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 720 minutes
Population: Includes any participant who received study drug and had at least one post-dose sample collected.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| A. Four Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Time of Maximum Concentration (Tmax) | 15 min |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Time of Maximum Concentration (Tmax) | 15 min |
| C. Two Naloxone Nasal Spray Doses (1 Every 2.5 Min) | Naloxone Time of Maximum Concentration (Tmax) | 20 min |