Pain, Pain, Acute, Pain, Chronic, Pain, Intractable
Conditions
Keywords
Pain, Emergency Department, Therapy Dog
Brief summary
The goal of this unique 18 month study is to better understand the experiences of pain patients in the Royal University Hospital (RUH) Emergency Department (ED), to create excellence in health care. The purpose is to measure the impact of visiting therapy dogs on reducing ED patient pain.
Detailed description
The goal of this unique 18 month study is to better understand the experiences of pain patients in the Royal University Hospital (RUH) Emergency Department (ED), to create excellence in health care. The purpose is to measure the impact of visiting therapy dogs on reducing ED patient pain. The background rationale is that pain is the primary reason individuals attend an ED, patient pain is generally not well managed in EDs, Saskatchewan EDs have among the longest wait times in the country, and anxiety associated with ED waiting can negatively impact patients' pain. Research suggests a therapy dog can change patients' perceptions of pain and its intensity and facilitate relaxation. The intervention will be examined for its impact on patients' sensory pain (i.e., physical pain severity), affective pain (i.e., emotional pain unpleasantness) and anxiety. It is important to find creative, low-cost ways to respond to patients attending the ED for pain. The primary objective of this study is to generate new health-related knowledge on the ED pain patient experience. The secondary objectives are to implement effective end-of-grant knowledge translation and dissemination strategies and undertake a successful model of collaborative, multidisciplinary research among researchers, patient advisors and system representatives, rooted in a One Health framework.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALTherapy Dog Team Visit
For the intervention group, patient interacts with the therapy dog, handler shares information about the therapy dog, asks about patient's pets, and offers a trading card of the therapy dog at the conclusion of the visit.
Sponsors
Royal University Hospital Foundation
University of Saskatchewan
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Masking description
Consent will be obtained using a deceptive consent form, which will explain that this is a pain study, but will omit any information regarding therapy dogs. Once all measures are taken, the participants will be explained the deception and asked to sign the true consent form.
Intervention model description
Data is to be collected 5 days a week, with animal testing days alternating with control days.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Over the age of 18 * Able to provide consent * Attending the Emergency Department because of pain/discomfort * Canadian Triage and Acuity Score (CTAS) of 2-5 * Willing to visit with a therapy dog team (intervention group only)
Exclusion criteria
* Pain medications (specifically immediate release acetaminophen and opioid analgesics) within an hour prior to the visit
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 20 minutes post visit | Participants Stratified by Pain scores Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes, Pain Scores at 20 Minutes Post Visit. |
| Change in Pain Score | Baseline visit compared to 20 minutes post-visit | Pain score using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 20 minutes post-visit | Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes, Depression Scores at 20 Minutes Post Visit |
| Change in Blood Pressure | 20 minutes post-visit | Mean arterial blood pressure using a blood pressure cuff |
| Change in Heart Rate | 20 minutes post-visit | Radial pulse |
| Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 20 minutes post-visit | Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes, Well-being Scores at 20 Minutes Post Visit. |
| Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 20 minutes post-visit | Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes, Anxiety Scores at 20 Minutes Post Visit |
Countries
Canada
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Recruitment took place at the Emergency Department of the Royal University Hospital in Saskatoon, SK, between June and September of 2019.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit Patient interacts with the therapy dog and handler.
Therapy Dog Team Visit: For the intervention group, patient interacts with the therapy dog, handler shares information about the therapy dog, asks about patient's pets, and offers a trading card of the therapy dog at the conclusion of the visit. | 107 |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit No patient interaction with the therapy dog or handler. | 104 |
| Total | 211 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 10 | 3 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Therapy Dog Team Visit | Total | No Therapy Dog Team Visit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 60 years | 62 years | 63 years |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 0 | 36 Participants | 79 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 1 | 9 Participants | 20 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 10 | 4 Participants | 11 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 2 | 7 Participants | 19 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 3 | 6 Participants | 15 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 4 | 11 Participants | 13 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 5 | 9 Participants | 20 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 6 | 11 Participants | 15 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 7 | 7 Participants | 10 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 8 | 7 Participants | 9 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Anxiety Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 9 | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Blood Pressure Diastolic | 74 mm HG | 73 mm HG | 73 mm HG |
| Blood Pressure Systolic | 126 mm HG | 127 mm HG | 129 mm HG |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 0 | 52 Participants | 111 Participants | 59 Participants |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 1 | 4 Participants | 10 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 10 | 5 Participants | 7 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 2 | 9 Participants | 17 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 3 | 13 Participants | 16 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 4 | 5 Participants | 7 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 5 | 3 Participants | 12 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 6 | 7 Participants | 11 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 7 | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 8 | 6 Participants | 10 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Depression Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 9 | 1 Participants | 6 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Heart Rate | 77 bpm | 77 bpm | 77 bpm |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 0 | 43 Participants | 86 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 1 | 6 Participants | 13 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 10 | 6 Participants | 7 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 2 | 9 Participants | 20 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 3 | 7 Participants | 15 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 4 | 4 Participants | 13 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 5 | 7 Participants | 15 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 6 | 11 Participants | 16 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 7 | 5 Participants | 11 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 8 | 6 Participants | 9 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Pain Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 9 | 3 Participants | 6 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnic Origin Aboriginal Peoples of North America | 9 Participants | 25 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnic Origin Black | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnic Origin Filipino | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnic Origin South Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnic Origin White | 95 Participants | 176 Participants | 81 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnic Origin White, Aboriginal Peoples of North America | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Canada | 109 participants | 211 participants | 102 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 47 Participants | 94 Participants | 47 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 60 Participants | 117 Participants | 57 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 0 | 6 Participants | 19 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 1 | 5 Participants | 11 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 10 | 5 Participants | 8 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 2 | 7 Participants | 23 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 3 | 18 Participants | 26 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 4 | 11 Participants | 23 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 5 | 17 Participants | 42 Participants | 25 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 6 | 13 Participants | 20 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 7 | 16 Participants | 24 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 8 | 6 Participants | 9 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Well-being Score (ESAS-r) A higher number represents a worse outcome 9 | 2 Participants | 5 Participants | 3 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Pain Score
Pain score using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline visit compared to 20 minutes post-visit
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Pain Score | -0.90 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.05 |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Pain Score | 0.03 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
Primary
Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores
Participants Stratified by Pain scores Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes, Pain Scores at 20 Minutes Post Visit.
Time frame: 20 minutes post visit
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 5 | 7 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 1 | 7 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 6 | 4 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 3 | 5 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 7 | 9 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 8 | 4 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 0 | 50 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 9 | 0 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 4 | 7 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 10 | 1 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 2 | 3 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 10 | 0 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 0 | 43 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 1 | 7 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 2 | 13 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 3 | 3 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 4 | 11 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 5 | 7 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 6 | 4 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 8 | 3 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 9 | 6 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Pain Scores | 7 | 4 Participants |
Secondary
Change in Blood Pressure
Mean arterial blood pressure using a blood pressure cuff
Time frame: 20 minutes post-visit
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Blood Pressure | 1.01 mm HG | Standard Deviation 10.7 |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Blood Pressure | -.04 mm HG | Standard Deviation 8.07 |
Secondary
Change in Heart Rate
Radial pulse
Time frame: 20 minutes post-visit
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Heart Rate | .48 BPM | Standard Deviation 11.68 |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Heart Rate | -.4 BPM | Standard Deviation 8.02 |
Secondary
Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores
Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes, Anxiety Scores at 20 Minutes Post Visit
Time frame: 20 minutes post-visit
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 3 | 11 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 6 | 1 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 2 | 6 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 7 | 5 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 4 | 4 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 8 | 3 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 1 | 3 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 9 | 0 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 5 | 8 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 10 | 1 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 0 | 55 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 10 | 5 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 0 | 45 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 1 | 7 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 2 | 13 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 3 | 8 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 4 | 6 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 5 | 9 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 6 | 3 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 7 | 2 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 8 | 4 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Anxiety Scores | 9 | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores
Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes, Depression Scores at 20 Minutes Post Visit
Time frame: 20 minutes post-visit
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 3 | 7 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 6 | 6 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 2 | 5 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 7 | 0 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 4 | 7 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 8 | 4 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 1 | 5 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 9 | 0 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 5 | 4 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 10 | 1 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 0 | 51 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 10 | 2 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 0 | 55 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 1 | 7 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 2 | 7 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 3 | 7 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 4 | 5 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 5 | 5 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 6 | 1 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 7 | 2 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 8 | 6 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Depression Scores | 9 | 3 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores
Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes, Well-being Scores at 20 Minutes Post Visit.
Time frame: 20 minutes post-visit
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 3 | 12 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 6 | 6 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 2 | 8 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 7 | 7 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 4 | 12 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 8 | 5 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 1 | 5 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 9 | 2 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 5 | 26 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 10 | 0 Participants |
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 0 | 14 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 10 | 0 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 0 | 15 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 1 | 6 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 2 | 8 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 3 | 12 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 4 | 11 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 5 | 26 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 6 | 7 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 7 | 7 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 8 | 5 Participants |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Number of Participants Stratified by Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (Revised Version) (ESAS-r) Well-Being Scores | 9 | 2 Participants |
Post Hoc
Change in Anxiety Score
Anxiety score is measured using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline visit compared to 20 minutes post-visit
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Anxiety Score | -1.13 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.46 |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Anxiety Score | -0.11 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
Post Hoc
Change in Depression Score
Depression score using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline visit compared to 20 minutes post-visit
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Depression Score | -0.72 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.71 |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Depression Score | 0.02 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.77 |
Post Hoc
Change in Well-Being Score
Well-Being score using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scale (scale of 0 to 10), in which higher ratings indicate worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline visit compared to 20 minutes post-visit
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Well-Being Score | -0.87 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.84 |
| No Therapy Dog Team Visit | Change in Well-Being Score | 0.14 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.84 |