Behavioral Changes, College Drinking, Sexual Assault
Conditions
Brief summary
The current project will provide testing of a friend-based motivational interview (FMI) designed to reduce sexual assault risk. The study will address if the intervention minimizes the impact of alcohol on helping behavior, test whether drinking reduces intervention efficacy, and examine potential iatrogenic effects of the intervention.
Detailed description
The objective of the proposed study is to develop an innovative, friend-based motivational interview (FMI) that encourages and prepares friends to reduce sexual assault (SA) risk. Delivered to pairs of friends (dyads), the FMI will be designed to foster collaborative efforts to increase readiness for, and decrease barriers to helping behavior, and to teach and plan together for assault prevention skills. As the role of alcohol has been under-addressed in SA prevention efforts, the FMI also will explicitly attend to how intoxication may serve as a barrier to friend intervention, and strategies for overcoming this barrier. The completion of this project's aims will yield a novel intervention that capitalizes on the natural resource of women's friendships to decrease risk for sexual assault - a pervasive public health problem affecting a substantial portion of young adult women in the U.S. Twenty-four friend dyads will participate in the friend-based motivational interview (FMI) along with 24 wait-list control dyads (total of 48 dyads). The study will compare groups on outcomes at post-intervention and at bi-weekly 3 month follow-ups, and also examine within participant change. The study will focus on whether effects are in the expected direction and whether the strength of effect sizes are of practical magnitude. It is expected that participants receiving the FMI will demonstrate significant increases in readiness, and engagement in friend assault prevention behavioral skills (FAPBs), and demonstrate decreases in perceived barriers, at post-intervention and over the 3-month follow-up. Follow-up data will be utilized to provide a rich description of the role of alcohol in implementing FAPBs, and whether the FMI reduces the impact of alcohol use. In exploratory analyses, it will be examined whether the intervention may be associated with decreased assault risk, as well as decreased drinking.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALFriend-Based Motivational Interview
The intervention will use Motivational Interviewing's (MI) collaborative conversation style for strengthening commitment to change, to motivate and prepare women to work together to reduce Sexual Assault (SA) risk. This intervention will target ways that the friend dyad may support, encourage, and share responsibility with one another in protecting against SA. The Friend-based MI (FMI) will then use the responsibility and relationship of friends as a framework to foster collaborative efforts to increase readiness and decrease barriers to helping behavior. As part of this, the FMI will focus on the identification and implementation of skills friends can use to help one another prevent sexual assault. FMI will include a focused discussion of the ways drinking may impede helping efforts. Moreover, the FMI will encourage women to identify personal, specific strategies for reducing the effects of alcohol on helping.
Sponsors
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
State University of New York at Buffalo
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 24 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Female dyads who go out together at least once a week * Undergraduates enrolled in a 4-year college or university * Meet heavy episodic drinking (HED) criteria, 4 or more drinks in a single sitting, 2 or more times monthly
Exclusion criteria
Not Applicable
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Concerns About Intervening Scale | Baseline and Monthly for 3 months | The Concerns About Intervening Scale uses 6 items to assess perceived barriers to intervening, focused on worries. Responses range from 1 (Not at all true) to 6 (Very much true), with higher scores indicating greater perceived barriers to intervening. |
| Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on the Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends | Baseline and Monthly for 3 months | We used a modified version of The Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends is a 44-item measure which includes 4 sub-scales (1) the identification of sexual assault risk situations, (2) accessing resources, (3) planning ahead for risk situations, and (4) safety behaviors in risk settings. We used a selection of 20 questions from the full measure including items from each subscale. Response option include (0) No I did not engage in this behavior, (1) Yes I did engage in this behavior, or (missing) I did not perceive an opportunity to engage in this behavior. A higher endorsement of Yes (higher score) engaging in the behaviors is considered to indicate a greater use of strategies to prevent sexual assault. |
| Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale | Baseline and Monthly for 3 months | The Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale is a 16-item measure to assess barriers to intervening. Responses range from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree), with higher scores indicating greater perceived barriers to intervening. |
| Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Readiness Ruler | Baseline and Monthly for 3 months | Participants will use an 11-point likert-type scale modeled after the Readiness Ruler to rate their readiness for intervening. Responses range from 0 (I never think about my and/or my friend's risk of being sexually assaulted) to 10 (I am actively and consistently taking steps to protect myself and/or my friends from sexual assault), with higher scores indicating a greater readiness to intervene. |
| Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Decisional Balance Scale | Baseline and 3 month follow up | The 10-item Decisional Balance Scale (Banyard et al., 2007) is used to assess ambivalence about intervening in a potential assault situation. Responses regarding the decision whether to intervene or not are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Not at all likely) to 5 (Extremely likely), with higher scores indicating a greater readiness to intervene. |
| Change in Awareness and Strategies Regarding Alcohol Effects on Helping Survey | Baseline and Monthly for 3 months | This 8-item survey measures awareness of and strategies for alcohol's effects on helping behavior and participants' understanding of the ways that alcohol may interfere with helping behavior. Responses range from 1 (Not at all true) to 5 (Very much true), with higher scores indicating a greater understanding of how alcohol interferes with helping behavior. |
| Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment | Baseline and Monthly for 3 months | The Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment uses 20 items to assess sexual assault preventive strategy use. Responses range from 1 (Not at all) to 4 (A lot), with higher scores indicating a greater use of strategies to prevent sexual assault. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Drinking | Baseline and Monthly for 3 months | Using a grid-based average assessment measure based in the Daily Drinking Questionnaire, participants will report on alcohol consumption. Higher scores indicate greater alcohol consumption. |
| Sexual Assault | Monthly after baseline for 3 months | Revised Sexual Experiences Survey (R-SES) will be used to assess each social occasion with the target friend in the prior 2 weeks. Each item will be coded 1 (yes) or 0 (no), based on whether it happened to the woman/friend on each occasion that the pair socialized together. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants (N=108, 54 dyads) were recruited using a multi-method, community-based recruitment plan, including: digital and print advertisements, social media, email blasts to psychology and nursing student listservs, flyers posted in locations frequented by emerging adults (e.g., college campuses, coffee shops, bars) and word of mouth. A QR code and/or link directed interested individuals to a secure platform to learn more about the trial and complete a brief initial eligibility questionnaire.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group Will participate in the Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) program.
Friend-Based Motivational Interview: The intervention will use Motivational Interviewing's (MI) collaborative conversation style for strengthening commitment to change, to motivate and prepare women to work together to reduce Sexual Assault (SA) risk. This intervention will target ways that the friend dyad may support, encourage, and share responsibility with one another in protecting against SA. The Friend-based MI (FMI) will then use the responsibility and relationship of friends as a framework to foster collaborative efforts to increase readiness and decrease barriers to helping behavior. As part of this, the FMI will focus on the identification and implementation of skills friends can use to help one another prevent sexual assault. FMI will include a focused discussion of the ways drinking may impede helping efforts. Moreover, the FMI will encourage women to identify personal, specific strategies for reducing the effects of alcohol on helping. | 50 |
| Wait List Control The Wait List Control group will also be offered to participate in the Friends-Based Motivational Interview Program but at a deferred date (12 weeks later). | 52 |
| Total | 102 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Wait List Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 50 Participants | 52 Participants | 102 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 19.62 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.01 | 19.48 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.06 | 19.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1 |
| Employed No, I'm not working | 18 Participants | 25 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Employed Yes, full-time (approximately 40 hours) | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Employed Yes, part-time (approximately 20 hours) | 6 Participants | 12 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Employed Yes, part time (irregular hours) | 25 Participants | 12 Participants | 37 Participants |
| GPA | 3.30 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.47 | 3.28 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.51 | 3.29 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.49 |
| Greek Affiliation No | 43 Participants | 42 Participants | 85 Participants |
| Greek Affiliation Yes | 7 Participants | 10 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Housing Home (with family) | 6 Participants | 6 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Housing House or apartment (off campus, not with family) | 23 Participants | 20 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Housing On campus | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Housing Residence Hall | 17 Participants | 19 Participants | 36 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 5 Participants | 3 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 35 Participants | 34 Participants | 69 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 50 participants | 52 participants | 102 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 50 Participants | 52 Participants | 102 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Year in College Freshman | 8 Participants | 6 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Year in College Junior | 15 Participants | 13 Participants | 28 Participants |
| Year in College Senior | 12 Participants | 8 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Year in College Sophomore | 15 Participants | 25 Participants | 40 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 50 | 0 / 52 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 50 | 0 / 52 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 50 | 0 / 52 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Awareness and Strategies Regarding Alcohol Effects on Helping Survey
This 8-item survey measures awareness of and strategies for alcohol's effects on helping behavior and participants' understanding of the ways that alcohol may interfere with helping behavior. Responses range from 1 (Not at all true) to 5 (Very much true), with higher scores indicating a greater understanding of how alcohol interferes with helping behavior.
Time frame: Baseline and Monthly for 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Awareness and Strategies Regarding Alcohol Effects on Helping Survey | Baseline | 2.75 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Awareness and Strategies Regarding Alcohol Effects on Helping Survey | Month 1 | 2.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Awareness and Strategies Regarding Alcohol Effects on Helping Survey | Month 2 | 2.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Awareness and Strategies Regarding Alcohol Effects on Helping Survey | Month 3 | 2.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Awareness and Strategies Regarding Alcohol Effects on Helping Survey | Month 3 | 2.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Awareness and Strategies Regarding Alcohol Effects on Helping Survey | Baseline | 2.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Awareness and Strategies Regarding Alcohol Effects on Helping Survey | Month 2 | 2.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Awareness and Strategies Regarding Alcohol Effects on Helping Survey | Month 1 | 2.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
Primary
Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment
The Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment uses 20 items to assess sexual assault preventive strategy use. Responses range from 1 (Not at all) to 4 (A lot), with higher scores indicating a greater use of strategies to prevent sexual assault.
Time frame: Baseline and Monthly for 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment | Baseline | 1.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment | Month 2 | 1.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment | Month 1 | 2.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment | Month 3 | 2.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment | Month 3 | 1.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment | Baseline | 1.92 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment | Month 1 | 1.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on Friend-based Assault Protective Strategies Assessment | Month 2 | 1.97 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
Primary
Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on the Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends
We used a modified version of The Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends is a 44-item measure which includes 4 sub-scales (1) the identification of sexual assault risk situations, (2) accessing resources, (3) planning ahead for risk situations, and (4) safety behaviors in risk settings. We used a selection of 20 questions from the full measure including items from each subscale. Response option include (0) No I did not engage in this behavior, (1) Yes I did engage in this behavior, or (missing) I did not perceive an opportunity to engage in this behavior. A higher endorsement of Yes (higher score) engaging in the behaviors is considered to indicate a greater use of strategies to prevent sexual assault.
Time frame: Baseline and Monthly for 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on the Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends | Baseline | 0.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.18 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on the Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends | Month 1 | 0.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.23 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on the Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends | Month 2 | 0.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on the Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends | Month 3 | 0.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on the Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends | Month 3 | 0.82 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on the Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends | Baseline | 0.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.19 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on the Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends | Month 2 | 0.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Friend-Based Helping Skills on the Bystander Behaviors Scale for Friends | Month 1 | 0.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.25 |
Primary
Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale
The Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale is a 16-item measure to assess barriers to intervening. Responses range from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree), with higher scores indicating greater perceived barriers to intervening.
Time frame: Baseline and Monthly for 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale | Baseline | 2.43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale | Month 1 | 2.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale | Month 2 | 2.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale | Month 3 | 2.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale | Month 3 | 2.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale | Baseline | 2.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale | Month 2 | 2.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.93 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Barriers to Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Scale | Month 1 | 2.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
Primary
Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Concerns About Intervening Scale
The Concerns About Intervening Scale uses 6 items to assess perceived barriers to intervening, focused on worries. Responses range from 1 (Not at all true) to 6 (Very much true), with higher scores indicating greater perceived barriers to intervening.
Time frame: Baseline and Monthly for 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Concerns About Intervening Scale | Baseline | 1.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Concerns About Intervening Scale | Month 1 | 2.01 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.85 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Concerns About Intervening Scale | Month 2 | 1.97 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Concerns About Intervening Scale | Month 3 | 1.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Concerns About Intervening Scale | Month 3 | 1.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Concerns About Intervening Scale | Baseline | 1.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Concerns About Intervening Scale | Month 2 | 1.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Perceived Barriers to Intervening on the Concerns About Intervening Scale | Month 1 | 1.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
Primary
Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Decisional Balance Scale
The 10-item Decisional Balance Scale (Banyard et al., 2007) is used to assess ambivalence about intervening in a potential assault situation. Responses regarding the decision whether to intervene or not are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Not at all likely) to 5 (Extremely likely), with higher scores indicating a greater readiness to intervene.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 month follow up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Decisional Balance Scale | Baseline | 4.92 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Decisional Balance Scale | Month 3 | 4.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Decisional Balance Scale | Baseline | 4.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.14 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Decisional Balance Scale | Month 3 | 4.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
Primary
Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Readiness Ruler
Participants will use an 11-point likert-type scale modeled after the Readiness Ruler to rate their readiness for intervening. Responses range from 0 (I never think about my and/or my friend's risk of being sexually assaulted) to 10 (I am actively and consistently taking steps to protect myself and/or my friends from sexual assault), with higher scores indicating a greater readiness to intervene.
Time frame: Baseline and Monthly for 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Readiness Ruler | Baseline | 7.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.74 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Readiness Ruler | Month 1 | 8.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.19 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Readiness Ruler | Month 2 | 8.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.15 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Readiness Ruler | Month 3 | 9.15 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Readiness Ruler | Month 3 | 7.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.68 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Readiness Ruler | Baseline | 7.44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.97 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Readiness Ruler | Month 2 | 7.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.59 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Readiness to Intervene on the Readiness Ruler | Month 1 | 7.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.71 |
Secondary
Change in Drinking
Using a grid-based average assessment measure based in the Daily Drinking Questionnaire, participants will report on alcohol consumption. Higher scores indicate greater alcohol consumption.
Time frame: Baseline and Monthly for 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Drinking | Baseline | 9.84 Amount of drinks consumed weekly | Standard Deviation 5.34 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Drinking | Month 1 | 7.06 Amount of drinks consumed weekly | Standard Deviation 4.96 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Drinking | Month 2 | 6.13 Amount of drinks consumed weekly | Standard Deviation 7.13 |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Change in Drinking | Month 3 | 6.27 Amount of drinks consumed weekly | Standard Deviation 6.32 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Drinking | Month 3 | 7.77 Amount of drinks consumed weekly | Standard Deviation 6.15 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Drinking | Baseline | 10.79 Amount of drinks consumed weekly | Standard Deviation 7.93 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Drinking | Month 2 | 7.38 Amount of drinks consumed weekly | Standard Deviation 6.14 |
| Wait List Control | Change in Drinking | Month 1 | 8.92 Amount of drinks consumed weekly | Standard Deviation 4.77 |
Secondary
Sexual Assault
Revised Sexual Experiences Survey (R-SES) will be used to assess each social occasion with the target friend in the prior 2 weeks. Each item will be coded 1 (yes) or 0 (no), based on whether it happened to the woman/friend on each occasion that the pair socialized together.
Time frame: Monthly after baseline for 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Sexual Assault | Month 2 | Prefer not to answer | 3 Participants |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Sexual Assault | Month 1 | No | 44 Participants |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Sexual Assault | Month 1 | Yes | 2 Participants |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Sexual Assault | Month 1 | Prefer not to answer | 4 Participants |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Sexual Assault | Month 2 | No | 45 Participants |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Sexual Assault | Month 2 | Yes | 2 Participants |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Sexual Assault | Month 3 | No | 46 Participants |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Sexual Assault | Month 3 | Yes | 1 Participants |
| Friends-Based Motivational Interview (FMI) Group | Sexual Assault | Month 3 | Prefer not to answer | 3 Participants |
| Wait List Control | Sexual Assault | Month 3 | Prefer not to answer | 2 Participants |
| Wait List Control | Sexual Assault | Month 1 | No | 42 Participants |
| Wait List Control | Sexual Assault | Month 2 | Yes | 5 Participants |
| Wait List Control | Sexual Assault | Month 2 | Prefer not to answer | 4 Participants |
| Wait List Control | Sexual Assault | Month 1 | Yes | 5 Participants |
| Wait List Control | Sexual Assault | Month 3 | Yes | 0 Participants |
| Wait List Control | Sexual Assault | Month 1 | Prefer not to answer | 5 Participants |
| Wait List Control | Sexual Assault | Month 3 | No | 50 Participants |
| Wait List Control | Sexual Assault | Month 2 | No | 43 Participants |