Antiviral Drug Resistance, Antivirals, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Conditions
Keywords
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Antivirals, Antiviral Drug Resistance
Brief summary
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that represent a major cause of morbidity in haematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) recipients, mostly through reactivation of the recipient's virus. If left untreated, 40 to 80% of patients will develop CMV infection, leading to CMV disease in 30 to 35 % patients, and associated with considerable morbi-mortality. Interstitial pneumonia is the most severe and specific manifestation, although CMV replication by itself has also indirect effects such as triggering graft versus host disease and increasing immunosuppression. The current burden of CMV infection increases by 25 to 30% the cost of the graft in France. This also includes the burden for refractory - infections, that represent up to 13% of recipients with CMV infection, including 3% of cases with virological resistance in France (data from the Reference Center cohorts). Ganciclovir, or valganciclovir preemptive treatment, guided by CMV viral load follow-up allowed significant reduction of CMV disease to 2-6% but did not prevent CMV indirect effects. In addition, hematotoxicity can compromise post-transplant haematological reconstitution, thus preventing its use as prophylaxis in France. Foscarnet, iv-administered and nephrotoxic, remains less used. There is thus a high expectation from less toxic molecules for prophylaxis The development letermovir recently available for prophylaxis of CMV infection in high risk patients will modify the patients care and follow-up. This new molecule targeting CMV terminases (developed by Merck) was recently marketed in France (Jan 2020). However, the analysis of the letermovir phase III study and further publications show that the risk of emergence of resistance is low, but may occur in case of breakthrough and thus post AMM monitoring is required. A real-life evaluation of these new molecules in terms of efficacy, emergence of resistance, tolerance and morbimortality related to CMV infection, is useful, to propose recommendations on management strategies, in particular for the most at-risk patients i.e. CMV-seropositive recipients. To this purpose, the National Reference Center in collaboration with the French Society for marrow graft and cell therapy (SFGMTC) set up a cohort of surveillance of allografted patients, receiving, in prevention or treatment, old and new molecules.
Detailed description
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that represent a major cause of morbidity in haematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) recipients, mostly through reactivation of the recipient's virus. If left untreated, 40 to 80% of patients will develop CMV infection, leading to CMV disease in 30 to 35 % patients, and associated with considerable morbi-mortality. Interstitial pneumonia is the most severe and specific manifestation, although CMV replication by itself has also indirect effects such as triggering graft versus host disease and increasing immunosuppression. The current burden of CMV infection increases by 25 to 30% the cost of the graft in France. This also includes the burden for refractory - infections, that represent up to 13% of recipients with CMV infection, including 3% of cases with virological resistance in France (data from the Reference Center cohorts). Ganciclovir, or valganciclovir preemptive treatment, guided by CMV viral load follow-up allowed significant reduction of CMV disease to 2-6% but did not prevent CMV indirect effects. In addition, hematotoxicity can compromise post-transplant haematological reconstitution, thus preventing its use as prophylaxis in France. Foscarnet, iv-administered and nephrotoxic, remains less used. There is thus a high expectation from less toxic molecules for prophylaxis The development letermovir recently available for prophylaxis of CMV infection in high risk patients will modify the patients care and follow-up. This new molecule targeting CMV terminases (developed by Merck) was recently marketed in France (Jan 2020). However, the analysis of the letermovir phase III study and further publications show that the risk of emergence of resistance is low, but may occur in case of breakthrough and thus post AMM monitoring is required. A real-life evaluation of these new molecules in terms of efficacy, emergence of resistance, tolerance and morbimortality related to CMV infection, is useful, to propose recommendations on management strategies, in particular for the most at-risk patients i.e. CMV-seropositive recipients. To this purpose, the National Reference Center in collaboration with the French Society for marrow graft and cell therapy (SFGMTC) set up a cohort of surveillance of allografted patients, receiving, in prevention or treatment, old and new molecules.
Interventions
OTHERReal-life observatory of efficacy and resistance to anti CMV molecules in stem cell recipients
Signing of consent at the time of the pre-transplant consultation (1 month before grafting). Inclusion of patients during conditioning (around D-8 of transplantation). Samples related to the cohort:one blood sample from the donor (only familial donors) for genetic SNPs analysis. 5 samples: D-8, D20, D100, D200 (+/-10 days), 1 year : 1 tube of 7ml of whole blood on EDTA: Biobanking of whole blood for genetic SNPs analysis (D-8) of specific transporters for GCV, and of plasma for TTV viral load at all times. In routine care:samples taken in the event of a therapeutic escape (2 x 7 ml EDTA tubes, for resistance genotype, and ganciclovir dosage, 3 x 1 ml for Quantiferon CMV, according to CNR Herpesvirus recommendations. 1 x Paxgene tube (2.5 ml) for subsequent CMV genomic and transcriptomic studies. Cell preservation plasma and whole blood for biocollection (2 tubes EDTA de 7ml). Samples stored by the centers' virology laboratories are periodically sent to the CNR for analysis.
Sponsors
University Hospital, Limoges
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
: • Candidate (adult) for an allograft of hematopoietic stem cells for which a decision of transplant is made and willing to participate in the cohort.
Exclusion criteria
: * CMV-seronegative patient receiving a negative CMV donor graft ; * Patient having signed the consent but not grafted ; * Patient included in a clinical study on an anti-CMV molecule ; * Non-insured social patient ;
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| CMV infection according to criteria defined by the European EBMT group (Ljungman et al., 2017). | between Day-30 and Day -8 | CMV detection (CMV DNAemia or antigen detection) in any body fluid or tissue specimen |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Uses of anti-CMV molecules : preemptive treatment | at Day200 | % of patients having received preemptive treatment |
| Uses of anti-CMV molecules : prophylaxis | at Day200 | % of patients having received prophylaxis |
| Uses of anti-CMV molecules : curative treatment | at Day200 | % of patients having received curative treatment |
| Incidence of the non-response and resistance to antivirals with risk factors associated (virological, pharmacological, immunological). Criteria recently published by Chemaly et al. CID 2018 will be used to classify cases in | at Month12 | Criteria recently published by Chemaly et al. CID 2018 will be used to classify cases in : * Refractory CMV infection CMV viremia that increases after at least 2 wk of appropriately dosed antiviral therapy. * Probable refractory CMV infection : persistent viral load after at least 2 wk of appropriately dosed antiviral therapy. * Refractory CMV end organ disease : worsening in signs and symptoms or progression into end-organ disease after at least 2 wk of appropriately dosed antiviral therapy. * Probable refractory CMV end-organ disease : lack of improvement in signs and symptoms after at least 2 wk of appropriately dosed antiviral drugs. * Antiviral drug resistance : viral genetic alteration that decreases susceptibility to one or more antiviral drugs. Resistance : presence of a resistance-related mutation by resistance genotyping of UL97, UL54, UL56, UL89, UL27 genes, carried out or validated by the Limoges Herpesviruses reference laboratory. In blood or any other sample. |
| Uses of anti-CMV molecules | at Day200 | Cumulative duration of exposure (number of day) for each drug administered |
| CMV related mortality | at Month12 | Number of patients who died from CMV related desease |
| CMV associated morbidity : delay engraftment | at Month12 | number of days bettwen graft and engraftment |
| CMV associated morbidity : GVHD | at Month12 | Incidence of GVHD |
| CMV associated morbidity : CMV infection/disease | at Month12 | Incidence of CMV infection/disease (infection or disease will be combined to report this outcome). CMV infection : positive diagnostic test (CMV culture, antigen detection or CMV PCR), in any body fluid or tissue, in the absence of symptoms. CMV disease : CMV infection associated with end-organ disease (clinical signs and oriented virological diagnosis). |
| Adverse effects leading to interruption of treatment | at Month12 | Incidence of treatment emergent adverse event as assessed by interruption of treatment |
Countries
France
Outcome results
None listed