Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperlipidemia, Obesity, Vitamin Deficiency
Conditions
Keywords
Fortified eggs, High cholesterol
Brief summary
The objective of the study is to assess the effect of fortified eggs (compared to a non-egg supplemented diet) and intermittent fasting (IF) (compared to a usual care diet) on biomarker profile at 4 months. This will be a 140-participant, 2x2 factorial, randomized clinical trial comparing fortified eggs vs. a non-egg supplemented diet and IF vs. usual care diet through 4 months. Participants will be randomized 1:1:1:1 to the four treatment groups. Participants will have in-person follow-up visits at 1- and 4- months (inclusive of laboratory assessments) in addition to telephone calls at months 2 and 3. A subset of patients (\ 24 in each egg randomized strata) will undergo microbiome assessment at baseline and at 4 months.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTFortified eggs
Average 12 eggs consumed per week
BEHAVIORALIntermittent fasting
16-hour fast and then an 8-hour nutritional window with aim for energy needs to be consumed during an 8 hour eating window (e.g., 11 am - 7 pm) with fasting for 16 hours (e.g., 7 pm - 11 am the next day).
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTNon-egg supplemented
2 or less eggs consumed per week
BEHAVIORALUsual care diet
Consistency with current diet without consideration of intermittent fasting
Sponsors
Eggland's Best
Duke University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
50 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* ≥ 50 years of age AND * At least one of the following two criteria: * Prior cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization or ischemic stroke) OR * 2 cardiovascular risk factors including: 1) Diabetes mellitus (Defined as taking a medication for diabetes OR HgbA1c ≥6.5% within the prior 18 months; patients with diabetes may be treated with medications that are not associated with hypoglycemia such as metformin, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and/or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, 2) Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, 3) Hypertension (Defined as taking blood pressure lowering medications OR systolic BP \> 140mmHg at screening OR diastolic BP \> 90mmHg at screening), 4) Dyslipidemia (Defined as taking lipid lowering medication OR LDL ≥130 OR HDL \<50 for women OR HDL \<40 for men OR triglycerides ≥150), or 5) Chronic kidney disease (Defined as eGFR \<60 on most recent laboratory assessment within prior 18 months) * Signed informed consent
Exclusion criteria
* Known allergy or intolerance to eggs * Patients with diabetes who are on insulin or insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylureas and meglitinides) * Recent cardiovascular event (MI, stroke, HF hospitalization) within the past 30 days * Planned initiation/change in lipid therapy within the next 4 months * Current daily use of any supplements or multivitamins containing Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, or selenium or planned initiation within the next 4 months (current users need a 1-month washout period off supplement prior to eligibility) * Inability or unwillingness to comply with the study requirements * History of heart transplant or left ventricular assist device * Pregnant or nursing women * Malignancy or other non-cardiac condition limiting life expectancy to \<4 months * Consumption of \> 2 eggs per week (this does not include eggs contained within other foods) * Ongoing or recent (prior 30 days) participation in another interventional study
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Change in LDL-cholesterol | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in HDL-cholesterol | Baseline, 4 months |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Change in Vitamin B2 level | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in high-sensitivity troponin (hsTroponin) | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP) | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in insulin resistance score (LP-IR) | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in total cholesterol | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in triglycerides | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in NMP LipoProfile | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in lipoprotein subfractionation | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in apolipoprotein B | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in fatty acid profile | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in Vitamin B12 level | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in Vitamin D level | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in Vitamin E level | Baseline, 4 months |
| Change in selenium level | Baseline, 4 months |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in microbiome profile | Baseline through 4 months | — |
| Change in weight | Baseline, 4 months | — |
| Change in Dietary intake (2005-Block Questionnaire) | Baseline, 4 months | — |
| Change in blood pressure | Baseline, 4 months | Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be assessed |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed