Gross Motor Development Delay, Sedentary Behavior, Social Behavior, Social Skills
Conditions
Brief summary
The purpose of this study was to test the effects of an integrated intervention on the gross motor and social-emotional development of rural preschool boys and girls. A secondary purpose was to examine intervention effects on physical activity and sedentary behavior. An exploratory aim was to examine the role of executive functioning skills on intervention outcomes. This study featured a repeated measures (baseline, six-month posttest, three month retention \[nine-month follow-up\]), control group, experimental design. Classrooms were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. Experimental participants received intervention while control participants received business as usual curricula.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALIntegrated Intervention
Gross motor and social-emotional integrated intervention
Sponsors
University of South Carolina
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
4 Years to 5 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Enrolled in the early childhood center, aged 4-5 years
Exclusion criteria
* Enrolled in special education classroom
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition | Baseline | Gross motor development assessment ranges from 0-100 with higher scores reflecting better performance. |
| Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales | Baseline | Social-Emotional scores range from 0-160 with higher scores reflecting better performance. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity From Accelerometer | Baseline | The accelerometer, which children wear throughout the day, records step counts which are then converted into numerical representation of levels of physical activity. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Gross Motor and Social-emotional Integrated Intervention Group Participants will receive a nine-month intervention which focuses on gross motor skills, physical activity, and social-emotional skills.
Integrated Intervention: Gross motor and social-emotional integrated intervention | 109 |
| Control Participants will receive the center's everyday business as usual curriculum. | 124 |
| Total | 233 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | pandemic | 20 | 24 |
| Follow Up Period | Lost to Follow-up | 61 | 73 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Gross Motor and Social-emotional Integrated Intervention Group | Control |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 61.03 Months STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.91 | 60.88 Months STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.67 | 61.15 Months STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.14 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black | 31 Participants | 15 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic | 40 Participants | 20 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized More than one race | 8 Participants | 3 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White | 154 Participants | 71 Participants | 83 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 118 Participants | 54 Participants | 64 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 115 Participants | 55 Participants | 60 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 129 | 0 / 148 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 129 | 0 / 148 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 129 | 0 / 148 |
Outcome results
Primary
Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales
Social-Emotional scores range from 0-160 with higher scores reflecting better performance.
Time frame: three-month follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Motor and Social-emotional Integrated Intervention Group | Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales | 86.27 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.77 |
| Control | Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales | 93.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 22.82 |
Primary
Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales
Social-Emotional scores range from 0-160 with higher scores reflecting better performance.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Motor and Social-emotional Integrated Intervention Group | Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales | 85.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 21.65 |
| Control | Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales | 96.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 20.33 |
Primary
Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales
Social-Emotional scores range from 0-160 with higher scores reflecting better performance.
Time frame: six-month posttest
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Motor and Social-emotional Integrated Intervention Group | Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales | 89.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 20.3 |
| Control | Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales | 93.03 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 21.29 |
p-value: =0.04Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition
Gross motor development assessment ranges from 0-100 with higher scores reflecting better performance.
Time frame: three-month follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Motor and Social-emotional Integrated Intervention Group | Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition | 51.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.97 |
| Control | Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition | 46.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.05 |
Primary
Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition
Gross motor development assessment ranges from 0-100 with higher scores reflecting better performance.
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Motor and Social-emotional Integrated Intervention Group | Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition | 41.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.4 |
| Control | Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition | 43.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.26 |
Primary
Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition
Gross motor development assessment ranges from 0-100 with higher scores reflecting better performance.
Time frame: six-month posttest
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Motor and Social-emotional Integrated Intervention Group | Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition | 62.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.35 |
| Control | Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition | 49.75 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.7 |
p-value: <0.0001Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Physical Activity From Accelerometer
The accelerometer, which children wear throughout the day, records step counts which are then converted into numerical representation of levels of physical activity.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: No data were collected on this measure for the following reason. Because of restrictions emanating from the pandemic, school authorities did not permit children to wear the accelerometers. Consequently, it was not possible to implement this measure. Consequently the number of participants with data on this measure was zero, and the number of participants analyzed on this measure was zero.