Myocarditis, Heart Failure, Endomyocardial Biopsy, Cardiomyopathies, Secondary, Immunosuppression
Conditions
Keywords
myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, immunosuppression, biopsy
Brief summary
Myocarditis can result in numerous complications, but there is paucity of data regarding optimal therapy, short- and long-term effects of possibly effective immunosuppressive therapy. The IMPROVE-MC study will provide high-quality scientific data about efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive therapy, non-invasive (MRI, biomarkers) and invasive diagnostics tests (endomyocardial biopsy), and prognosis in myocarditis. The objective of this multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial is to assess the efficacy and safety of 12 - month treatment with prednisone and azathioprine comparing to placebo on top of guideline-recommended medical therapy in patients with biopsy-proven virus negative myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy and reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 45%). The study will also assess persistence of the treatment effects after 12 months.
Detailed description
Myocarditis/ inflammatory cardiomyopathy, which often leads to heart failure (HF), is still an under-studied disease with various clinical manifestations. The active myocarditis is found post-mortem even in 42% of sudden deaths of young people and in 9-16% of adults and 46% of children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Moreover, an increase in morbidity and mortality from myocarditis was recorded in the years 1990-2015. Myocarditis significantly increases the risk of HF, serious arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities, sudden death, anxiety, depression and it reduces quality of life. Myocarditis affects mainly young people (18-40 years old, and children) who lead active family life and work. Therefore, the disease causes deterioration of entire family life, it reduces individual productivity, creates high and long-term treatment costs. There is an urgent need to improve myocarditis therapy. Current guidelines recommendations in myocarditis consists of standard treatment of already developed HF and long-term avoidance of physical activity. Due to the lack of good quality scientific data, there is no clear recommendation for the targeted treatment - thus patients' prognosis may be poor. The pathogenesis of myocarditis and limited reports suggest the reasonable chance of significant improvement of patients' survival due to immunosuppressive therapy. Aim: Aim of the IMPROVE-MC study is to assess the efficacy and safety of 12-month immunosuppressive treatment with prednisone and azathioprine compared with placebo on the guideline-recommended medical therapy in patients with biopsy-proven virus-negative myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Secondary aim is to create ready-to-use diagnostic and therapeutic scheme in polish and international healthcare systems, which can lead to myocarditis guidelines change. Population and methods: In this multicenter (7 recruitment centers), prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial we are going to include 100 patients aged 18-65 years old, with biopsy-proven virus-negative myocarditis in stable or worsening course of the disease despite standard medical treatment, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤45% and/or significant cardiac arrhythmias refractory to antiarrhythmic treatment. Exclusion criteria consist of ie.: another specific etiology of HF different from myocarditis; already implanted ventricular assist device; a heart transplant recipient; contraindications to immunosuppressive treatment; suspected sarcoidosis or giant cell myocarditis. Intervention: azathioprine for 12 months and prednisone for the first 6 months versus placebo for 12 months Study course: after randomization patients will undergo one-year double-blind treatment and then one-year follow-up to assess the long-term effects of the treatment. The efficacy and safety of the treatment will be assessed during study visits: investigational products/ placebo will be provided and additional tests will be performed - 48-hour Holter monitoring, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), laboratory tests and follow-up endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) after one-year of treatment. In order to broaden knowledge about myocarditis pathogenesis additional genetic, immunology and proteomic tests will be performed. All echo, MRI, Holter and biopsy tests will be evaluated centrally. Study endpoints: primary endpoint is LVEF at 12-months. secondary endpoints include analysis of: e.g. clinical outcomes, echocardiography, CMR, EMB, laboratory examinations, quality of life and heart failure questionnaires.
Interventions
DRUGPrednisone
Prednisone: 1 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks followed by gradually tapered dose for 5 months
DRUGAzathioprine
Azathioprine: 2 mg/kg daily for 12 months
DRUGPlacebo Prednisone
Placebo Prednisone
Placebo Azathioprine
Sponsors
Medical University of Warsaw
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
To be eligible for inclusion in this study, patient must fulfill all of the following inclusion criteria: 1. Written informed consent to participate in the IMPROVE-MC study (including two EMBs and two cardiac CMRs) prior to any evaluation or procedure related to the study. 2. Patient with clinically suspected myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy (according to the criteria of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial & Pericardial Diseases 2013 and ESC Heart Failure Guidelines 2021); OR/ AND, Patients with already diagnosed active myocarditis (lymphocytic or eosinophilic) or inflammatory cardiomyopathy who will undergo diagnostic right ventricular (or/and left ventricular) EMB during the screening; OR / AND, Patients with already diagnosed active myocarditis (lymphocytic or eosinophilic) or inflammatory cardiomyopathy confirmed by right ventricular (or/and left ventricular) EMB that was performed according to the IMPROVE-MC study protocol within 3 months from screening. 3. Men or women aged 18-65. Women of childbearing age must have a negative pregnancy test result. Female patients must be 1 year post-menopausal, surgically sterile, or using an acceptable method of contraception (with a failure rate of \< 1% per year) for the duration of the study (from the time they sign consent) and for 8 weeks after the last dose of study treatment to prevent pregnancy. Patients agreeing to total sexual abstinence can also be included, assuming it is their usual lifestyle. Women are considered postmenopausal and without the potential to have a child if they have 12 months of natural (spontaneous) amenorrhea with an appropriate clinical picture (e.g. appropriate age, history of vasomotor symptoms) or have undergone bilateral surgical ovariectomy (with or without hysterectomy) or tubal ligation at least six weeks ago. In the case of ovariectomy alone, only if the reproductive status of the woman has been confirmed by assessing hormone levels. 4. No significant improvement in clinical condition or worsening course of the disease despite the standard treatment in the investigator's opinion, in the last ≥ 3 months prior to the screening period. 5. LVEF 10 - 45% measured by echocardiogram taken during the screening period 1. No significant LVEF improvement in the last ≥3 months prior to the screening period in the investigator's opinion. 2. LVEF should be measured under stable conditions as assessed by the investigator. 3. LVEF should be verified in the CORE-LAB. 6. Histological and immunohistochemical evidence of active myocarditis (lymphocytic or eosinophilic) OR inflammatory cardiomyopathy during the screening period (EMB during the screening or within last 3 months). 7. Absence of cardiotropic viruses in cardiac tissue at PCR analysis during the screening period (EMB during the screening or within last 3 months).
Exclusion criteria
Patients fulfilling any of the following
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| LVEF at 12 - months. | 12- months | Left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) at 12 - months. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Occurrence of adjudicated heart failure decompensation (hospitalization or ambulatory visit). | 12-months | — |
| Proportion of patients who responded to immunosuppressive therapy. | 12-months | Proportion of patients who responded to immunosuppressive therapy as defined by an LVEF increase of ≥10% over time. |
| LVEF at 12 months in subgroups of patients with baseline LVEF ≤30% and >30% | 12 months | — |
| Change in the LV end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions as well as the LV end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes over time. | 12-months | — |
| Change from baseline in percentage of patients in NYHA III/IV and NYHA II class over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | Change from baseline in percentage of patients in NYHA III/IV and NYHA II class over time (compared to baseline and to the end of treatment) |
| Occurrence of need for diuretic i.v. administration. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Change from baseline in 6 minute walk test (6MWT) distance over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Time to first adjudicated hospitalization for heart failure. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Time to first all-cause hospitalization. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Occurrence (first and recurrent) of all-cause hospitalization, heart failure hospitalization, heart failure outpatient visit, myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy recurrence, all-cause death, heart transplantation, implantation of cardiac device | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | Occurrence (first and recurrent) of all-cause hospitalization, heart failure hospitalization, heart failure outpatient visit, myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy recurrence, all-cause death, heart transplantation, implantation of cardiac device (pacemaker, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy, ventricular assist device) assessed in combination or independently. |
| New onset atrial fibrillation (AF). | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| New onset sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| ≥50% reduction from baseline in ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) number in 48h Holter monitoring over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| ≥50% reduction from baseline in nonsustained VT number in 48h Holter monitoring over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| ≥50% reduction from baseline in AF burden in 48h Holter monitoring over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Changes from baseline in CMR results | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | Changes from baseline in CMR results (early gadolinum enhancement (EGE), late gadolinum enhancement (LGE), edema, LV dimensions and volumes, T1/T2 mapping) after one-year. |
| Changes from baseline in concentration of biomarkers of fibrosis and myocardial necrosis (troponin I, NT-proBNP, sST2, Gal-3) over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Qualitative and quantitative change from baseline in inflammatory infiltration, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression and fibrosis in EMB after one-year. | after 12- months | — |
| Change from baseline in KCCQ (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) overall summary score over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Change from baseline in KCCQ (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) total symptom score over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Change from baseline in KCCQ (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) individual domains over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Change from baseline in KCCQ (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) based on patient-preferred outcome over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Change from baseline in SF-36 (36-Item Short Form Survey) questionnaire overall summary score over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Change from baseline in PGI-I (Patients Global Impression of Improvement) scale over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Change from baseline in CGI-I (Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement) scale over time. | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Change from baseline in health economic analysis by HCRU (Healthcare Resource Utilization). | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| Occurrence of need for inotropic drugs/nitroglycerin i.v. administration | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | Occurrence of need for inotropic drugs/nitroglycerin i.v. administration |
| LVEF at 24 months | compared to baseline and/or to the end of treatment) analyzed during follow up (13-24 months) | LVEF at 24 months (maintenance or further improvement). |
| LVEF at 24 months in subgroups of patients with baseline LVEF ≤30% and >30% | compared to baseline and/or to the end of treatment) analyzed during follow up (13-24 months) | LVEF at 24 months (maintenance or further improvement) in subgroups of patients with baseline LVEF ≤30% and \>30% |
| Change in NYHA class over time | compared to baseline and/or to the end of treatment) analyzed during follow up (13-24 months) | — |
| Application of mechanical circulatory support (i.e. ECMO). | assessed up to 24th month from the randomization | — |
| ≥50% increase from the end of treatment in VEBs number in 48h Holter monitoring over time. | assessed from the end of treatment up to 24th months from the randomization | — |
| ≥50% increase from the end of treatment in nonsustained VT number in 48h Holter monitoring over time | assessed from the end of treatment up to 24th months from the randomization | — |
| ≥50% increase from the end of treatment in AF burden in 48h Holter monitoring over time | assessed from the end of treatment up to 24th months from the randomization | — |
| Changes in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | Changes in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (reported in centimeters) over time. |
| Changes in dimensions of the heart cavities | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | Changes in dimensions of the heart cavities (ventricles and atria; reported in centimeters) over time. |
| Changes in volumes of the heart cavities | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | Changes in volumes of the heart cavities (ventricles and atria; reported in milliliters) over time. |
| Changes in thickness of left and right ventricles | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | Changes in thickness of left and right ventricles (reported in centimeters) over time. |
| Changes in tissue Doppler velocities (medial and lateral) of the mitral annulus | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | Tissue Doppler velocities (medial and lateral) of the mitral annulus (reported in centimeters per second) over time. |
| Changes in strain of heart cavities | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | Changes in strain of heart cavities (ventricles and atria; reported as a percentage) over time. |
| Change from baseline in NYHA class over time. | 12-months | — |
| Changes in concentration of anti-heart autoantibodies (AHA) over time | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | — |
| Change of patients' health status as assessed by the patients self-reported EQ-5D over time. | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | — |
| Change in clinical summary score (heart failure symptoms and physical limitations domains) of KCCQ Questionnaire over time | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | — |
| Cost-effectiveness analysis | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | Pharmacoeconomic analysis based on questionnaires (SF-36, KCCQ, EQ-5D-5L, PGI, CGI, HCRU) and patient prognosis (including adverse event rates, hospitalizations, death, worsening of heart failure, arrhythmias, drug-related adverse events, change in LVEF and NYHA class, gain of QALY). |
| Changes in concentration of biomarkers of fibrosis and myocardial necrosis (troponin I, NT-proBNP) over time | assessed up to 24th months from the randomization | — |
Countries
Poland
Contacts
Primary ContactKrzysztof Ozierański, MD, PhD
Outcome results
None listed