Tobacco Use
Conditions
Brief summary
The overall aim of this research is to experimentally evaluate the extent to which reducing the size of the tobacco power wall and the number of tobacco product units displayed influences tobacco use risk in adolescents.
Detailed description
This experiment will take place in the RAND StoreLab (RSL), a life-sized replica of a convenience store that we developed to evaluate how altering aspects of tobacco promotion at POS influences tobacco use risk during simulated shopping experiences. The study will use a between-subjects design, in which adolescents are randomly assigned to shop in the RSL under one of three conditions: (1) Large power wall/ multiple product units displayed; (2) Medium-sized power wall/multiple product units displayed; and (3) Small power wall/single product units displayed. We will consider the effect of these power wall alterations on risk of use of four classes of tobacco products: cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery devices, cigarillos, and smokeless tobacco.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALTobacco power wall size and tobacco products displayed
The intervention varies the size of the tobacco power wall and number of tobacco products displayed on it.
Sponsors
RAND
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
11 Years to 20 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* between the ages of 11 and 20
Exclusion criteria
* any medical or psychological condition that would make participation in the procedures of the study difficult (based on self-report).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion at Risk for Cigarette Smoking | within 5 minutes of the intervention | A two item self-report assessment: 1) If one of your best friends offered you an unflavored cigarette would you use it? 2) If one of your best friends offered you a menthol cigarette would you use it? Responses to each item are made on a 10-point scale where 1 = definitely not; and 10 = definitely yes and responses across the two items are summed for a total scale score. Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 2 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 2 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of cigarette smoking (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). |
| Proportion at Risk of Using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices (ENDS) | within 5 minutes of the intervention | A three item, self-report assessment: 1) If one of your best friends offered you an unflavored vaping product would you use it? 2) If one of your best friends offered you a vaping product flavored with menthol or mint, would you use it? 3) If one of your best friends offered you a vaping product flavored with fruit, candy, alcohol or non-alcohol drink, or some other sweet flavor, would you use it? Responses to each item are made on a 10-point scale where 1 = definitely not; and 10 = definitely yes and responses across the three items are summed for a total scale score. Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of ENDS use (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). |
| Proportion at Risk of Using Smokeless Tobacco | within 5 minutes of the intervention | A three item self report assessment: : 1) If one of your best friends offered you unflavored smokeless tobacco would you use it? 2) If one of your best friends offered you smokeless tobacco flavored with flavored with menthol, mint, spearmint, or wintergreen would you use it? 3) If one of your best friends offered you smokeless tobacco flavored with fruit would you use it? Responses to each item are made on a 10-point scale where 1 = definitely not; and 10 = definitely yes and responses across the three items are summed for a total scale score. Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk).Outcome is proportion at risk of smokeless tobacco use (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). |
| Proportion at Risk of Using Little Cigar/Cigarillos (LCC) | within 5 minutes of the intervention | A three item, self report assessment: 1) If one of your best friends offered you an unflavored cigarillos/filtered cigar would you use it? 2) If one of your best friends offered you a cigarillos/filtered cigar flavored with menthol or mint would you use it? 3) If one of your best friends offered you a cigarillos/filtered cigar flavored with fruit, candy, alcohol, or some other sweet flavor, would you use it? Responses to each item are made on a 10-point scale where 1 = definitely not; and 10 = definitely yes and responses across the three items are summed for a total scale score. Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of LCC use (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Control The tobacco power wall and number of products appears in a typical format: large power wall with a large number of products (defined here as three large cabinets)
Tobacco power wall size and tobacco products displayed: The intervention varies the size of the tobacco power wall and number of tobacco products displayed on it. | 96 |
| Small The tobacco power wall and number of tobacco products appear in their smallest format: small power wall with a small number of products displayed (defined here as one large cabinet)
Tobacco power wall size and tobacco products displayed: The intervention varies the size of the tobacco power wall and number of tobacco products displayed on it. | 86 |
| Medium The tobacco power wall and number of tobacco products appear in a format sized between the control and small conditions: a medium sized power wall with a medium number of products displayed (defined here as two large cabinets).
Tobacco power wall size and tobacco products displayed: The intervention varies the size of the tobacco power wall and number of tobacco products displayed on it. | 93 |
| Total | 275 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Medium | Control | Small |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 16.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.1 | 16.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 | 16.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2 | 16.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.1 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 12 Participants | 3 Participants | 6 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 262 Participants | 90 Participants | 90 Participants | 82 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 43 Participants | 21 Participants | 13 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 20 Participants | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 18 Participants | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 6 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 185 Participants | 55 Participants | 66 Participants | 64 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 275 participants | 93 participants | 96 participants | 86 participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female | 178 Participants | 58 Participants | 65 Participants | 55 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male | 82 Participants | 30 Participants | 26 Participants | 26 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Nonbinary/other | 15 Participants | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 5 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 96 | 0 / 86 | 0 / 93 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 96 | 0 / 86 | 0 / 93 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 96 | 0 / 86 | 0 / 93 |
Outcome results
Primary
Proportion at Risk for Cigarette Smoking
A two item self-report assessment: 1) If one of your best friends offered you an unflavored cigarette would you use it? 2) If one of your best friends offered you a menthol cigarette would you use it? Responses to each item are made on a 10-point scale where 1 = definitely not; and 10 = definitely yes and responses across the two items are summed for a total scale score. Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 2 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 2 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of cigarette smoking (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition).
Time frame: within 5 minutes of the intervention
Population: Sample size may differ from baseline because of missing data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Control | Proportion at Risk for Cigarette Smoking | .18 proportion of participants |
| Small | Proportion at Risk for Cigarette Smoking | .39 proportion of participants |
| Medium | Proportion at Risk for Cigarette Smoking | .26 proportion of participants |
95% CI: [0.69, 3.6]
95% CI: [1.28, 6.55]
Primary
Proportion at Risk of Using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices (ENDS)
A three item, self-report assessment: 1) If one of your best friends offered you an unflavored vaping product would you use it? 2) If one of your best friends offered you a vaping product flavored with menthol or mint, would you use it? 3) If one of your best friends offered you a vaping product flavored with fruit, candy, alcohol or non-alcohol drink, or some other sweet flavor, would you use it? Responses to each item are made on a 10-point scale where 1 = definitely not; and 10 = definitely yes and responses across the three items are summed for a total scale score. Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of ENDS use (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition).
Time frame: within 5 minutes of the intervention
Population: Sample sizes may differ from baseline because of missing data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Control | Proportion at Risk of Using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices (ENDS) | .34 proportion of participants |
| Small | Proportion at Risk of Using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices (ENDS) | .59 proportion of participants |
| Medium | Proportion at Risk of Using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices (ENDS) | .59 proportion of participants |
95% CI: [1.28, 6.47]
95% CI: [1.26, 6.5]
Primary
Proportion at Risk of Using Little Cigar/Cigarillos (LCC)
A three item, self report assessment: 1) If one of your best friends offered you an unflavored cigarillos/filtered cigar would you use it? 2) If one of your best friends offered you a cigarillos/filtered cigar flavored with menthol or mint would you use it? 3) If one of your best friends offered you a cigarillos/filtered cigar flavored with fruit, candy, alcohol, or some other sweet flavor, would you use it? Responses to each item are made on a 10-point scale where 1 = definitely not; and 10 = definitely yes and responses across the three items are summed for a total scale score. Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk). Outcome is proportion at risk of LCC use (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition).
Time frame: within 5 minutes of the intervention
Population: Sample sizes may differ from baseline due to missing data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Control | Proportion at Risk of Using Little Cigar/Cigarillos (LCC) | .17 proportion of participants |
| Small | Proportion at Risk of Using Little Cigar/Cigarillos (LCC) | .31 proportion of participants |
| Medium | Proportion at Risk of Using Little Cigar/Cigarillos (LCC) | .20 proportion of participants |
95% CI: [0.53, 2.99]
95% CI: [0.94, 5.13]
Primary
Proportion at Risk of Using Smokeless Tobacco
A three item self report assessment: : 1) If one of your best friends offered you unflavored smokeless tobacco would you use it? 2) If one of your best friends offered you smokeless tobacco flavored with flavored with menthol, mint, spearmint, or wintergreen would you use it? 3) If one of your best friends offered you smokeless tobacco flavored with fruit would you use it? Responses to each item are made on a 10-point scale where 1 = definitely not; and 10 = definitely yes and responses across the three items are summed for a total scale score. Total scale scores are dichotomized: scores of 3 are coded as '0' (no risk) and any score greater than 3 is coded as '1' (at risk).Outcome is proportion at risk of smokeless tobacco use (number of participants at risk over number of participants within condition).
Time frame: within 5 minutes of the intervention
Population: Sample size may differ from baseline due to missing data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Control | Proportion at Risk of Using Smokeless Tobacco | .12 proportion of participants |
| Small | Proportion at Risk of Using Smokeless Tobacco | .20 proportion of participants |
| Medium | Proportion at Risk of Using Smokeless Tobacco | .17 proportion of participants |
95% CI: [0.59, 3.86]
95% CI: [0.73, 4.67]