Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Oxygen Deficiency
Conditions
Brief summary
The aim of the study is to determine the physiological evidence of how muscular and cerebral oxygenation changes link to fatigue, physical, and cognitive performance after moderate-intensity exercise in sedentary older adults with type 2 diabetes.
Detailed description
This is an experimental design. One intervention group will do exercise for 2 months and be measured twice, at baseline, and after 2 months. The other 2 control groups will be assessed just once without exercise intervention. Our primary objective is to clarify physiological evidence of how muscular and cerebral oxygenation changes in sedentary older adults with diabetes after low-to-moderate intensity exercise. The secondary objective is to determine fatigue, physical, cognitive performance changes, blood glucose level among sedentary older adults with diabetes after low-to-moderate intensity exercise.
Interventions
BEHAVIORAL2-month home moderate-intensity exercise
The 2-month exercise will be conducted at the participants' homes. Participants will be recommended to perform the combined exercise, which consists of the resistance exercise and walking at a faster speed than leisure walking at a moderate-intensity, for 6 days/week. They can decide which day they won't perform the exercise. Participants will be encouraged to do progressive resistance exercise and walking twice a day, once in the morning and the other time in the afternoon. Resistance exercise will be suggested to perform every other day for three days/week and walking as the aerobic exercise will be on alternate days for three days/week.
Sponsors
State University of New York at Buffalo
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
60 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* For the intervention group, the inclusion criteria are * sedentary older adults 60 years or older who are living in their homes in the community * diagnosed type 2 diabetes * ambulatory with or without mobility devices such as a cane and/or walker * Be able to follow simple exercise instructions without assistance. * For the comparison group, the inclusion criteria are * individuals aged 60 years or older who are living in their homes, in the community; * ambulatory with or without devices; * able to follow simple exercise instructions without assistance * able to walk six minutes as quickly as possible without any adverse symptoms including extreme pain on feet or joints, dizziness, vertigo, or nausea.
Exclusion criteria
* For the intervention group, the
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| normalized ∆SmO2 rate | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | a parameter of muscular oxygenation to indicate the match or mismatch between oxygen supply and oxygen demand during the physical stimulus. |
| recovery time | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | a parameter of muscular oxygenation, time taken in seconds after the exercise to back to the beginning oxygenation level. |
| Resting SmO2 | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | a parameter of muscular oxygenation, the average oxygenation level in % while sitting still for 3 minutes before doing physical performance tests. |
| Oxyhemoglobin differences | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | a parameter of cerebral oxygenation, the difference of the oxyhemoglobin in mL per gram before and after the cognitive tests. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 6 Minute Walking Test | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | An assessment of physical performance. The test assesses time in seconds when participants walk as fast as they can in 6 minutes. |
| Mini-cog test | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | An assessment of cognitive performance. A Short term memory test. |
| Fatigue | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | Fatigue will be assessed by the Numeric Fatigue Scale (NFS) by selecting a number from 0 to 10. 0 is no fatigued at all, 10 is extremely fatigued. |
| blood glucose level in mg/dL | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | Blood glucose level before and after exercise |
| Trail Making Test | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | An assessment of cognitive performance. A executive function test. |
| Timed Up and Go test score in seconds | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | An assessment of physical performance. Time in seconds from sitting up from a chair, walking to 3 meters, turning, walking back to sitting down on a chair. |
| Short Physical Performance Battery | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | An assessment of physical performance. This test contains three sections: balance, walking speed and chair stand. The scores are 0-12. |
| Bilateral Heel Raise test | measure twice, at baseline and after 2 months | An assessment of physical performance. This test askes to do heel raise to the maximum height continuously. Time to fatigued in seconds and the frequencies of heel raise are recorded. |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed