Obesity, Weight Gain, Maternal
Conditions
Keywords
pregnant women, intervention
Brief summary
Moms Are Worth It is a lifestyle behavior intervention study aims to prevent excessive gestational weight gain in overweight or obese pregnant women through promotion of the stress management, healthy eating, and physical activity. Eligible women will be randomly assigned to a usual care or an intervention plus usual care group. The intervention will last 20 weeks and will be delivered via weekly web and individual health coaching session (10 of them)
Detailed description
Current effective lifestyle behavior intervention studies aimed to prevent excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG) in overweight or obese pregnant women have limited practicality, scalability, and sustainability because of high participant burden and excessive cost for clinical practice. Also, prior studies paid little or no attention to motivation, emotion and cognition, all of which are critical to motivate and enable individuals to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors and achieve positive health outcomes. A promising approach to prevent EGWG in overweight or obese pregnant women is through goal-oriented episodic future thinking (GOEFT). This pilot randomized controlled trial, aims to prevent EGWG in overweight or obese pregnant women. The proposed self-directed, web-based GOEFT intervention will focus on increasing motivation (autonomous motivation and self-efficacy) and improving emotion (emotion control and stress) and cognition (executive function, ExF), thus promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors. This will lead to prevention of EGWG and a reduced rate of gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, cesarean delivery and fetal macrosomia. Our intervention will last 20 weeks (starting at 17 week-gestation). Participants (N = 90; 50% White, 50% minority) will be recruited and enrolled from prenatal care clinics at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and be randomly assigned to our GOEFT intervention (n = 45) or usual care (n = 45). All participants will be assessed at baseline (\<17 week-gestation, T1), 24-27 week-gestation (T2) and 35-37 week-gestation (T3). Specific aims are (1) to determine feasibility of the GOEFT intervention: recruitment, randomization, retention and intervention implementation, (2) to investigate the potential efficacy of the intervention on gestational weight gain and maternal and birth outcomes, (3) to investigate the potential impact of the intervention on lifestyle behaviors and (4) to investigate the potential impact of the intervention on motivation, emotion and cognition.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALGoal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking
Individuals in the intervention group will receive a 20-week web-based intervention and individual health coaching focused on stress management, healthy eating and physical activity.
Sponsors
Ohio State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Participants must be pregnant women ≤ 13 week-gestation with a single fetus as assessed by ultrasound. * Participants must also have self-reported pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 25.0-45.0 kg/m2 and height (height and weight to compute body mass index). * Ability to read and speak English, * Age of 18-45 years, * Access to a working smart phone with unlimited text messaging, * Access to internet, * Receipt of prenatal care from our collaborating clinics and plan to deliver the baby at The Ohio State University (OSU) Wexner Medical Center, * Resident of Franklin Count, * Committed to the 20-week intervention.
Exclusion criteria
* Self-reported history of ≥ 3 miscarriages, * Planned termination of the pregnancy, * Diagnosed hypertension and/or type 1 or 2 diabetes, * History of or current diagnosis of an eating disorder, * Serious current physical disease (e.g., renal disease or cancer), * Past bariatric surgery, * Current or history of substance abuse in the past 6 months, * Current treatment for a serious psychological disorder (e.g., schizophrenia and bipolar disorder), * Contraindications to walking, * Consented women will become not eligible to participate in the study if they are not randomized by 16-week 6 days gestation. This is because the study intervention starts ≤ 17 weeks gestation. * Women will become not ineligible for participation if they did not complete the baseline data.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percent Change in Body Weight | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Data extracted from electronic medical record |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Participants Diagnosed With Gestational Hypertension | 24-27 week-gestation (T2) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3) | Data extracted from electronic medical record. Percentage of participants diagnosed with Gestational Hypertension in the study timeframe. |
| Percentage of Participants With Cesarean Delivery | 35-37 week-gestation (T3) | Data extracted from electronic medical record. Percentage of participants who experienced Cesarean Delivery. |
| Newborn Body Weight | 35-37 week-gestation (T3) | Data extracted from electronic medical record. Newborn Body Weight taken at birth. |
| Percentage of Participants With Premature (<37 Weeks Gestation) Births | 35-37 week-gestation (T3) | Gestational age for each participant was extracted from electronic medical record and births before 37 weeks gestation were considered to be premature. The number of premature births was averaged within the study groups. |
| Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Caloric Intake (Kcal) | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - calories (Kcal) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in calories consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in calories consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis. |
| Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fat (gm) | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - fat (gm) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in fat consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in fat consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis. |
| Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fruit (Cup) | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - fruit (cup) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in fruit consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in fruit consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis. |
| Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Vegetable (Cup) | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - vegetables (cup) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in vegetables consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in vegetables consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis. |
| Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Added Sugars (Teaspoon or 4gm) | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - added sugars teaspoon or 4 gm) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in added sugars consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in added sugars consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis. |
| Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fat Intake (gm) | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3) | Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - fat (gm) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T3 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in fat consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in fat consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis. |
| Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fruit Intake (Cups) | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3) | Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - fruit (cup) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T3 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in fruit consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in fruit consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis. |
| Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Vegetable Intake (Cups) | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3) | Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - vegetable (cup) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T3 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in vegetables consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in vegetables consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis. |
| Percentage of Participants Diagnosed With Gestational Diabetes | 24-27 week-gestation (T2) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3) | Data extracted from electronic medical record. Percentage of participants who were diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes during the study timeframe. |
| Percentage of Change in Physical Activity - 7-Day Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Assessed using Actigraph (GT3x), an objective measurement of physical activity. Investigators distributed the Actigraph in person participants' home (T2 and T3) to wear at the wrist at least seven consecutive days (≥ 10 hours/per day). The variable of interest - 7-day MET - values for the period was added to ascertain the total amount at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in physical activity negative numbers represent a decrease in physical. Only participants who completed the minimum requirement for reporting \[wear at the wrist at least seven consecutive days (≥ 10 hours/per day)\] were included in the analysis. |
| Change in Autonomous Motivation for Physical Activity | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Will be measured using Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (6 items) to measure autonomous motivation for Physical Activity (6 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All True, 2, 3, 4 - Somewhat True, 5, 6, 7 - Very True The investigators will sum 6 items to create a composite score, ranging from 6 to 42. Higher scores indicate higher autonomous motivation for Physical Activity. |
| Change in Autonomous Motivation for Stress Management | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Will be measured using Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (6 items) to measure autonomous motivation for stress management (6 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All True, 2, 3, 4 - Somewhat True, 5, 6, 7 - Very True The investigators will sum 6 items to create a composite score, ranging from 6 to 42. Higher scores indicate higher autonomous motivation for stress management. |
| Change in Autonomous Motivation for Healthy Eating | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Will be measured using Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (6 items) to measure autonomous motivation for Healthy Eating (6 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All True, 2, 3, 4 - Somewhat True, 5, 6, 7 - Very True The investigators will sum 6 items to create a composite score, ranging from 6 to 42. Higher scores indicate higher autonomous motivation for Healthy Eating. |
| Change in Healthy Eating Self-efficacy | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Will be measured using a Survey for Healthy Eating Self-efficacy (8 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All Confident, 2 - Not Too Confident, 3 - Somewhat Confident, 4 - Very Confident. The investigators will sum all 8 items to create a composite score, ranging from 8 to 32. The higher score, the higher healthy eating self-efficacy. |
| Change in Coping Self-efficacy | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Will be measured using a Survey for Coping Self-efficacy (10 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All Confident, 2 - Not Too Confident, 3 - Somewhat Confident, 4 - Very Confident The investigators will sum 10 items to create a composite score, ranging from 10 to 40. Higher scores indicate higher coping self-efficacy. |
| Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Will be measured using a Survey for Physical Activity Self-efficacy (10 items) that ask participants' confidence in performing the specific activity. Values are: 1 - Not At All Confident, 2 - Not Too Confident, 3 - Somewhat Confident, 4 - Very Confident The investigators will sum all 10 items to create a composite score, ranging from 10 to 40. The higher score, the higher physical activity self-efficacy. |
| Change in Emotion Regulation | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (10 items) was used to measure emotional control. The questionnaire asked participants to report the use of emotional regulatory process using a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). After revise coding 4 items, we summed responses of 10 items to create an emotional control score (ranged from 10 to 70). Higher scores indicated better emotional control. |
| Change in Perceived Stress | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | Will be measured using The Perceived Stress Scale (10 items) that measures the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. Values are: 0 - Never, 1 - Almost Never, 2 - Sometimes, 3 - Fairly Often, 4 - Very Often The investigators will sum 10 items to create a composite score, ranging from 0 to 40. The higher score, the higher levels of perceived stress. |
| Change in Executive Function - Behavior Regulation | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adults (75 items) was used to measure executive function. This survey asked participants to rate self-regulation behaviors in the everyday environment using a 3-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 2 (often). This survey covers 2 main domains: behavior regulation (30 items) and metacognition (45 items). We summed responses to the 30 behavior regulation items to create a behavior regulation score. Behavior regulation scores range from 0-60. We used the same approach to create a composite score for metacognition. Higher scores indicated worse behavior regulation or metacognition. The scores from T1 were compared to scores for T2 to evaluate the effect of the intervention. |
| Change in Executive Function - Behavioral Regulation | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3) | The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adults (75 items) was used to measure executive function. This survey asked participants to rate self-regulation behaviors in the everyday environment using a 3-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 2 (often). This survey covers 2 main domains: behavior regulation (30 items) and metacognition (45 items). We summed responses to the 30 behavior regulation items to create a behavior regulation score. Behavior regulation scores range from 0-60. We used the same approach to create a composite score for metacognition. Higher scores indicated worse behavior regulation or metacognition. The scores from T1 were compared to scores for T3 to evaluate the effect of the intervention. |
| Change in Executive Function - Metacognition | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2) | The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adults (75 items) was used to measure executive function \[31\]. This survey asked participants to rate self-regulation behaviors in the everyday environment using a 3-point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 2 (often). This survey covers 2 main domains: behavior regulation (30 items) and metacognition (45 items). We summed responses to the 30 behavior regulation items to create a behavior regulation score. We used the same approach to create a composite score for metacognition. Metacognition scores range from 0-90. Higher scores indicated worse metacognition. The scores from T1 were compared to scores from T2 to evaluate the effect of the intervention. |
| Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Added Sugars Intake (gm) | Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3) | Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - added sugars (teaspoon or 4 gm) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T3 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in added sugars consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in added sugars consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Between February, 2021 and March, 2022, Clinicians at collaborating sites referred pregnant patients to our study. The study research assistants screened the potential participants for eligibility over the phone.
Pre-assignment details
Eligible participants completed baseline measures; had body mass index (BMI) of 25.0-45.0 kg/m2 (calculated using self reported height and pre-pregnancy weight) and be between 18 and 45 years old. We excluded potential participants with self-reported history of ≥ 3 miscarriages, eating disorder, and diagnosed hypertension and type 1 or 2 diabetes, or contraindications to walking.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention In addition to usual prenatal care, intervention participants will receive a 20-week intervention via web and individual health counseling. The intervention topics focus on stress management, healthy eating, and physical activity.
Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking: Individuals in the intervention group will receive a 20-week web-based intervention and individual health coaching focused on stress management, healthy eating and physical activity. | 35 |
| Usual Prenatal Care The usual prenatal care group will receive usual care from their providers | 35 |
| Total | 70 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline to T2 | Withdrawal by Subject | 4 | 2 |
| Baseline to T3 | Withdrawal by Subject | 4 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Usual Prenatal Care | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 32.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3 | 32.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.8 | 32.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 |
| Marital Status In a domestic partnership | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Marital Status Married | 31 Participants | 32 Participants | 63 Participants |
| Marital Status Single, never married | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian | 1 participants | 2 participants | 3 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic White | 0 participants | 3 participants | 3 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized More than one race | 1 participants | 2 participants | 3 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic Black | 8 participants | 2 participants | 10 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic White | 25 participants | 26 participants | 51 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 35 participants | 35 participants | 70 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 35 Participants | 35 Participants | 70 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 35 | 0 / 35 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 35 | 0 / 35 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 35 | 2 / 35 |
Outcome results
Primary
Percent Change in Body Weight
Data extracted from electronic medical record
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percent Change in Body Weight | 10.9 percentage change | Standard Deviation 8.8 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percent Change in Body Weight | 9.6 percentage change | Standard Deviation 11 |
Primary
Percent Change in Body Weight
Data extracted from electronic medical record
Time frame: 24-27 week-gestation (T2) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percent Change in Body Weight | 14.0 percent change | Standard Deviation 7.1 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percent Change in Body Weight | 13.9 percent change | Standard Deviation 12.6 |
Primary
Percent Change in Body Weight
Data extracted from electronic medical record
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percent Change in Body Weight | 24.9 percent change | Standard Deviation 12.2 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percent Change in Body Weight | 23.5 percent change | Standard Deviation 10.8 |
Secondary
Change in Autonomous Motivation for Healthy Eating
Will be measured using Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (6 items) to measure autonomous motivation for Healthy Eating (6 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All True, 2, 3, 4 - Somewhat True, 5, 6, 7 - Very True The investigators will sum 6 items to create a composite score, ranging from 6 to 42. Higher scores indicate higher autonomous motivation for Healthy Eating
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Healthy Eating | -0.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.75 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Healthy Eating | -2.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.7 |
Secondary
Change in Autonomous Motivation for Healthy Eating
Will be measured using Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (6 items) to measure autonomous motivation for Healthy Eating (6 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All True, 2, 3, 4 - Somewhat True, 5, 6, 7 - Very True The investigators will sum 6 items to create a composite score, ranging from 6 to 42. Higher scores indicate higher autonomous motivation for Healthy Eating.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Healthy Eating | 2.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.29 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Healthy Eating | 0.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.53 |
Secondary
Change in Autonomous Motivation for Physical Activity
Will be measured using Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (6 items) to measure autonomous motivation for Physical Activity (6 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All True, 2, 3, 4 - Somewhat True, 5, 6, 7 - Very True The investigators will sum 6 items to create a composite score, ranging from 6 to 42. Higher scores indicate higher autonomous motivation for Physical Activity.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Physical Activity | 1.64 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Physical Activity | 0.92 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.55 |
Secondary
Change in Autonomous Motivation for Physical Activity
Will be measured using Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (6 items) to measure autonomous motivation for Physical Activity (6 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All True, 2, 3, 4 - Somewhat True, 5, 6, 7 - Very True The investigators will sum 6 items to create a composite score, ranging from 6 to 42. Higher scores indicate higher autonomous motivation for Physical Activity.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Physical Activity | -1.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.79 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Physical Activity | -1.26 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.81 |
Secondary
Change in Autonomous Motivation for Stress Management
Will be measured using Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (6 items) to measure autonomous motivation for stress management (6 items) Values are: 1 - Not At AllTrue, 2, 3, 4 - Somewhat True, 5, 6, 7 - Very True The investigators will sum 6 items to create a composite score, ranging from 6 to 42. Higher scores indicate higher autonomous motivation for stress managment.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Stress Management | -0.27 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.38 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Stress Management | -0.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.71 |
Secondary
Change in Autonomous Motivation for Stress Management
Will be measured using Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (6 items) to measure autonomous motivation for stress management (6 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All True, 2, 3, 4 - Somewhat True, 5, 6, 7 - Very True The investigators will sum 6 items to create a composite score, ranging from 6 to 42. Higher scores indicate higher autonomous motivation for stress management.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Stress Management | -0.09 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.84 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Autonomous Motivation for Stress Management | 1.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.96 |
Secondary
Change in Coping Self-efficacy
Will be measured using a Survey for Coping Self-efficacy (10 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All Confident, 2 - Not Too Confident, 3 - Somewhat Confident, 4 - Very Confident The investigators will sum 10 items to create a composite score, ranging from 10 to 40. Higher scores indicate higher coping self-efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Coping Self-efficacy | 4.07 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.06 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Coping Self-efficacy | 1.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.28 |
Secondary
Change in Coping Self-efficacy
Will be measured using a Survey for Coping Self-efficacy (10 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All Confident, 2 - Not Too Confident, 3 - Somewhat Confident, 4 - Very Confident The investigators will sum 10 items to create a composite score, ranging from 10 to 40. Higher scores indicate higher coping self-efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Coping Self-efficacy | 1.09 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.72 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Coping Self-efficacy | 1.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.34 |
Secondary
Change in Emotion Regulation
The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (10 items) was used to measure emotional control. The questionnaire asked participants to report the use of emotional regulatory process using a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). After revise coding 4 items, we summed responses of 10 items to create an emotional control score (ranged from 10 to 70). Higher scores indicated better emotional control.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Emotion Regulation | 2.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.76 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Emotion Regulation | -1.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.26 |
Secondary
Change in Emotion Regulation
The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (10 items) was used to measure emotional control. The questionnaire asked participants to report the use of emotional regulatory process using a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). After revise coding 4 items, we summed responses of 10 items to create an emotional control score (ranged from 10 to 70). Higher scores indicated better emotional control.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Emotion Regulation | 3.64 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.52 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Emotion Regulation | -0.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.26 |
Secondary
Change in Executive Function - Behavioral Regulation
The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adults (75 items) was used to measure executive function. This survey asked participants to rate self-regulation behaviors in the everyday environment using a 3-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 2 (often). This survey covers 2 main domains: behavior regulation (30 items) and metacognition (45 items). We summed responses to the 30 behavior regulation items to create a behavior regulation score. Behavior regulation scores range from 0-60. We used the same approach to create a composite score for metacognition. Higher scores indicated worse behavior regulation or metacognition. The scores from T1 were compared to scores for T3 to evaluate the effect of the intervention.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Executive Function - Behavioral Regulation | -0.43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.99 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Executive Function - Behavioral Regulation | -0.17 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.22 |
Secondary
Change in Executive Function - Behavior Regulation
The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adults (75 items) was used to measure executive function. This survey asked participants to rate self-regulation behaviors in the everyday environment using a 3-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 2 (often). This survey covers 2 main domains: behavior regulation (30 items) and metacognition (45 items). We summed responses to the 30 behavior regulation items to create a behavior regulation score. Behavior regulation scores range from 0-60. We used the same approach to create a composite score for metacognition. Higher scores indicated worse behavior regulation or metacognition. The scores from T1 were compared to scores for T2 to evaluate the effect of the intervention.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Executive Function - Behavior Regulation | 0.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.71 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Executive Function - Behavior Regulation | 1.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.39 |
Secondary
Change in Executive Function - Metacognition
The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adults (75 items) was used to measure executive function \[31\]. This survey asked participants to rate self-regulation behaviors in the everyday environment using a 3-point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 2 (often). This survey covers 2 main domains: behavior regulation (30 items) and metacognition (45 items). We summed responses to the 30 behavior regulation items to create a behavior regulation score. We used the same approach to create a composite score for metacognition. Metacognition scores range from 0-90. Higher scores indicated worse metacognition. The scores from T1 were compared to scores from T2 to evaluate the effect of the intervention.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Executive Function - Metacognition | -8.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.81 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Executive Function - Metacognition | 1.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.21 |
Secondary
Change in Executive Function - Metacognition
The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adults (75 items) was used to measure executive function \[31\]. This survey asked participants to rate self-regulation behaviors in the everyday environment using a 3-point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 2 (often). This survey covers 2 main domains: behavior regulation (30 items) and metacognition (45 items). We summed responses to the 30 behavior regulation items to create a behavior regulation score. We used the same approach to create a composite score for metacognition. Metacognition scores range from 0-90. Higher scores indicated worse metacognition. The scores from T1 were compared to scores from T3 to evaluate the effect of the intervention.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Executive Function - Metacognition | -5.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.37 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Executive Function - Metacognition | -1.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.28 |
Secondary
Change in Healthy Eating Self-efficacy
Will be measured using a Survey for Healthy Eating Self-efficacy (8 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All Confident, 2 - Not Too Confident, 3 - Somewhat Confident, 4 - Very Confident The investigators will sum all 8 items to create a composite score, ranging from 8 to 32. The higher score, the higher healthy eating self-efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Healthy Eating Self-efficacy | 2.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.32 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Healthy Eating Self-efficacy | 0.84 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.45 |
Secondary
Change in Healthy Eating Self-efficacy
Will be measured using a Survey for Healthy Eating Self-efficacy (8 items) Values are: 1 - Not At All Confident, 2 - Not Too Confident, 3 - Somewhat Confident, 4 - Very Confident. The investigators will sum all 8 items to create a composite score, ranging from 8 to 32. The higher score, the higher healthy eating self-efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Healthy Eating Self-efficacy | 2.27 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.58 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Healthy Eating Self-efficacy | 1.31 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.58 |
Secondary
Change in Perceived Stress
Will be measured using The Perceived Stress Scale (10 items) that measures the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. Values are: 0 - Never, 1 - Almost Never, 2 - Sometimes, 3 - Fairly Often, 4 - Very Often The investigators will sum 10 items to create a composite score, ranging from 0 to 40. The higher score, the higher levels of perceived stress.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Perceived Stress | 1.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.12 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Perceived Stress | 2.04 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.39 |
Secondary
Change in Perceived Stress
Will be measured using The Perceived Stress Scale (10 items) that measures the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. Values are: 0 - Never, 1 - Almost Never, 2 - Sometimes, 3 - Fairly Often, 4 - Very Often The investigators will sum 10 items to create a composite score, ranging from 0 to 40. The higher score, the higher levels of perceived stress.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Perceived Stress | -1.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.23 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Perceived Stress | 0.72 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.52 |
Secondary
Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy
Will be measured using a Survey for Physical Activity Self-efficacy (10 items) that ask participants' confidence in performing the specific activity. Values are: 1 - Not At All Confident, 2 - Not Too Confident, 3 - Somewhat Confident, 4 - Very Confident The investigators will sum all 10 items to create a composite score, ranging from 10 to 40. The higher score, the higher physical activity self-efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | 1.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.17 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | 2.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.87 |
Secondary
Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy
Will be measured using a Survey for Physical Activity Self-efficacy (10 items) that ask participants' confidence in performing the specific activity. Values are: 1 - Not At All Confident, 2 - Not Too Confident, 3 - Somewhat Confident, 4 - Very Confident The investigators will sum all 10 items to create a composite score, ranging from 10 to 40. The higher score, the higher physical activity self-efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | 2.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.89 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Change in Physical Activity Self-efficacy | 1.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.42 |
Secondary
Newborn Body Weight
Data extracted from electronic medical record. Newborn Body Weight taken at birth.
Time frame: 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Newborn Body Weight | 3493 grams | Standard Deviation 327.7 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Newborn Body Weight | 3503 grams | Standard Deviation 483.2 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Added Sugars Intake (gm)
Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - added sugars (teaspoon or 4 gm) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T3 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in added sugars consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in added sugars consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Added Sugars Intake (gm) | 3.08 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 13.27 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Added Sugars Intake (gm) | -2.28 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 10.96 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Added Sugars (Teaspoon or 4gm)
Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - added sugars teaspoon or 4 gm) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in added sugars consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in added sugars consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Added Sugars (Teaspoon or 4gm) | 2.35 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 7.26 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Added Sugars (Teaspoon or 4gm) | -2.99 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 8.16 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Caloric Intake (Kcal)
Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - calories (Kcal) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T3 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in calories consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in calories consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Caloric Intake (Kcal) | 98.34 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 651.4 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Caloric Intake (Kcal) | -217 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 627 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Caloric Intake (Kcal)
Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - calories (Kcal) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in calories consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in calories consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Caloric Intake (Kcal) | 162.9 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 545.7 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Caloric Intake (Kcal) | -149 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 655.9 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fat (gm)
Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - fat (gm) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in fat consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in fat consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fat (gm) | 9.89 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 32.74 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fat (gm) | -0.84 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 40.73 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fat Intake (gm)
Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - fat (gm) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T3 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in fat consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in fat consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fat Intake (gm) | 15.18 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 43.3 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fat Intake (gm) | -11.1 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 38.83 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fruit (Cup)
Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - fruit (cup) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in fruit consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in fruit consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fruit (Cup) | 0.63 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fruit (Cup) | -0.25 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 1.37 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fruit Intake (Cups)
Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - fruit (cup) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T3 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in fruit consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in fruit consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fruit Intake (Cups) | 0.12 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Fruit Intake (Cups) | 0.19 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Vegetable (Cup)
Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - vegetables (cup) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in vegetables consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in vegetables consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Vegetable (Cup) | 0.18 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 1.65 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Vegetable (Cup) | 0.22 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Vegetable Intake (Cups)
Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24). Participants completed 24-hour Dietary Recalls on two random days over a week. The variable of interest - vegetable (cup) - values for the 2 24-hour periods were added to ascertain the total amount consumed at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T3 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in vegetables consumed, negative numbers represent a decrease in vegetables consumed. Only participants who completed 2 days worth of dietary data were included in this analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Vegetable Intake (Cups) | -0.11 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 1.65 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Dietary Intake Behaviors - Vegetable Intake (Cups) | 0.08 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 1.34 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Physical Activity - 7-Day Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)
Assessed using Actigraph (GT3x), an objective measurement of physical activity. Investigators distributed the Actigraph in person participants' home (T2 and T3) to wear at the wrist at least seven consecutive days (≥ 10 hours/per day). The variable of interest - 7-day MET - values for the period was added to ascertain the total amount at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T2 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in physical activity negative numbers represent a decrease in physical. Only participants who completed the minimum requirement for reporting \[wear at the wrist at least seven consecutive days (≥ 10 hours/per day)\] were included in the analysis.
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 24-27 week-gestation (T2)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Physical Activity - 7-Day Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) | 1.77 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 9.31 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Physical Activity - 7-Day Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) | 3.65 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 9.85 |
Secondary
Percentage of Change in Physical Activity - 7-Day Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)
Assessed using Actigraph (GT3x), an objective measurement of physical activity. Investigators distributed the Actigraph in person participants' home (T2 and T3) to wear at the wrist at least seven consecutive days (≥ 10 hours/per day). The variable of interest - 7-day MET - values for the period was added to ascertain the total amount at the specific data collection time periods. Data from Baseline (T1) was compared to that collected at T3 for each participant and averaged for an aggregate score. Positive numbers represent an increase in physical activity negative numbers represent a decrease in physical. Only participants who completed the minimum requirement for reporting \[wear at the wr
Time frame: Baseline: less than or equal to 16 week-gestation (T1) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Change in Physical Activity - 7-Day Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) | 3.06 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 7.09 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Change in Physical Activity - 7-Day Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) | 1.13 percentage of change | Standard Deviation 11.4 |
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Diagnosed With Gestational Diabetes
Data extracted from electronic medical record. Percentage of participants who were diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes during the study timeframe.
Time frame: 24-27 week-gestation (T2) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Participants Diagnosed With Gestational Diabetes | 4 percentage of participants | Standard Deviation 12.9 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Participants Diagnosed With Gestational Diabetes | 5 percentage of participants | Standard Deviation 15.2 |
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Diagnosed With Gestational Hypertension
Data extracted from electronic medical record. Percentage of participants diagnosed with Gestational Hypertension in the study timeframe.
Time frame: 24-27 week-gestation (T2) to 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Participants Diagnosed With Gestational Hypertension | 4 percent of participants | Standard Deviation 12.9 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Participants Diagnosed With Gestational Hypertension | 2 percent of participants | Standard Deviation 6.1 |
Secondary
Percentage of Participants With Cesarean Delivery
Data extracted from electronic medical record. Percentage of participants who experienced Cesarean Delivery.
Time frame: 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Participants With Cesarean Delivery | 9 percentage of participants | Standard Deviation 29 |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Participants With Cesarean Delivery | 9 percentage of participants | Standard Deviation 27.3 |
Secondary
Percentage of Participants With Premature (<37 Weeks Gestation) Births
Gestational age for each participant was extracted from electronic medical record and births before 37 weeks gestation were considered to be premature. The number of premature births was averaged within the study groups.
Time frame: 35-37 week-gestation (T3)
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking (GOEFT) Intervention | Percentage of Participants With Premature (<37 Weeks Gestation) Births | 0 Participants |
| Usual Prenatal Care | Percentage of Participants With Premature (<37 Weeks Gestation) Births | 3 Participants |