SARS-CoV-2, Serology, Students
Conditions
Brief summary
The primary goal for this study is to assess whether receiving the results of an antibody test changes protective behavior to avoid SARS-CoV-2 infections (i.e., mask-wearing, physical distancing, limiting close contacts/avoiding crowds, hand-washing, avoiding contact with high-risk individuals). While studies have been published on the cross-sectional relationship between risk perception and other demographic characteristics and health behaviors that are protective for SARS-CoV-2 infection (see citations), there have been no studies showing the effect of receiving information about antibody positivity on protective behavior. Not only can results from this study be used to better model transmission, a better understanding of college student's risk perception around SARS-CoV-2 infections has implications for future vaccination strategies as well. There are concerns that a desire to return to normal life in combination with reduced perception of risk could have negative consequences for uptake of vaccination (Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security 2020 report, The Public's Role in COVID-19 Vaccination: Planning Recommendations Informed by Design Thinking and the Social, Behavioral, and Communication Sciences). The antibody test used in this study is named 'SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG rapid assay kit (Colloidal Gold)'. It provides a fast, on-site, and accurate detection of IgM/IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, with positive results of IgM antibodies indicating a recent infection, while positive results of IgG antibodies signaling a longer or previous infection. It can detect IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human specimens of serum, plasma, or venous whole blood.
Detailed description
This study will take place between September - November, 2020, and will ask participants to participate in: a web-based baseline survey, two rounds of SARS-CoV-2 serological testing (September and November), and bi-weekly web-based behavioral surveys (4 total surveys). Each is described in more detail below: Web-based baseline survey: The baseline survey is designed to collect data on participant demographics, SARS-CoV-2 protective behaviors, alcohol drinking habits, nicotine use, and personality profile and should take less than 30 minutes to fill out. Participants who provide informed consent will be provided the link to the survey which they can fill out at a time convenient to them prior to first round of serological testing. SARS-CoV-2 serological testing: There will be two rounds of SARS-CoV-2 serological testing, once at baseline (September 14-23) and once at endline (November 9-11). The serological testing visits will involve in-person laboratory testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The laboratory test involves a fingerstick to provide a small blood sample for the antibody test kits. Antibody test results will eventually be provided to all study participants via secure link sent by email. With this message, we will include a clearly written information sheet about the chance for inaccurate test results and how it is still unknown whether previous infections confer immunity to future infections. We will clearly counsel participants to not use the results of the tests as proof of a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, nor as a reason to change their behaviors. If participants wish to participate in the study, but do not wish to be provided with their antibody test results, they will be able to opt out of the results provision. If any participants opt out of receiving their test results, these participants would essentially create a third category of respondents: those who do not receive their results at all. However, these participants will still be analyzed with the trial arm to which they were randomized (intent to treat analysis). The primary experiment will assess whether provision of the antibody test results leads to behavior change with respect to personal protective behaviors. To that end, all participants will be randomized to a trial arm that immediately receive results (within 24 hours) or a trial arm with a delayed provision of results (after 4 weeks). So as to not incentivize early drop-out, if a participant in the delayed results arm drops out early, they will still be provided their test results at the regularly scheduled time, not earlier. All other procedures between arms are identical. The endline laboratory test results will be delivered to all participants in the same timeframe - within 24-72 hours. The early and delayed test result intervention will have completed after the first round of testing. Web-based behavioral surveys: To assess whether or not the provision of antibody test results changes behaviors, participants will self-reported behaviors in a short web-based survey every two weeks under observation. Links to these surveys will be sent to participants at regular bi-weekly intervals. Participants will fill out these short follow-up surveys on their computers or mobile devices. They are designed to take about 5 minutes or less to complete for each survey.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALImmediate vs. delayed provision of antibody test results
The primary experiment will be assessing whether provision of the antibody test results leads to behavior change with respect to personal protective behaviors. To that end, we will randomize all participants to a trial arm that immediately receive results (within 24 hours) or a trial arm with a delayed provision of results (after 4 weeks).
Sponsors
Indiana University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SCREENING
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Masking description
Because we are attempting to assess the impact of having knowledge about a participants' antibody test result on their engagement in protective behaviors to avoid SARS-CoV-2 infections, the intervention information will be masked from the participant and the investigators.
Intervention model description
Participants will be randomized to receive their antibody test results either within a day of the test or after a four-week waiting period in order to assess whether receiving the results of an antibody test changes protective behavior to avoid SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 100 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age 18 years or older * Current IU undergraduate student * Current resident of Monroe County, Indiana
Exclusion criteria
* Younger than 18 years old * Current residence outside of Monroe County, Indiana
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency of Avoiding People at High-risk for Severe COVID-19 Infections | 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test | This outcome was dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. This outcome will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Avoided contact with people at high-risk for severe COVID-19 infections Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never |
| Frequency of Handwashing | 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test | This outcome was dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. It will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Frequently washed my hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never |
| Frequency of Face Touching | 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test | This outcome was dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. This outcome will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Avoided touching my eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never |
| Frequency of Hand Sanitizer Use | 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test | This outcome was dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. This outcome will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Used disinfectants or hand sanitizer to clean hands when soap and water were not available Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never |
| Frequency of Social Event Avoidance | 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test | This outcome was dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. It will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Avoided a social event I wanted to attend Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never |
| Frequency of Staying Home From Work/School | 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test | This outcome is dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. It will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Stayed at home from work/school Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never |
| Frequency of Mask Wearing | 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test | This outcome is dichotomized into Always versus Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. It will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Wore a mask in public Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never |
| Frequency of Physical Distancing | 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test | This outcome is dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. It will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Ensured physical distancing in public Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Count of Participants With SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion Over 8 Weeks | Approximately 8 weeks from baseline antibody test. | This outcome will be assessed by comparing SARS-CoV-2 serostatus at baseline (September 2020) and endline (November 2020). Those who were antibody negative at baseline but antibody positive at endline will be considered seroconverters in this study. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
We randomly sampled 7,499 students from the sampling frame of all IU Bloomington undergraduates enrolled at the beginning of the Fall 2020 semester. Students in the sample were eligible to participate if they were (1) aged 18 years or older, (2) a current IU Bloomington undergraduate student, and (3) currently residing in Monroe County, Indiana. Of those sampled, 4,069 potential participants met the inclusion criteria for the study and were contacted by email with a study invitation.
Pre-assignment details
Following the study invitation, 1076 of the 4069 eligible sampled students were enrolled in the study and received randomization. 2651 students tacitly refused participation, 21 students explicitly refused participation or withdrew from the study, and 321 students missed the baseline study visit.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Intervention (Immediate Results) Participants will be given their results of their antibody test immediately (within 24 hours). | 536 |
| Control (Delayed Results) Participants will be given their results of their antibody test four weeks following the test. | 540 |
| Total | 1,076 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 126 | 138 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Control (Delayed Results) | Intervention (Immediate Results) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 502 Participants | 508 Participants | 1010 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age, Categorical 18 years old | 97 Participants | 111 Participants | 208 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age, Categorical 19 years old | 115 Participants | 109 Participants | 224 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age, Categorical 20 years old | 119 Participants | 109 Participants | 228 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age, Categorical 21 years old | 123 Participants | 132 Participants | 255 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age, Categorical 22+ years old | 48 Participants | 47 Participants | 95 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age, Categorical Missing | 38 Participants | 28 Participants | 66 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 39 Participants | 39 Participants | 78 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 501 Participants | 497 Participants | 998 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Greek Affiliation Status Missing | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Greek Affiliation Status No | 409 Participants | 403 Participants | 812 Participants |
| Greek Affiliation Status Yes | 129 Participants | 129 Participants | 258 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 37 Participants | 43 Participants | 80 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 7 Participants | 6 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 42 Participants | 43 Participants | 85 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 24 Participants | 27 Participants | 51 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 430 Participants | 417 Participants | 847 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 540 participants | 536 participants | 1076 participants |
| Residence Missing | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Residence Off-Campus | 375 Participants | 358 Participants | 733 Participants |
| Residence On-Campus | 162 Participants | 176 Participants | 338 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 356 Participants | 333 Participants | 689 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 181 Participants | 201 Participants | 382 Participants |
| Undergraduate School Year Fifth Year or More | 17 Participants | 10 Participants | 27 Participants |
| Undergraduate School Year First Year | 113 Participants | 123 Participants | 236 Participants |
| Undergraduate School Year Fourth Year | 143 Participants | 154 Participants | 297 Participants |
| Undergraduate School Year Missing | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Undergraduate School Year Second Year | 127 Participants | 119 Participants | 246 Participants |
| Undergraduate School Year Third Year | 137 Participants | 127 Participants | 264 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 536 | 0 / 540 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 536 | 0 / 540 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 536 | 0 / 540 |
Outcome results
Primary
Frequency of Avoiding People at High-risk for Severe COVID-19 Infections
This outcome was dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. This outcome will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Avoided contact with people at high-risk for severe COVID-19 infections Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never
Time frame: 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Avoiding People at High-risk for Severe COVID-19 Infections | Always or Very Often | 433 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Avoiding People at High-risk for Severe COVID-19 Infections | Never, Sometimes, or Rarely | 30 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Avoiding People at High-risk for Severe COVID-19 Infections | Not Applicable | 14 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Avoiding People at High-risk for Severe COVID-19 Infections | Always or Very Often | 466 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Avoiding People at High-risk for Severe COVID-19 Infections | Never, Sometimes, or Rarely | 31 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Avoiding People at High-risk for Severe COVID-19 Infections | Not Applicable | 10 Participants |
Comparison: This analysis includes only those participants with a negative antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.97, 1.04]
Comparison: This analysis uses only those participants with a positive antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.74, 1.12]
Primary
Frequency of Face Touching
This outcome was dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. This outcome will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Avoided touching my eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never
Time frame: 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Face Touching | Always or Very Often | 280 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Face Touching | Never, Sometimes, or Rarely | 196 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Face Touching | Always or Very Often | 303 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Face Touching | Never, Sometimes, or Rarely | 204 Participants |
Comparison: This analysis includes only those participants with a negative antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.89, 1.1]
Comparison: This analysis uses only those participants with a positive antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.5, 1.62]
Primary
Frequency of Hand Sanitizer Use
This outcome was dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. This outcome will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Used disinfectants or hand sanitizer to clean hands when soap and water were not available Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never
Time frame: 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Hand Sanitizer Use | Always or Very Often | 414 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Hand Sanitizer Use | Never, Sometimes, or Rarely | 60 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Hand Sanitizer Use | Not Applicable | 3 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Hand Sanitizer Use | Always or Very Often | 436 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Hand Sanitizer Use | Never, Sometimes, or Rarely | 69 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Hand Sanitizer Use | Not Applicable | 0 Participants |
Comparison: This analysis includes only those participants with a negative antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.96, 1.06]
Comparison: This analysis uses only those participants with a positive antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.74, 1.31]
Primary
Frequency of Handwashing
This outcome was dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. It will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Frequently washed my hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never
Time frame: 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Handwashing | Always or Very Often | 412 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Handwashing | Never, Sometimes, or Rarely | 65 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Handwashing | Not Applicable | 0 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Handwashing | Always or Very Often | 432 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Handwashing | Never, Sometimes, or Rarely | 75 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Handwashing | Not Applicable | 1 Participants |
Comparison: This analysis includes only those participants with a negative antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.96, 1.07]
Comparison: This analysis uses only those participants with a positive antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.77, 1.44]
Primary
Frequency of Mask Wearing
This outcome is dichotomized into Always versus Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. It will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Wore a mask in public Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never
Time frame: 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Mask Wearing | Always | 400 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Mask Wearing | Never, Rarely, Sometimes, or Very Often | 76 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Mask Wearing | Always | 433 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Mask Wearing | Never, Rarely, Sometimes, or Very Often | 71 Participants |
Comparison: This analysis includes only those participants with a negative antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.99, 1.03]
Comparison: This analysis uses only those participants with a positive antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.77, 1.21]
Primary
Frequency of Physical Distancing
This outcome is dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. It will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Ensured physical distancing in public Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never
Time frame: 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Physical Distancing | Always or Very Often | 427 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Physical Distancing | Never, Rarely, or Sometimes | 50 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Physical Distancing | Always or Very Often | 452 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Physical Distancing | Never, Rarely, or Sometimes | 54 Participants |
Comparison: This analysis includes only those participants with a negative antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.97, 1.06]
Comparison: This analysis uses only those participants with a positive antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.6, 1.11]
Primary
Frequency of Social Event Avoidance
This outcome was dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. It will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Avoided a social event I wanted to attend Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never
Time frame: 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Social Event Avoidance | Always or Very Often | 209 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Social Event Avoidance | Never, Rarely, or Sometimes | 224 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Social Event Avoidance | Not Applicable | 44 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Social Event Avoidance | Always or Very Often | 236 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Social Event Avoidance | Never, Rarely, or Sometimes | 228 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Social Event Avoidance | Not Applicable | 43 Participants |
Comparison: This analysis includes only those participants with a negative antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.84, 1.09]
Comparison: This analysis uses only those participants with a positive antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.33, 1.72]
Primary
Frequency of Staying Home From Work/School
This outcome is dichotomized into Always and Very Often versus Sometimes, Rarely, and Never. It will be self-reported in a web-based follow-up survey administered at 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test, with an item adapted from the WHO 2020 Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours and trust to inform pandemic outbreak response: During the last 7 days, which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? -Stayed at home from work/school Response options are: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never
Time frame: 2 weeks after the baseline antibody test
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Staying Home From Work/School | Always or Very Often | 152 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Staying Home From Work/School | Never, Rarely, or Sometimes | 254 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Frequency of Staying Home From Work/School | Not Applicable | 71 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Staying Home From Work/School | Always or Very Often | 185 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Staying Home From Work/School | Never, Rarely, or Sometimes | 255 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Frequency of Staying Home From Work/School | Not Applicable | 66 Participants |
Comparison: This analysis includes only those participants with a negative antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.74, 1.04]
Comparison: This analysis uses only those participants with a positive antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and behavioral outcomes. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.6, 3.25]
Secondary
Count of Participants With SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion Over 8 Weeks
This outcome will be assessed by comparing SARS-CoV-2 serostatus at baseline (September 2020) and endline (November 2020). Those who were antibody negative at baseline but antibody positive at endline will be considered seroconverters in this study.
Time frame: Approximately 8 weeks from baseline antibody test.
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Count of Participants With SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion Over 8 Weeks | Yes | 20 Participants |
| Intervention (Immediate Results) | Count of Participants With SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion Over 8 Weeks | No | 386 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Count of Participants With SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion Over 8 Weeks | Yes | 22 Participants |
| Control (Delayed Results) | Count of Participants With SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion Over 8 Weeks | No | 380 Participants |
Comparison: This analysis includes only those participants with a negative antibody test result at baseline to test the association between the treatment condition (immediate vs. delayed test results) and seroconversion. The reference group for this analysis was the control (delayed results) group.95% CI: [0.52, 1.71]