Communication Research, HIV
Conditions
Keywords
Health literacy, HIV, Infographic, Information-visualization, Clinician-patient communication, Health education
Brief summary
HIV disproportionately affects Latinos who have more infections, faster disease progression, more HIV-related deaths, and slower diagnosis and treatment than their white/majority counterparts. This is a concern across the United States (US) and in developing countries, such as the Dominican Republic (DR). The HIV-related health disparities experienced by Latinos are made worse when those living with HIV have low health literacy and difficulty understanding the information they need to manage their health. The PI developed a set of images to assist clinicians in providing information to Latino people living with HIV (PLWH). These images have been put into a mobile health app so clinicians can easily access them during clinic visits. The PI has tested her with PLWH in the DR and in New York City. So, the next steps in this research are to ensure the images are relevant and useful to Latinos across the United States (US) and to further assess if, and to what extent, the images can improve health outcomes among PLWH in the US and in the DR. We will therefore, adapt images to Latinos of Mexican origin/descent and then test them to determine if these images help clinicians provide information to patients by conducting a study at clinical sites in the US and in the DR.
Interventions
OTHERInfo Viz for Health
During the intervention, health care providers provide HIV-related health education using a mobile app that contains a bilingual database of relevant infographics.
Sponsors
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
University of Colorado, Denver
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
Masking
SINGLE (Investigator)
Masking description
Study team members who are recruiting will not be aware of which group study participants are being assigned to.
Intervention model description
There is a treatment and a control group at each site.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
\- Participants must self-identify as Latino, be English or Spanish-speaking, living with HIV with a detectable viral load (\>200 copies/mL) at any point in the past year or have an indication of adherence risk, and planning to receive care at the study site for the next year.
Exclusion criteria
* Not meeting inclusion criteria or not having the mental capacity to understand the study or provide informed consent.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in CD4 Count Over Time | Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month | Change in Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) count measured at 3-month intervals following baseline visit |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Satisfaction With Provider Scale Score | Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month | Satisfaction with provider was measured with the Overall Satisfaction with Provider and Clinic scale published by Dang et al., 2016. We asked a selection of questions from this scale based on their appropriateness for our study. The questions asked and the range of possible scores are as follows. Question 1: 1 - 7 Question 2: 1 - 10 Question 3: 1 - 7 Question 4: 1 - 5 Total scores are then calculated by adding participant responses on each of the four questions. The total possible score range for the questions asked from this scale was 4 - 29, with higher scores indicating more satisfaction with HIV provider. |
| Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month | We measured adherence to prescribed antiretroviral therapy with the validated simplified medication adherence questionnaire (SMAQ) (Knobel 2002). This is a 6- item questionnaire that measures medication adherence. There is no minimum or maximum score on this scale. Participants are considered either adherent (better outcome) or non-adherent (worse outcome) based on their responses to these 6 questions. They are considered non-adherent if they answer yes to questions 1, 2, 3, OR 5, regardless of their answers on the other questions. Participants are also considered non-adherent when they indicate that they have missed more than two doses of their medication in the past week (response to question 4), or over 2 days of total non-medication during the past 3 months (response on question 6). |
| Health Status Average Score | Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month | Health status will be assessed with a question on the health status assessment scale, on which participants rank their current health status on a scale of 0 - 100 where 0=death or worst possible health and 100=perfect or best possible health (without HIV infection). |
| Satisfaction With Clinic | Baseline, 3-, 6-, and 9-months | Satisfaction with clinic was measured with a selection of questions from the Overall Satisfaction with Provider and Clinic scale published by Dang et al., 2016. To assess satisfaction with the clinics, we asked a selection of questions from this scale based on their appropriateness for our study. The included questions and the associated range of possible scores are as follows. Question 7: 1 - 7 points possible Question 8: 1 - 7 points possible Question 9: 1 - 5 points possible Total scores are then calculated by adding participant responses on each of the three questions. The total possible score range for the questions asked from this scale was 3 - 19, with higher scores indicating more satisfaction with the clinic. |
| Change in Viral Load Over Time | Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month | Change in viral load count measured at 3-month intervals following baseline |
| HIV-related Knowledge Assessment | Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month | 14 questions pertaining to HIV-related knowledge were developed according to the information that will be included in the intervention. Participants will receive one point for each correct answer and then the scores for each question will be summed to obtain a final score. Therefore, the minimum score will be 0 and maximum score will be 14 where the scores closer to 14 indicate patients have more HIV-related knowledge |
| SEMCD Scale Score | Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month | The Self#Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease (SEMCD) scale is a 6#item questionnaire that measures confidence in one's ability to manage fatigue, pain, emotional distress, and other symptoms using self#management techniques. Each item is scored from a minimum value of 1 which indicates not at all confident to a maximum score of 10, which indicates completely confident. Final scores are calculated as the mean of the 6 questions ranging from 1(minimum) to 10 (maximum), where higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy (better outcome). |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II | Baseline visit only | The Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans- II (ARMSA-II) is a 12-item scale that measures acculturation with 6 items from the AOS (Anglo Oriented Scale) of the ARSMA-II and 6 items from the MOS (Mexican Oriented Scale) (Bauman 2005). Responses are collected with Likert-type questions on which the scores range from 1 (not at all) to 5 (almost always/extremely often) on each item. The ARMSA-II has been used in Mexican Americans as well as other Latino subgroups, including Dominicans. Scores are calculated by summing the scores on each of the six item subscales and then dividing by 12 to get a mean acculturation score. Therefore, the possible range of scores is 1-5 with higher scores indicating greater acculturation. Note: The scale was only administered to participants who were not born in the country where data collection took place. |
| Health Literacy Score: Short Assessment of Health Literacy Spanish & English (SAHL S&E) | Baseline visit only | Health literacy will be assessed using the short assessment of health literacy- Spanish. Scores range from 0 - 18 and a score above a 15 indicates that participants are likely to have adequate health literacy. |
| Health Literacy Score: Newest Vital Sign (NVS) | Baseline visit only | A second measure of health literacy, the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) will also be administered. Scores on this scale range from 0-6 where a score of 0-1 suggests high likelihood of limited literacy, a score of 2-3 indicates the possibility of limited literacy, and a score of 4-6 almost always indicates adequate literacy. |
Countries
Dominican Republic, United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Treatment The treatment group will be exposed to the infographic intervention when they present for clinic/study visits. During their visit with the provider, the provider offer health education while using infographics.
Info Viz for Health: During the intervention, health care providers provide HIV-related health education using a mobile app that contains a bilingual database of relevant infographics. | 83 |
| Control The control groups will receive standard health education. | 81 |
| Total | 164 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Treatment | Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 81 Participants | 79 Participants | 160 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 42.98 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.55 | 40.53 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.1 | 41.77 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.88 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 83 Participants | 81 Participants | 164 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Health Literacy | 47 Participants | 47 Participants | 94 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 21 Participants | 25 Participants | 46 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 26 Participants | 26 Participants | 52 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 14 Participants | 15 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 22 Participants | 15 Participants | 37 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Dominican Republic | 41 participants | 41 participants | 82 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 42 participants | 40 participants | 82 participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female | 60 Participants | 60 Participants | 120 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male | 23 Participants | 20 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Other | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 1 / 83 | 1 / 81 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 83 | 0 / 81 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 83 | 0 / 81 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in CD4 Count Over Time
Change in Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) count measured at 3-month intervals following baseline visit
Time frame: Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month
Population: There was some attrition over time.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Change in CD4 Count Over Time | Baseline | 446.71 Cells/mm3 | Standard Deviation 291.298 |
| Treatment | Change in CD4 Count Over Time | 3-Month | 498.04 Cells/mm3 | Standard Deviation 313.08 |
| Treatment | Change in CD4 Count Over Time | 6-Month | 517.77 Cells/mm3 | Standard Deviation 301.422 |
| Treatment | Change in CD4 Count Over Time | 9-Month | 505.05 Cells/mm3 | Standard Deviation 295.086 |
| Control | Change in CD4 Count Over Time | 9-Month | 461.71 Cells/mm3 | Standard Deviation 281.784 |
| Control | Change in CD4 Count Over Time | Baseline | 453.99 Cells/mm3 | Standard Deviation 319.543 |
| Control | Change in CD4 Count Over Time | 6-Month | 449.14 Cells/mm3 | Standard Deviation 263.617 |
| Control | Change in CD4 Count Over Time | 3-Month | 537.90 Cells/mm3 | Standard Deviation 855.711 |
p-value: 0.455ANOVA
Secondary
Change in Viral Load Over Time
Change in viral load count measured at 3-month intervals following baseline
Time frame: Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month
Population: There was some attrition over time.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Change in Viral Load Over Time | Baseline | 78824.11 copies/mL | Standard Deviation 236642.836 |
| Treatment | Change in Viral Load Over Time | 3 Month | 12522.70 copies/mL | Standard Deviation 50299.069 |
| Treatment | Change in Viral Load Over Time | 6 Month | 4369.15 copies/mL | Standard Deviation 17184.787 |
| Treatment | Change in Viral Load Over Time | 9 Month | 6057.83 copies/mL | Standard Deviation 39523.642 |
| Control | Change in Viral Load Over Time | 9 Month | 19439.14 copies/mL | Standard Deviation 96963.36 |
| Control | Change in Viral Load Over Time | Baseline | 63904.54 copies/mL | Standard Deviation 234399.365 |
| Control | Change in Viral Load Over Time | 6 Month | 26125.96 copies/mL | Standard Deviation 117233.253 |
| Control | Change in Viral Load Over Time | 3 Month | 30596.87 copies/mL | Standard Deviation 110589.762 |
p-value: 0.415ANOVA
Secondary
Health Status Average Score
Health status will be assessed with a question on the health status assessment scale, on which participants rank their current health status on a scale of 0 - 100 where 0=death or worst possible health and 100=perfect or best possible health (without HIV infection).
Time frame: Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month
Population: There was some attrition over time.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Health Status Average Score | Baseline | 84.34 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.95 |
| Treatment | Health Status Average Score | 3 Month | 89.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.292 |
| Treatment | Health Status Average Score | 6 Month | 92.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.129 |
| Treatment | Health Status Average Score | 9 Month | 91.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.664 |
| Control | Health Status Average Score | 9 Month | 90.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.06 |
| Control | Health Status Average Score | Baseline | 85.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.374 |
| Control | Health Status Average Score | 6 Month | 92.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.225 |
| Control | Health Status Average Score | 3 Month | 87.09 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.853 |
p-value: 0.723ANOVA
Secondary
HIV-related Knowledge Assessment
14 questions pertaining to HIV-related knowledge were developed according to the information that will be included in the intervention. Participants will receive one point for each correct answer and then the scores for each question will be summed to obtain a final score. Therefore, the minimum score will be 0 and maximum score will be 14 where the scores closer to 14 indicate patients have more HIV-related knowledge
Time frame: Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month
Population: There was some attrition over time.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | HIV-related Knowledge Assessment | Baseline | 10.0843 HIV-related Knowledge Assessment Scores | Standard Deviation 1.97672 |
| Treatment | HIV-related Knowledge Assessment | 6 Month | 12.1867 HIV-related Knowledge Assessment Scores | Standard Deviation 1.39684 |
| Treatment | HIV-related Knowledge Assessment | 3 Month | 11.7975 HIV-related Knowledge Assessment Scores | Standard Deviation 1.59831 |
| Treatment | HIV-related Knowledge Assessment | 9 Month | 12.2692 HIV-related Knowledge Assessment Scores | Standard Deviation 1.72997 |
| Control | HIV-related Knowledge Assessment | 9 Month | 12.0435 HIV-related Knowledge Assessment Scores | Standard Deviation 1.55 |
| Control | HIV-related Knowledge Assessment | Baseline | 10.8210 HIV-related Knowledge Assessment Scores | Standard Deviation 2.05595 |
| Control | HIV-related Knowledge Assessment | 3 Month | 11.4091 HIV-related Knowledge Assessment Scores | Standard Deviation 1.80592 |
| Control | HIV-related Knowledge Assessment | 6 Month | 11.7230 HIV-related Knowledge Assessment Scores | Standard Deviation 1.62629 |
p-value: 0.443ANOVA
Secondary
Satisfaction With Clinic
Satisfaction with clinic was measured with a selection of questions from the Overall Satisfaction with Provider and Clinic scale published by Dang et al., 2016. To assess satisfaction with the clinics, we asked a selection of questions from this scale based on their appropriateness for our study. The included questions and the associated range of possible scores are as follows. Question 7: 1 - 7 points possible Question 8: 1 - 7 points possible Question 9: 1 - 5 points possible Total scores are then calculated by adding participant responses on each of the three questions. The total possible score range for the questions asked from this scale was 3 - 19, with higher scores indicating more satisfaction with the clinic.
Time frame: Baseline, 3-, 6-, and 9-months
Population: There was some attrition over time.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Satisfaction With Clinic | Baseline | 18.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Treatment | Satisfaction With Clinic | 3-months | 18.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Treatment | Satisfaction With Clinic | 6-months | 18.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Treatment | Satisfaction With Clinic | 9-months | 18.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Control | Satisfaction With Clinic | 9-months | 18.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Control | Satisfaction With Clinic | Baseline | 18.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Control | Satisfaction With Clinic | 6-months | 18.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Control | Satisfaction With Clinic | 3-months | 18.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
Secondary
Satisfaction With Provider Scale Score
Satisfaction with provider was measured with the Overall Satisfaction with Provider and Clinic scale published by Dang et al., 2016. We asked a selection of questions from this scale based on their appropriateness for our study. The questions asked and the range of possible scores are as follows. Question 1: 1 - 7 Question 2: 1 - 10 Question 3: 1 - 7 Question 4: 1 - 5 Total scores are then calculated by adding participant responses on each of the four questions. The total possible score range for the questions asked from this scale was 4 - 29, with higher scores indicating more satisfaction with HIV provider.
Time frame: Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month
Population: There was some attrition over time.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Satisfaction With Provider Scale Score | Baseline | 27.5783 Satisfaction with provider scale score | Standard Deviation 2.36911 |
| Treatment | Satisfaction With Provider Scale Score | 3 Month | 28.4430 Satisfaction with provider scale score | Standard Deviation 0.82814 |
| Treatment | Satisfaction With Provider Scale Score | 6 Month | 28.2933 Satisfaction with provider scale score | Standard Deviation 1.45911 |
| Treatment | Satisfaction With Provider Scale Score | 9 Month | 28.4923 Satisfaction with provider scale score | Standard Deviation 1.37071 |
| Control | Satisfaction With Provider Scale Score | 9 Month | 28.1884 Satisfaction with provider scale score | Standard Deviation 1.8172 |
| Control | Satisfaction With Provider Scale Score | Baseline | 27.4877 Satisfaction with provider scale score | Standard Deviation 2.61483 |
| Control | Satisfaction With Provider Scale Score | 6 Month | 28.0405 Satisfaction with provider scale score | Standard Deviation 1.80136 |
| Control | Satisfaction With Provider Scale Score | 3 Month | 27.8961 Satisfaction with provider scale score | Standard Deviation 2.02994 |
p-value: 0.457ANOVA
Secondary
SEMCD Scale Score
The Self#Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease (SEMCD) scale is a 6#item questionnaire that measures confidence in one's ability to manage fatigue, pain, emotional distress, and other symptoms using self#management techniques. Each item is scored from a minimum value of 1 which indicates not at all confident to a maximum score of 10, which indicates completely confident. Final scores are calculated as the mean of the 6 questions ranging from 1(minimum) to 10 (maximum), where higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy (better outcome).
Time frame: Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month
Population: There was some attrition over time.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | SEMCD Scale Score | Baseline | 8.6174 SEMCD Scale Score | Standard Deviation 1.52319 |
| Treatment | SEMCD Scale Score | 6 Month | 9.1678 SEMCD Scale Score | Standard Deviation 1.05592 |
| Treatment | SEMCD Scale Score | 3 Month | 9.0011 SEMCD Scale Score | Standard Deviation 1.30174 |
| Treatment | SEMCD Scale Score | 9 Month | 9.0141 SEMCD Scale Score | Standard Deviation 1.18215 |
| Control | SEMCD Scale Score | 9 Month | 8.6860 SEMCD Scale Score | Standard Deviation 1.55831 |
| Control | SEMCD Scale Score | Baseline | 8.4372 SEMCD Scale Score | Standard Deviation 1.53408 |
| Control | SEMCD Scale Score | 3 Month | 8.6147 SEMCD Scale Score | Standard Deviation 1.63579 |
| Control | SEMCD Scale Score | 6 Month | 8.8276 SEMCD Scale Score | Standard Deviation 1.25087 |
p-value: 0.099ANOVA
Secondary
Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ)
We measured adherence to prescribed antiretroviral therapy with the validated simplified medication adherence questionnaire (SMAQ) (Knobel 2002). This is a 6- item questionnaire that measures medication adherence. There is no minimum or maximum score on this scale. Participants are considered either adherent (better outcome) or non-adherent (worse outcome) based on their responses to these 6 questions. They are considered non-adherent if they answer yes to questions 1, 2, 3, OR 5, regardless of their answers on the other questions. Participants are also considered non-adherent when they indicate that they have missed more than two doses of their medication in the past week (response to question 4), or over 2 days of total non-medication during the past 3 months (response on question 6).
Time frame: Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month
Population: There was some attrition over time.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | Baseline | Adherent | 35 Participants |
| Treatment | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 6 Month | Adherent | 48 Participants |
| Treatment | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 3 Month | Adherent | 35 Participants |
| Treatment | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 6 Month | Non Adherent | 27 Participants |
| Treatment | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 9 Month | Adherent | 29 Participants |
| Treatment | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | Baseline | Non Adherent | 48 Participants |
| Treatment | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 9 Month | Non Adherent | 36 Participants |
| Treatment | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 3 Month | Non Adherent | 44 Participants |
| Control | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 9 Month | Non Adherent | 37 Participants |
| Control | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | Baseline | Adherent | 30 Participants |
| Control | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | Baseline | Non Adherent | 51 Participants |
| Control | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 3 Month | Adherent | 35 Participants |
| Control | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 3 Month | Non Adherent | 42 Participants |
| Control | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 6 Month | Adherent | 37 Participants |
| Control | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 9 Month | Adherent | 32 Participants |
| Control | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) | 6 Month | Non Adherent | 37 Participants |
p-value: 0.338ANOVA
Other Pre-specified
Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II
The Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans- II (ARMSA-II) is a 12-item scale that measures acculturation with 6 items from the AOS (Anglo Oriented Scale) of the ARSMA-II and 6 items from the MOS (Mexican Oriented Scale) (Bauman 2005). Responses are collected with Likert-type questions on which the scores range from 1 (not at all) to 5 (almost always/extremely often) on each item. The ARMSA-II has been used in Mexican Americans as well as other Latino subgroups, including Dominicans. Scores are calculated by summing the scores on each of the six item subscales and then dividing by 12 to get a mean acculturation score. Therefore, the possible range of scores is 1-5 with higher scores indicating greater acculturation. Note: The scale was only administered to participants who were not born in the country where data collection took place.
Time frame: Baseline visit only
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II | 2.64 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.48 |
| Control | Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II | 2.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.52 |
p-value: 0.864t-test, 2 sided
Other Pre-specified
Health Literacy Score: Newest Vital Sign (NVS)
A second measure of health literacy, the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) will also be administered. Scores on this scale range from 0-6 where a score of 0-1 suggests high likelihood of limited literacy, a score of 2-3 indicates the possibility of limited literacy, and a score of 4-6 almost always indicates adequate literacy.
Time frame: Baseline visit only
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Health Literacy Score: Newest Vital Sign (NVS) | 1.37 Health Literacy Score: Newest Vital Sign | Standard Deviation 1.998 |
| Control | Health Literacy Score: Newest Vital Sign (NVS) | 1.41 Health Literacy Score: Newest Vital Sign | Standard Deviation 2.017 |
p-value: 0.998t-test, 2 sided
Other Pre-specified
Health Literacy Score: Short Assessment of Health Literacy Spanish & English (SAHL S&E)
Health literacy will be assessed using the short assessment of health literacy- Spanish. Scores range from 0 - 18 and a score above a 15 indicates that participants are likely to have adequate health literacy.
Time frame: Baseline visit only
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Health Literacy Score: Short Assessment of Health Literacy Spanish & English (SAHL S&E) | 12.41 Health Literacy Score | Standard Deviation 6.28 |
| Control | Health Literacy Score: Short Assessment of Health Literacy Spanish & English (SAHL S&E) | 12.81 Health Literacy Score | Standard Deviation 6.062 |
p-value: 0.578t-test, 2 sided