Animal Phobia
Conditions
Keywords
Specific Phobia, Cockroach phobia, Exposure therapy, Augmented Reality, Projection-Based, Single case study
Brief summary
The aim of this study is to test the efficacy and efficiency of varying the phobic stimuli during the augmented reality (AR) exposure therapy using multiple stimuli versus one single stimulus through projection-based AR (P-ARET) for the treatment of participants diagnosed with cockroach phobia.
Detailed description
Specific phobia (SP) refers to an extreme and persistent fear of a specific object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger or threat. SP is the most prevalent anxiety disorder with substantial impairment and comorbidity. Animal fear is one of the most prevalent subtypes of SP. In vivo exposure is the treatment of choice for this problem, but this technique is associated to limitations in its implementation related to the access and acceptability (i.e., low acceptance on the part of patients and therapists, high dropout rates, limited access to the treatment and, difficulties in its application in the clinical context). Augmented Reality (AR) offers some advantages in delivering the exposure technique: 1) Exposure to multiple virtual stimuli; 2) Going beyond reality; 3) Allowing complete control over the situation; 4) It allows privacy and confidentiality. Particularly, the most significant aspect of AR is that the virtual elements add relevant and helpful information to the physical information available in the real world. The study will follow the guidelines of a multiple-baseline single case design with alternating treatments. Participants (N = 4) who received a diagnosis of SP for cockroaches (DSM-5), will be randomly assigned to different baselines (ranging between 8 and 14 days) and all of them will receive the two experimental conditions: 1) AR exposure therapy with multiple stimuli and; 2) AR exposure therapy with a single stimulus. Five evaluation moments will be included: pre-intervention (baseline), post- intervention, and follow-up at the first month, 6 and 12 months.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALAlternating single stimulus and multiple stimuli
P-ARET for cockroach phobia alternating between two interventions: exposure to a single stimulus (always using the same projected cockroach) and exposure to multiple stimuli (different cockroaches in terms of number, shape, colour and movement). It will be counterbalanced to start the same number of participants in each of the two modalities. The two conditions will be randomly applied for each participant, with the restriction of that each condition will be applied 3 times. There will be 6 weekly sessions of approximately 1 hour. The purpose of this exposure treatment is to confront patients to the phobic stimuli in a controlled manner, which favors the habituation process and allows them to accept that the negative consequences they fear do not actually occur. All exposure sessions should be recorded (patients will sign informed consent for recording prior to treatment initiation).
Sponsors
Universitat Jaume I
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Single case, multiple-baseline AB design
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Being at least 18 years old * Meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for SP (animal subtype) to cockroaches * Having a minimum of six-month duration of the phobia * Sign an informed consent * Presenting a score of at least 4 on the fear and avoidance scales of the diagnostic interview applied
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of another severe mental disorder that requires immediate attention * Having current alcohol or drug dependence or abuse, psychosis or severe organic illness * Currently being treated in a similar treatment program * Being capable of inserting their hands in a plastic container with a cockroach (during the behavioral test) * Receiving other psychological treatment during the study for cockroach phobia * Start receiving pharmacological treatment during the study (or in case of being already taking them, change the drug or dose)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT; adapted from Öst, Salkovskis, & Hellström's, 1991) | At the beginning of the intervention and immediately after the treatment | Patients will be confronted to a real cockroach and they will be encouraged to get closer and interact with the stimulus as much as they can. The anxiety level (0-10), distance and level of interaction with the animal will be registered evaluated in a scale ranging from 0 (the participant does not enter the room) to 12 (interacts with the cockroach). |
| Change in fear, avoidance, belief in negative thoughts and coping ability with the feared stimulus levels. | Once a day (from the start of the baseline until the end of the treatment) and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment. | Item1: If you see a cockroach in front of you at this moment… To what extent would you be scared of it? Item 2: If you see a cockroach in front of you at this moment… to what extent would you avoid it?, Item 3: If you see a cockroach in front of you at this moment… To what extent would you believe that it is dangerous for you?, Item 4: To what extent you believe that you could cope with a cockroach of different size, colour and shape? Ranged from 0 (nothing) to 10 (very much) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Patient's Improvement Scale (adapted from the Clinical Global Impression scale; CGI, Guy, 1976). | At the beginning of the intervention and immediately after the treatment | This instrument evaluates the degree of improvement of the patient' symptoms after the treatment compared to the start. It is ranged from 1 (much worse) and 7 (much better). |
| Change in Fear of Cockroaches Questionnaire (adapted from Fear of Spiders Questionnaire; FSQ, Szymanski & O'Donohue, 1995) | At the beginning of the intervention and immediately after the treatment | This questionnaire assesses the level of fear to cockroaches. It has 18 items evaluated in a scale ranging from 1 (nothing) to 7 (very much). |
| Change in Behavioral Avoidance Test through AR (BAT; adapted from Öst, Salkovskis, & Hellström's, 1991) | At the beginning of the intervention and immediately after the treatment | Patients will be confronted to a novel projected cockroach (not used before in any treatment condition) and they will be encouraged to get closer and interact with the stimulus as much as they can. The anxiety level (0-10), distance and level of interaction with the animal will be registered evaluated in a scale ranging from 0 (the participant does not enter the room) to 12 (interacts with the cockroach). |
| Preferences | Immediately after the treatment | Preferences about the treatment condition (MS versus SS) were assessed with a questionnaire composed of the following items: Item 1 If you could choose between the two types of exposure sessions, which one would you choose?; Item 2 Which of these two ways of applying the exposure session do you consider to be more effective in helping you overcome your problem?; Item 3 Which of these two ways of applying the exposure session do you consider more aversive?; and Item 4 Which of these two ways to apply the exposure session would you recommend to a friend who had the same problem? |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in The Clinician Severity Scale (adapted from Di Nardo, Brown & Barlow, 1994). | At the beginning of the intervention and immediately after the treatment | This instrument assesses the severity of symptoms evaluated by the clinician and the scale ranged from 0 (absent) to 8 (very severe). |
| Change in Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV-TR (ADIS-IV) - Specific Phobia | At the beginning of the intervention and immediately after the treatment, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment. | Diagnostic interview for specific phobia based on DSM-IV-TR criteria. |
| Change in Scale of expectation and satisfaction with the treatment (adapted from Borkovec y Nau, 1972) | At the beginning of the intervention and immediately after the treatment | This instrument contains 6 items ranged from 0 (nothing) to 10 (very much) assessing the patient's opinions about the treatment, focusing on their expectations and degree of satisfaction. |
Countries
Spain
Outcome results
None listed