Alcohol Abuse
Conditions
Keywords
brain activation during response inhibition, BARI, fMRI, stop signal task, sex difference, menstrual, inhibitory control
Brief summary
This study will determine the neural and hormonal mechanisms underlying sex differences in sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in heavy drinkers.
Detailed description
Alcohol abuse inflicts enormous physical, emotional, and financial burdens on the individual and society at large. Knowing who is at risk for alcohol abuse, and why, is crucial for the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Alcohol abuse has been traditionally considered a male-oriented problem and as a consequence research on risk factors specific to women has been minimal. However, the sex gap in substance abuse is closing rapidly, and findings from both animal and human studies suggest that females are actually more vulnerable to drug use than males. As such, there is an urgent need to identify sex differences in risk factors for alcohol abuse in order to develop sex-specific prevention and treatment efforts. One clear candidate risk factor is poor inhibitory control, both in terms of baseline levels of inhibition and sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol. Recent studies suggest that sex hormones affect inhibitory control in drug-free individuals, potentially contributing to sex differences in baseline levels of inhibition. However, the degree to which fluctuations in sex hormones influence sex differences in inhibition-related brain function in sober and intoxicated individuals is not known. The proposed project will determine the neural and hormonal mechanisms underlying sex differences in sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in heavy drinkers. The overall objective of the research is to identify hormonal determinants of alcohol effects on brain activation during response inhibition (BARI) in young adult female and male drinkers. BARI will be assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of the stop signal task. This task reliably activates right-lateralized prefrontal regions implicated in inhibitory control. This study will assess BARI during IV alcohol (60mg%) and saline infusion in women during the early follicular and mid-luteal phases and in men at matched intervals.
Interventions
DRUGAlcohol
Alcohol will be administered by IV infusion (60mg%).
DRUGSaline
Saline is administered as the placebo
Sponsors
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
Mark Fillmore
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
21 Years to 29 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* heavy drinking * Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test score above 7 * right-handed * BMI between 19 and 26 * high school education * fluent in English * women must have regular menstrual cycles * not using hormonal contraceptives
Exclusion criteria
* drug use disorder (SCID, DSM-5), other than nicotine or caffeine * meets withdrawal criteria * history of physical or psychiatric disease * contraindication for fMRI * pregnant or breastfeeding * smoking more than 5 cigarettes per day
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Brain Activation During Response Inhibition (BARI) - Alcohol Infusion | During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together | Brain activation during response inhibition (BARI) was assessed using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI during performance of the stop signal task during alcohol (60mg%) infusion. Values were determined by the contrast of BOLD activation during successful inhibition trials relative to go trials. |
| Brain Activation During Response Inhibition (BARI) - Saline Infusion | During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together | Brain activation during response inhibition (BARI) was assessed using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI during performance of the stop signal task during saline infusion. Values were determined by the contrast of BOLD activation during successful inhibition trials relative to go trials. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Progesterone Levels - Alcohol Infusion | During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together | Progesterone levels (ng/mL) were measured from blood samples prior to alcohol infusion. |
| Progesterone Levels - Saline Infusion | During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together | Progesterone levels (ng/mL) were measured from blood samples following saline infusion. |
| Testosterone Levels - Alcohol Infusion | During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together | Testosterone levels (ng/dL) were measured from blood samples following alcohol infusion. |
| Testosterone Levels - Saline Infusion | During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together | Testosterone levels (ng/dL) were measured from blood samples following saline infusion. |
| Biphasic Alcohol Effects Score - Stimulation - Alcohol Infusion | During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together | The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is a 14-point self-reporting, unipolar adjective rating scale designed to measure both stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol. Scores range from 0-10 for each of the 7 Stimulation sub-scale questions, for a total Stimulation score range of 0-70. Higher scores indicate increased stimulation. This outcome measure was collected during alcohol (60mg%) infusion. |
| Biphasic Alcohol Effects Score - Sedation - Alcohol Infusion | During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together | The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is a 14-point self-reporting, unipolar adjective rating scale designed to measure both stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol. Scores range from 0-10 for each of the 7 Sedation sub-scale questions, for a total Sedation score range of 0-70. Higher scores indicate increased sedation. This outcome measure was collected during alcohol (60mg%) infusion. |
| Estradiol Levels - Alcohol Infusion | During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together | Estradiol levels (pg/mL) were measured from blood samples following alcohol infusion. |
| Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) - Sedation - Saline | During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together | The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is a 14-point self-reporting, unipolar adjective rating scale designed to measure both stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol. Scores range from 0-10 for each of the 7 Sedation sub-scale questions, for a total Sedation score range of 0-70. Higher scores indicate increased stimulation. This outcome measure was collected during saline infusion. |
| Drug Effects Questionnaire Score - Feel - Alcohol Infusion | During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together | The Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) consists of four questions to assess acute subjective response to alcohol intake. This measure captures the amount someone feels the effects of alcohol, on a scale from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater levels of 'feel alcohol'. Scores were obtained during alcohol (60mg%) infusion. |
| Drug Effects Questionnaire Score - Like - Alcohol Infusion | During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together | The Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) consists of four questions to assess acute subjective response to alcohol intake. This measure captures the amount someone likes the effects of alcohol, on a scale from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater levels of 'like alcohol'. Scores were obtained during alcohol (60mg%) infusion. |
| Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) - Feel - Saline Infusion | During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together | The Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) consists of four questions to assess acute subjective response to alcohol intake. This measure captures the amount someone feels the effects of alcohol, on a scale from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater levels of 'feel alcohol'. Scores were obtained during saline infusion. |
| Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) - Like - Saline Infusion | During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together | The Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) consists of four questions to assess acute subjective response to alcohol intake. This measure captures the amount someone likes the effects of alcohol, on a scale from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater levels of 'like alcohol'. Scores were obtained during saline infusion. |
| Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) - Stimulation - Saline Infusion | During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together | The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is a 14-point self-reporting, unipolar adjective rating scale designed to measure both stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol. Scores range from 0-10 for each of the 7 Stimulation sub-scale questions, for a total Stimulation score range of 0-70. Higher scores indicate increased stimulation. This outcome measure was collected during saline infusion. |
| Estradiol Levels - Saline Infusion | During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together | Estradiol levels (pg/mL) were measured from blood samples following saline infusion. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Alcohol, Then Saline, Then Alcohol, Then Saline Participants first received alcohol (60mg%) intravenously and then 24-48 hours later they received saline intravenously. Two weeks later, they again received alcohol (60mg%) intravenously and then 24 - 48 hours later they received saline intravenously. | 13 |
| Saline, Then Alcohol, Then Saline, Then Alcohol Participants first received saline intravenously and then 24-48 hours later they received alcohol (60mg%) intravenously. Two weeks later, they again received saline intravenously and then 24 - 48 hours later they received alcohol (60mg%) intravenously. | 15 |
| Total | 28 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Intervention (2-3 Days) | Scheduling conflict | 2 | 2 |
| Interval Period (2 Weeks) | scheduling conflict | 1 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Alcohol, Then Saline, Then Alcohol, Then Saline | Total | Saline, Then Alcohol, Then Saline, Then Alcohol |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 23.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 | 23.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.1 | 23.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 13 Participants | 26 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 3 Participants | 4 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 10 Participants | 18 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 13 participants | 28 participants | 15 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 7 Participants | 15 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 6 Participants | 13 Participants | 7 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 13 | 0 / 15 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 13 | 0 / 15 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 13 | 0 / 15 |
Outcome results
Primary
Brain Activation During Response Inhibition (BARI) - Alcohol Infusion
Brain activation during response inhibition (BARI) was assessed using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI during performance of the stop signal task during alcohol (60mg%) infusion. Values were determined by the contrast of BOLD activation during successful inhibition trials relative to go trials.
Time frame: During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Brain Activation During Response Inhibition (BARI) - Alcohol Infusion | 1.83 BOLD activation | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
| Females | Brain Activation During Response Inhibition (BARI) - Alcohol Infusion | 2.41 BOLD activation | Standard Deviation 1.35 |
Primary
Brain Activation During Response Inhibition (BARI) - Saline Infusion
Brain activation during response inhibition (BARI) was assessed using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI during performance of the stop signal task during saline infusion. Values were determined by the contrast of BOLD activation during successful inhibition trials relative to go trials.
Time frame: During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Brain Activation During Response Inhibition (BARI) - Saline Infusion | 1.32 BOLD activation | Standard Deviation 1.44 |
| Females | Brain Activation During Response Inhibition (BARI) - Saline Infusion | 2.64 BOLD activation | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
Secondary
Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) - Sedation - Saline
The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is a 14-point self-reporting, unipolar adjective rating scale designed to measure both stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol. Scores range from 0-10 for each of the 7 Sedation sub-scale questions, for a total Sedation score range of 0-70. Higher scores indicate increased stimulation. This outcome measure was collected during saline infusion.
Time frame: During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) - Sedation - Saline | 7.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.5 |
| Females | Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) - Sedation - Saline | 8.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.1 |
Secondary
Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) - Stimulation - Saline Infusion
The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is a 14-point self-reporting, unipolar adjective rating scale designed to measure both stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol. Scores range from 0-10 for each of the 7 Stimulation sub-scale questions, for a total Stimulation score range of 0-70. Higher scores indicate increased stimulation. This outcome measure was collected during saline infusion.
Time frame: During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) - Stimulation - Saline Infusion | 25.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.1 |
| Females | Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) - Stimulation - Saline Infusion | 16.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.3 |
Secondary
Biphasic Alcohol Effects Score - Sedation - Alcohol Infusion
The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is a 14-point self-reporting, unipolar adjective rating scale designed to measure both stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol. Scores range from 0-10 for each of the 7 Sedation sub-scale questions, for a total Sedation score range of 0-70. Higher scores indicate increased sedation. This outcome measure was collected during alcohol (60mg%) infusion.
Time frame: During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Biphasic Alcohol Effects Score - Sedation - Alcohol Infusion | 13.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.7 |
| Females | Biphasic Alcohol Effects Score - Sedation - Alcohol Infusion | 16.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.3 |
Secondary
Biphasic Alcohol Effects Score - Stimulation - Alcohol Infusion
The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is a 14-point self-reporting, unipolar adjective rating scale designed to measure both stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol. Scores range from 0-10 for each of the 7 Stimulation sub-scale questions, for a total Stimulation score range of 0-70. Higher scores indicate increased stimulation. This outcome measure was collected during alcohol (60mg%) infusion.
Time frame: During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Biphasic Alcohol Effects Score - Stimulation - Alcohol Infusion | 32.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.5 |
| Females | Biphasic Alcohol Effects Score - Stimulation - Alcohol Infusion | 23.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.3 |
Secondary
Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) - Feel - Saline Infusion
The Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) consists of four questions to assess acute subjective response to alcohol intake. This measure captures the amount someone feels the effects of alcohol, on a scale from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater levels of 'feel alcohol'. Scores were obtained during saline infusion.
Time frame: During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) - Feel - Saline Infusion | 11.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.3 |
| Females | Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) - Feel - Saline Infusion | 8.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.2 |
Secondary
Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) - Like - Saline Infusion
The Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) consists of four questions to assess acute subjective response to alcohol intake. This measure captures the amount someone likes the effects of alcohol, on a scale from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater levels of 'like alcohol'. Scores were obtained during saline infusion.
Time frame: During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) - Like - Saline Infusion | 50.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.4 |
| Females | Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) - Like - Saline Infusion | 48.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
Secondary
Drug Effects Questionnaire Score - Feel - Alcohol Infusion
The Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) consists of four questions to assess acute subjective response to alcohol intake. This measure captures the amount someone feels the effects of alcohol, on a scale from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater levels of 'feel alcohol'. Scores were obtained during alcohol (60mg%) infusion.
Time frame: During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Drug Effects Questionnaire Score - Feel - Alcohol Infusion | 73.4 Score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.6 |
| Females | Drug Effects Questionnaire Score - Feel - Alcohol Infusion | 61.7 Score on a scale | Standard Deviation 19.5 |
Secondary
Drug Effects Questionnaire Score - Like - Alcohol Infusion
The Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) consists of four questions to assess acute subjective response to alcohol intake. This measure captures the amount someone likes the effects of alcohol, on a scale from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater levels of 'like alcohol'. Scores were obtained during alcohol (60mg%) infusion.
Time frame: During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Drug Effects Questionnaire Score - Like - Alcohol Infusion | 83.4 Score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.5 |
| Females | Drug Effects Questionnaire Score - Like - Alcohol Infusion | 65.4 Score on a scale | Standard Deviation 17 |
Secondary
Estradiol Levels - Alcohol Infusion
Estradiol levels (pg/mL) were measured from blood samples following alcohol infusion.
Time frame: During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Estradiol Levels - Alcohol Infusion | 21.5 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| Females | Estradiol Levels - Alcohol Infusion | 71.3 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 28.8 |
Secondary
Estradiol Levels - Saline Infusion
Estradiol levels (pg/mL) were measured from blood samples following saline infusion.
Time frame: During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Estradiol Levels - Saline Infusion | 23.5 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 7 |
| Females | Estradiol Levels - Saline Infusion | 63.3 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 34 |
Secondary
Progesterone Levels - Alcohol Infusion
Progesterone levels (ng/mL) were measured from blood samples prior to alcohol infusion.
Time frame: During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Progesterone Levels - Alcohol Infusion | 0.28 ng/mL | Standard Deviation 0.07 |
| Females | Progesterone Levels - Alcohol Infusion | 4.1 ng/mL | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
Secondary
Progesterone Levels - Saline Infusion
Progesterone levels (ng/mL) were measured from blood samples following saline infusion.
Time frame: During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Progesterone Levels - Saline Infusion | 0.29 ng/mL | Standard Deviation 0.09 |
| Females | Progesterone Levels - Saline Infusion | 3.81 ng/mL | Standard Deviation 1.95 |
Secondary
Testosterone Levels - Alcohol Infusion
Testosterone levels (ng/dL) were measured from blood samples following alcohol infusion.
Time frame: During two alcohol sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two alcohol sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Testosterone Levels - Alcohol Infusion | 544.7 ng/dL | Standard Deviation 252.8 |
| Females | Testosterone Levels - Alcohol Infusion | 39.0 ng/dL | Standard Deviation 22.8 |
Secondary
Testosterone Levels - Saline Infusion
Testosterone levels (ng/dL) were measured from blood samples following saline infusion.
Time frame: During two saline (placebo) sessions which could occur on two of four possible days: 1 or 2 and 15 or 16; data from the two saline sessions are averaged together
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Testosterone Levels - Saline Infusion | 454.61 ng/dL | Standard Deviation 161.04 |
| Females | Testosterone Levels - Saline Infusion | 23.7 ng/dL | Standard Deviation 6.73 |