Covid19
Conditions
Brief summary
The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. The investigators will also test the effect of concordance of providers and whether highlighting the unequal burden of the disease has additional effects on knowledge, beliefs and behavior regarding covid-19. The sample will include African American and white adult Americans and oversample those with less than a college degree.
Detailed description
Recent data have shown that covid19 is disproportionately infecting and killing African Americans and Latinx people in the United States. Moreover, since our last experiment, the killing of George Floyd by Minnesota police has raised awareness of structural racism in the United States. The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. The investigators will also test the effect of concordance of providers and whether highlighting the unequal burden of the disease has additional effects on knowledge, beliefs and behavior regarding covid-19.The sample will include African American and white adult Americans and oversample those with less than a college degree.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALAcknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA
Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.
BEHAVIORALAfrican American Sender Acknowledgement
Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA
BEHAVIORALAfrican American Sender in Informational Videos.
Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.
BEHAVIORALRacial Inequality Highlighted
Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts
BEHAVIORALAMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing
Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing
BEHAVIORALWhite Sender in Acknowledgement
Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement
BEHAVIORALWhite Sender in Informational Videos
Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video
BEHAVIORALNo Racial Inequality Highlighting
In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted
BEHAVIORALPlacebo videos
Videos not related to covid-19 will be shown
Sponsors
Massachusetts General Hospital
Stanford University
Yale University
Harvard University
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* adults who self-identify as African American or white. * an oversample of individuals with less than a college education
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention | The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey. | Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. |
| Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention - Follow up | The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention | Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. |
| Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention | The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey. | Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to five links that included more content. We measured information seeking behavior as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5. |
| Incidence Rate - Safety Gap Score: Control vs. Any Intervention | The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention. | Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4. |
| Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks: Control vs. Any Intervention | The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey. | WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card. |
| Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap | The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey. | Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression. |
| Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up | The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention | Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression. |
| Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior | The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey. | Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to 5 links that included more content. We measured information seeking behavior as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression. |
| Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score | The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention. | Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression. |
| OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks | The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey. | WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card. The regression coefficients compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single ordinary least squares (OLS) regression for WTP masks). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Intervention Participants who are assigned to any intervention groups | 14,145 |
| Control Participants who are assigned to a control group | 3,544 |
| Total | 17,689 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Control | Intervention | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 40.30 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.73 | 40.20 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.83 | 40.22 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.81 |
| High school graduate | 3007 Participants | 12009 Participants | 15016 Participants |
| Household income above 60k | 850 Participants | 3356 Participants | 4206 Participants |
| Party Affiliation Democrat | 1383 Participants | 5594 Participants | 6977 Participants |
| Party Affiliation Independent | 1279 Participants | 5057 Participants | 6336 Participants |
| Party Affiliation Republican | 882 Participants | 3494 Participants | 4376 Participants |
| Preventive practices: distance (always) | 1890 Participants | 7571 Participants | 9461 Participants |
| Preventive practices: mask in (always) | 2458 Participants | 9648 Participants | 12106 Participants |
| Preventive practices: mask out (always) | 1109 Participants | 4408 Participants | 5517 Participants |
| Preventive practices: wash hands (always) | 2091 Participants | 8688 Participants | 10779 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1576 Participants | 6303 Participants | 7879 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 1968 Participants | 7842 Participants | 9810 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States Midwest, United States | 770 Participants | 3114 Participants | 3884 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States Northeast, United States | 600 Participants | 2424 Participants | 3024 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States South, United States | 1649 Participants | 6397 Participants | 8046 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States West, United States | 525 Participants | 2210 Participants | 2735 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 1973 Participants | 7907 Participants | 9880 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 1571 Participants | 6238 Participants | 7809 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk | EG004 affected / at risk | EG005 affected / at risk | EG006 affected / at risk | EG007 affected / at risk | EG008 affected / at risk | EG009 affected / at risk | EG010 affected / at risk | EG011 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 2,046 | 0 / 2,044 | 0 / 2,045 | 0 / 2,046 | 0 / 2,044 | 0 / 2,052 | 0 / 2,046 | 0 / 2,043 | 0 / 1,026 | 0 / 1,025 | 0 / 1,023 | 0 / 1,020 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 2,046 | 0 / 2,044 | 0 / 2,045 | 0 / 2,046 | 0 / 2,044 | 0 / 2,052 | 0 / 2,046 | 0 / 2,043 | 0 / 1,026 | 0 / 1,025 | 0 / 1,023 | 0 / 1,020 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 2,046 | 0 / 2,044 | 0 / 2,045 | 0 / 2,046 | 0 / 2,044 | 0 / 2,052 | 0 / 2,046 | 0 / 2,043 | 0 / 1,026 | 0 / 1,025 | 0 / 1,023 | 0 / 1,020 |
Outcome results
Primary
Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention
Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to five links that included more content. We measured information seeking behavior as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5.
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Population: Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention | 0.338 proportion of links |
| Control | Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention | 0.320 proportion of links |
Primary
Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Population: Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention | 0.214 proportion of knowledge gaps |
| Control | Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention | 0.241 proportion of knowledge gaps |
Primary
Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention - Follow up
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.
Time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention
Population: Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention - Follow up | 0.241 proportion of knowledge gaps |
| Control | Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention - Follow up | 0.250 proportion of knowledge gaps |
Primary
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior
Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to 5 links that included more content. We measured information seeking behavior as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Population: Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:~1. within the intervention group; or~2. within the control group; or~3. across the intervention and control groups.~Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior | 1.04 ratio |
| Control | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior | 1.03 ratio |
| Within Intervention Group: Doctor Racial Disparity (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B) | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior | 1.02 ratio |
| Within Control Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B) | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior | 0.96 ratio |
| Within Control Group: AMA Anti-racism vs. Either/Neither | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior | 0.97 ratio |
| Intervention Group vs. Control Group | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior | 1.01 ratio |
Primary
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Population: Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:~1. within the intervention group; or~2. within the control group; or~3. across the intervention and control groups.~Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap | 1.01 ratio |
| Control | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap | 0.99 ratio |
| Within Intervention Group: Doctor Racial Disparity (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B) | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap | 1.01 ratio |
| Within Control Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B) | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap | 0.99 ratio |
| Within Control Group: AMA Anti-racism vs. Either/Neither | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap | 0.99 ratio |
| Intervention Group vs. Control Group | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap | 0.89 ratio |
Primary
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention
Population: Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:~1. within the intervention group; or~2. within the control group; or~3. across the intervention and control groups.~Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up | 0.98 ratio |
| Control | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up | 0.98 ratio |
| Within Intervention Group: Doctor Racial Disparity (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B) | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up | 1.01 ratio |
| Within Control Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B) | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up | 1.01 ratio |
| Within Control Group: AMA Anti-racism vs. Either/Neither | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up | 0.98 ratio |
| Intervention Group vs. Control Group | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up | 0.97 ratio |
Primary
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score
Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.
Population: Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:~1. within the intervention group; or~2. within the control group; or~3. across the intervention and control groups.~Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score | 1.04 ratio |
| Control | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score | 1.03 ratio |
| Within Intervention Group: Doctor Racial Disparity (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B) | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score | 1.01 ratio |
| Within Control Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B) | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score | 0.97 ratio |
| Within Control Group: AMA Anti-racism vs. Either/Neither | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score | 0.95 ratio |
| Intervention Group vs. Control Group | Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score | 0.93 ratio |
Primary
Incidence Rate - Safety Gap Score: Control vs. Any Intervention
Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4.
Time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.
Population: Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Incidence Rate - Safety Gap Score: Control vs. Any Intervention | 0.450 proportion of safety gaps |
| Control | Incidence Rate - Safety Gap Score: Control vs. Any Intervention | 0.465 proportion of safety gaps |
Primary
OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks
WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card. The regression coefficients compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single ordinary least squares (OLS) regression for WTP masks).
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Population: Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:~1. within the intervention group; or~2. within the control group; or~3. across the intervention and control groups.~Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks | -0.21 dollar |
| Control | OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks | -0.29 dollar |
| Within Intervention Group: Doctor Racial Disparity (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B) | OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks | 0.07 dollar |
| Within Control Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B) | OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks | 0.17 dollar |
| Within Control Group: AMA Anti-racism vs. Either/Neither | OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks | 0.32 dollar |
| Intervention Group vs. Control Group | OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks | 0.71 dollar |
Primary
Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks: Control vs. Any Intervention
WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card.
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Population: Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks: Control vs. Any Intervention | 14.580 dollar |
| Control | Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks: Control vs. Any Intervention | 14.072 dollar |