Concussion, Brain
Conditions
Brief summary
Importance: Concussion underreporting leads to delays in diagnosis and treatment, resulting in prolonged recovery. Athletes' report of concussion symptoms is therefore an important component of risk reduction. Numerous educational interventions to improve concussion knowledge and reporting exist. Objective: Evaluate the comparative efficacy of three concussion education programs in improving concussion-reporting intention. Design: Randomized clinical trial conducted from August 2018 to October 2018, with assessment before, immediately after, and one-month after educational intervention.
Interventions
OTHEREducation
Education
Sponsors
Stanford University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
14 Years to 19 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion: * Athletes from three high school football teams in California. * In attendance for practice on both study dates * Provided signed assent and parental consent. Exclusion: * Did not complete more than 50% of the questionnaire.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Improvement in concussion reporting intention among athletes | 1 month | All primary and secondary outcomes, besides those related to concussion knowledge, were assessed based on athlete responses, on a 10-point Likert type scale ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 10=strongly agree, to specific questions related to that domain. A composite measure for each outcome was created by summing athletes' responses and dividing by the number of questions asked, resulting in outcomes scaled from 1 to 10. A composite measure created based on the inverse of athlete responses to five questions about their concussion-reporting intention (i.e., whether they would continue playing with a concussion during the beginning of the season, a practice, the middle of the season, during a championship game, and at the end of the season). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Improvement in concussion knowledge among athletes | 1 month | Athletes answered 23 True/False questions to assess their concussion knowledge modified from previously utilized concussion educational assessments (Rosenbaum et al., 2010). A composite measure of athlete concussion knowledge was created by summing athletes' correct responses and dividing by the number of questions asked. Rosenbaum AM, Arnett PA. The development of a survey to examine knowledge about and attitudes toward concussion in high-school students. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010;32(1):44-55. doi:10.1080/13803390902806535 |
| Improvement in concussion attitudes among athletes | 1 month | All primary and secondary outcomes, besides those related to concussion knowledge, were assessed based on athlete responses, on a 10-point Likert type scale ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 10=strongly agree, to specific questions related to that domain. A composite measure for each outcome was created by summing athletes' responses and dividing by the number of questions asked, resulting in outcomes scaled from 1 to 10. A composite measure created based on athlete responses to six questions about their attitudes towards concussion reporting (i.e., the extent to which an athlete who reports a concussion would be better off in the long run, back on the field much faster, proud even if teammates call me weak, better off avoiding participation with signs and symptoms of a concussion, not better off hiding symptoms from a doctor to not stay out as long, and not better off toughing it out because concussions are just another injury). |
| Improvement in concussion perceived normative beliefs among athletes | 1 month | All primary and secondary outcomes, besides those related to concussion knowledge, were assessed based on athlete responses, on a 10-point Likert type scale ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 10=strongly agree, to specific questions related to that domain. A composite measure for each outcome was created by summing athletes' responses and dividing by the number of questions asked, resulting in outcomes scaled from 1 to 10. A composite measure created based on athlete responses to two questions assessing perceived reporting norms (i.e., the extent to which the athlete worried my teammates would think less of me if he reported a concussion, or needed to hide my symptoms from my coach). |
| Improvement in concussion perceived behavioral control among athletes | 1 month | All primary and secondary outcomes, besides those related to concussion knowledge, were assessed based on athlete responses, on a 10-point Likert type scale ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 10=strongly agree, to specific questions related to that domain. A composite measure for each outcome was created by summing athletes' responses and dividing by the number of questions asked, resulting in outcomes scaled from 1 to 10. A composite measure created based on athlete responses to six questions about their perceived ability and confidence with concussion reporting (i.e., confidence in my ability to report a concussion, to help my teammate report a concussion, to report symptoms of a concussion, to help my teammate report symptoms of a concussion, to report symptoms of a concussion, even if I don't think they're that bad, and to help my teammate report symptoms of a concussion, even if I don't think they're that bad). |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed