Chronic Pain, Pain
Conditions
Keywords
mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy
Brief summary
Approximately fifty percent of Veterans report chronic pain. Management of chronic pain is often compounded by other life problems, including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Use of opioids for pain management entails risk of harm, and effective non-pharmacologic approaches to chronic pain management are needed. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (CBT-CP) are programs that teach skills to improve functionality and quality of life for people with chronic pain. However, studies of MBSR and the group form of CBT-CP for chronic pain remain limited. In the proposed trial, MBSR will be compared to CBT-CP and usual care, with assessment of pain interference and other outcomes at 6-month follow-up. If MBSR and group CBT-CP are shown to be effective in improving outcomes, it would support use of these modalities for chronic pain.
Detailed description
Background: Pain is one of the most common reasons Veterans seek health care. Mental health conditions (including PTSD, anxiety, and depression) are estimated to co-occur for 30-50% of Veterans with chronic pain. Current recommendations for pain management include an integrative approach informed by the biopsychosocial model. It is increasingly recognized that use of opioids for pain management is associated with risk of harm, yet treatment studies of non-pharmacologic approaches remain limited. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for chronic pain (CBT-CP) teach skills intended to enhance functionality and quality of life in the face of chronic pain. The proposed randomized clinical trial will evaluate if MBSR and CBT-CP each result in improvements in pain interference that are superior to usual care. Two hundred twenty-two Veterans with chronic musculoskeletal pain will be randomized to MBSR, CBT-CP or usual care. Measures pertaining to the primary outcome of pain interference will be collected at baseline, at the post-MBSR/CBT-CP time point, and at 6-month follow-up. In addition, measures of pain intensity, depression, and treatment satisfaction will be applied to more fully characterize the impact of MBSR relative to CBT-CP and usual care. Exploratory analyses will assess if outcomes differ for MBSR and CBT-CP, the impact of the interventions on opioid use and indicators of suicidality, and whether Veteran characteristics assessed at baseline function as treatment moderators. Aims: Primary Aim: Assess if MBSR and CBT-CP each result in greater reductions in the pain interference subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) as compared to usual care, from baseline to 6 months post-treatment. Secondary Aim: Evaluate if MBSR and CBT-CP are each superior to usual care in producing improvements in pain severity, treatment satisfaction, and depression. Exploratory Aim 1: Evaluate whether outcomes for patients randomized to MBSR and CBT-CP differ for changes in pain interference, pain severity, depression, and treatment satisfaction. Exploratory Aim 2: Evaluate the impact of MBSR and CBT-CP on utilization of opioid analgesics and markers of suicidality. Exploratory Aim 3: Evaluate moderators of response to MBSR and CBT-CP to lay the groundwork for identifying Veterans more likely to succeed in one or the other treatment. Potential moderators assessed will include: age, gender, baseline depressive symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and pain catastrophizing. Design: A three-arm randomized controlled trial comparing MBSR, CBT-CP and usual care. Participants: 222 Veterans at a large urban VA facility with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Interventions: Group MBSR or group CBT-CP, each 8 weeks in duration. Analyses: Mixed models with assess whether MBSR, CBT-CP each produce greater reductions in outcome variables from baseline to follow-up compared to usual care. Implications: If MBSR and CBT-CP are each shown to be superior to usual care for treatment of chronic pain among Veterans, it would support providing MBSR and CBT-CP for this population.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALMindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
In MBSR, participants meet by video for 2 hours per week for 8 weeks in a group format and receive instruction in mindfulness meditation according to a standardized curriculum, are given daily homework, participate in group discussions, and can ask questions.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most widely used non-pharmacologic intervention for chronic pain and a version of CBT specifically addressing chronic pain (CBT-CP) has been developed for use in VA with Veterans. Fundamentally, CBT is an approach that seeks to ameliorate dysfunctional relationships between an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to improve functioning and quality of life. At our site, the CBT-CP format has been adapted for clinical use (i.e., as part of usual clinical care) to 8 video sessions in a group format, while retaining all essential elements.
OTHERUsual Care
Veterans randomized to usual care will continue to be followed by their usual care providers for all medical and mental health care. This can include continued use of medications, specialty referrals and other usual elements of care. They will be asked to not enroll in the specific MBSR or CBT-CP interventions during the 8-month study period, but can attend other groups interventions, such as CBT-Insomnia, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain, and other groups for chronic pain and PTSD as directed by their treating providers. They can also enroll in MBSR or CBT-CP at the completion of the study.
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Randomized clinical trial
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
All participants must meet criteria for chronic musculoskeletal pain, defined as: * musculoskeletal pain of low back * cervical spine, or extremities (hip, knee, or shoulder) * pain for at least 3 months * pain severity (worst or average pain score equal to or greater than 4)(i.e., score of 4 or greater on BPI items 3 or 5) and average pain interference (BPI items 9A-9G) rated equal to or great than 3 of 10 over prior week, as measured using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
Exclusion criteria
At baseline, the MINI psychiatric interview will determine psychiatric
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | Baseline, Immediate post-treatment, 6 months after completing treatment | The primary outcome is the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form Interference subscale (BPI). This is a 7-item scale that assesses the extent to which pain interferes with activities in daily life, such as general activity, mood, walking ability, work, relations with other people, sleep, and enjoyment of life. Scores range from 0 to 10 with higher scores indicating greater pain interference. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) In MBSR, participants meet for 2 hours per week for 8 weeks in a video group format and receive instruction in mindfulness meditation according to a standardized curriculum, are given daily homework, participate in group discussions, and can ask questions.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: In MBSR, participants meet by video for 2 hours per week for 8 weeks in a group format and receive instruction in mindfulness meditation according to a standardized curriculum, are given daily homework, participate in group discussions, and can ask questions. | 75 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (CBT-CP) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most widely used non-pharmacologic intervention for chronic pain and a version of CBT specifically addressing chronic pain (CBT-CP) has been developed for use in VA with Veterans. Fundamentally, CBT is an approach that seeks to ameliorate dysfunctional relationships between an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to improve functioning and quality of life. At our site, the CBT-CP format has been adapted for clinical use (i.e., as part of usual clinical care) to 8 sessions in a video group format, while retaining all essential elements.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most widely used non-pharmacologic intervention for chronic pain and a version of CBT specifically addressing chronic pain (CBT-CP) has been developed for use in VA with Veterans. Fundamentally, CBT is an approach that seeks to ameliorate dysfunctional relationships between an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to improve functioning and quality of life. At our site, the CBT-CP format has been adapted for clinical use (i.e., as part of usual clinical care) to 8 video sessions in a group format, while retaining all essential elements. | 71 |
| Usual Care Veterans randomized to usual care will continue to be followed by their usual care providers for all medical and mental health care. This can include continued use of medications, specialty referrals and other usual elements of care. They will be asked to not enroll in the specific MBSR or CBT-CP interventions during the 8-month study period, but can attend other groups interventions, such as CBT-Insomnia, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain, and other groups for chronic pain and PTSD as directed by their treating providers. They can also enroll in MBSR or CBT-CP at the completion of the study.
Usual Care: Veterans randomized to usual care will continue to be followed by their usual care providers for all medical and mental health care. This can include continued use of medications, specialty referrals and other usual elements of care. They will be asked to not enroll in the specific MBSR or CBT-CP interventions during the 8-month study period, but can attend other groups interventions, such as CBT-Insomnia, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain, and other groups for chronic pain and PTSD as directed by their treating providers. They can also enroll in MBSR or CBT-CP at the completion of the study. | 71 |
| Total | 217 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (CBT-CP) | Usual Care | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 37 Participants | 33 Participants | 31 Participants | 101 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 38 Participants | 38 Participants | 40 Participants | 116 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 61.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.9 | 60.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.9 | 61.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.6 | 61.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.8 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 3 Participants | 11 Participants | 4 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 71 Participants | 59 Participants | 67 Participants | 197 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 4 Participants | 1 Participants | 5 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 15 Participants | 13 Participants | 13 Participants | 41 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 5 Participants | 6 Participants | 4 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 48 Participants | 50 Participants | 44 Participants | 142 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 15 Participants | 12 Participants | 13 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 60 Participants | 59 Participants | 58 Participants | 177 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 75 | 0 / 71 | 0 / 71 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 75 | 0 / 71 | 0 / 71 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 75 | 1 / 71 | 0 / 71 |
Outcome results
Primary
Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
The primary outcome is the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form Interference subscale (BPI). This is a 7-item scale that assesses the extent to which pain interferes with activities in daily life, such as general activity, mood, walking ability, work, relations with other people, sleep, and enjoyment of life. Scores range from 0 to 10 with higher scores indicating greater pain interference.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediate post-treatment, 6 months after completing treatment
Population: Some participants did not complete the post-treatment and 6-month follow-up assessments. The main analyses that will be shared in publication are intent-to-treat but the means below reflect only those with complete data.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) | Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | Post-treatment | 4.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) | Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | 6-month follow-up | 4.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) | Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | Baseline | 4.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (CBT-CP) | Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | Baseline | 4.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (CBT-CP) | Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | Post-treatment | 3.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (CBT-CP) | Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | 6-month follow-up | 3.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Usual Care | Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | Baseline | 4.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Usual Care | Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | 6-month follow-up | 4.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Usual Care | Pain Interference Subscale of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | Post-treatment | 4.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |