COVID-19
Conditions
Keywords
Marshallese, Pacific Islanders, Type 2 Diabetes, COVID-19
Brief summary
Marshallese adults in the U.S. will complete an online or telephone survey. This survey will collect data describing the impact of COVID-19 on Marshallese communities. Data collected will help describe: 1) risk exposure, 2) knowledge of preventive recommendations, 3) barriers and facilitators to implementing preventative recommendations, 4) barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 testing when appropriate, and 5) self-care behaviors during COVID-19. Participant inclusion criteria: 1) Self-reported Marshallese; 2) 18 years of age or older; 3) Live in the Continental U.S. or Hawaii.
Detailed description
Background and Rationale While there is much we do not know about the differential effects of COVID-19, early data shows that minority communities are disproportionally effected by the virus. There are many factors that may increase the likelihood of contracting COVID-19 including: 1) community spread because of lack of access to testing in low-income communities, 2) work environments that may increase exposure, 3) more densely populated housing that reduces the ability to social distance, 4) limited understanding of preventive measures due to literacy and language barriers, 5) constrained financial resources to stay home and not work, and/or 6) lack of trust in the health care system. The Marshallese are a Pacific Islander population experiencing significant health disparities with some of the highest documented rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of any population in the world. Estimated T2DM rates among Marshallese in the U.S. range from 25%-50%, much higher than the general U.S. population. People with T2DM are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with COVID-19; however, those that manage their T2DM well are less likely to become extremely ill from the virus. In order to reduce the disparities caused by COVID-19 and ultimately compare the effectiveness of prevention interventions among the low-income minority communities most effected by COVID-19, it is critical to understand minority populations': 1) risk exposure, 2) knowledge of preventive recommendations, 3) barriers and facilitators to implementing preventative recommendations, 4) barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 testing when appropriate, and self-care behaviors during COVID-19. Specific Aims Aim 1: Document COVID-19 risk exposure for Marshallese community members. Aim 2: Document Marshallese community members' knowledge of preventive recommendations. Aim 3: Document barriers and facilitators to implementing preventative recommendations. Aim 4: Document Marshallese community members' barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 testing when appropriate. Aim 5: Document self-care behaviors during COVID-19. Aim 6: Explore COVID-19 pandemic related barriers and facilitators to T2DM self-management among Marshallese adults with T2DM. Aim 7: Assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on T2DM self-management activities among Marshallese adults with T2DM. Study Design and Procedures Participants will complete an online or telephone survey. Up to 100 participants will also be invited to complete an in-depth qualitative interview in addition to the survey (these results are not presented here). Community-based recruitment for the online survey will be conducted by posting an informational flyer on social media. The flyer will contain a link to the study information sheet and survey documents. Study team members will also reach out to study participants via phone or electronic mediums (e.g. email, text, or messenger). Study staff will send potential participants a link to an electronic survey using REDcap. The REDcap system will include electronic documentation of consent prior to completing the survey. Access to study data will be limited to only those personnel who need it to complete relevant job duties. All data, regardless of whether it is identifiable or not, will be stored in a locked file cabinet in a locked room, or on a secure University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) server that requires two-factor authentication.Each participant who completes the survey will receive a $20 Walmart gift card as remuneration. Measures/outcomes Our survey will be based on CDC risk assessments and utilize the NIH funded COVID-19 items that are part of the PhenX Toolkit, as well as other standardized survey items/scales. Those participants with T2DM will be asked to complete questions pertaining to T2DM self-management during COVID-19. Data Analysis Given the descriptive nature of the study aims, the analytic strategy will focus on presenting results of item-level descriptive analyses, with an emphasis on frequencies and proportions. There will be no attempt to impute missing responses for any items. For each analysis, the number of included responses will be reported.
Interventions
OTHERAssessing the impact of COVID-19
Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Sponsors
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
University of Arkansas
Study design
Observational model
OTHER
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Inclusion criteria
* Self-reported Marshallese * 18 years of age or older * Live in the Continental U.S. or Hawaii
Exclusion criteria
\- Does not meet inclusion criteria
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Baseline | Participants will report behaviors they regularly engage in to lessen their risk of contracting COVID-19 (e.g., social distancing, wearing a mask, etc.). Participants were asked Which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? (Select all that apply) |
| Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Baseline | Participants will report specific steps taken by their employers to reduce risk of contracting COVID-19 (e.g., requiring remote work, mask mandates, etc.). Participants were asked to Please check all of the following your workplace has done since the COVID-19 outbreak (Select all that apply). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits | Baseline | Participants will be asked to compare their current dietary behaviors with before the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were asked How do you think your eating habits have changed compared to before the COVID-19 outbreak? |
| Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Not Specifically for Exercise) | Baseline | After reporting how many times per week they engaged in at least 30 minutes of physical activity that was not specifically for exercise (total minutes of continuous activity, including walking, yard work, construction work, etc.), participants were then asked Is this more, less or about the same as the number of days you participated in at least 30 minutes of physical activity that was not specifically for exercise (total minutes of continuous activity, including walking, yard work, construction work, etc.) in a typical week before the COVID-19 outbreak? |
| Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Specifically for Exercise) | Baseline | After reporting how many times per week they engaged in at least 30 minutes of a specific exercise session (such as swimming, walking specifically for exercise, biking, etc.), participants were then asked Is this more, less or about the same as the number of days you participated in at least 30 minutes of a specific exercise session (such as swimming, walking specifically for exercise, biking etc.) in a typical week before the COVID-19 outbreak? |
| Effects of COVID-19 on Weight | Baseline | Participants were asked to report changes in weight. Participants were asked Have you noticed your weight change since the COVID-19 outbreak? |
| Effects of COVID-19 on HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) | Baseline | After reporting their most recent HbA1c reading, participants were then asked How different was this HbA1c reading from your average HbA1c reading before the COVID-19 outbreak? |
| Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19 | Baseline | Participants with type 2 diabetes were asked to report how the COVID-19 outbreak affected their access to type 2 diabetes supplies (insulin, needles, etc.). Participants were asked Has the COVID-19 outbreak affected your level of access to the following? (Select all that apply) |
| COVID-19 Screening | Baseline | Participants were asked to report whether they have been screened for COVID-19 and by what method (by phone, online, at work, etc.). Participants were asked Were you screened for COVID-19? (Select all that apply). |
| Effects of COVID-19 on General Health Status | Baseline | Participants will be asked to rate their general health status compared with before the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were asked Compared to the time before the COVID-19 outbreak, is your physical health status better, worse, or about the same? |
| COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy | Baseline | Participants were asked to report whether they would accept a COVID-19 vaccine. Participants were asked If a vaccine for COVID-19 were available today, what is the likelihood that you would get vaccinated? |
| Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | Baseline | Participants were asked to report which sources of information they trust the most to stay informed about COVID-19. Participants were asked What resource do you trust most for reliable information about COVID-19? |
| Effects of COVID-19 on Housing | Baseline | Participants were asked how COVID-19 has impacted their housing situation. Participants were asked Please check all of the following that have happened to you since the COVID-19 outbreak. |
| Effects of COVID-19 on Employment | Baseline | Participants were asked how COVID-19 has impacted their employment. Participants were asked In what ways has the COVID-19 outbreak affected your work? (Select all that apply). |
| Effects of COVID-19 on Income | Baseline | Participants were asked how COVID-19 has impacted their income. Participants were asked As a result of COVID-19, has your family income changed? |
| Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Baseline | Participants were asked to report their greatest sources of stress from the COVID-19 outbreak (e.g., health concerns, financial concerns, etc.). Participants were asked What have been your greatest sources of stress from the COVID-19 outbreak? (Select all that apply) |
| COVID-19 Testing | Baseline | Participants were asked to report whether they have been tested for COVID-19 and the results of the test. Participants were asked Have you had the nose swab test for the virus that causes COVID-19? (Mark all that apply) |
| Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services | Baseline | Participants will be asked to report ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted access to healthcare (e.g., seeking routine care, getting necessary medications, etc.). Participants were asked In what ways has the COVID-19 outbreak affected your overall healthcare? (Select all that apply). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Recruitment was open from July 27, 2020 to November 30, 2020. The study was advertised by posting informational flyers on social media. Flyers contained a link to the study information sheet and survey.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States
Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19 | 120 |
| Total | 120 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Marshallese Adults in the U.S. |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 35.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.8 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 120 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 120 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 77 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 43 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 120 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 120 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 120 |
Outcome results
Primary
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Participants will report behaviors they regularly engage in to lessen their risk of contracting COVID-19 (e.g., social distancing, wearing a mask, etc.). Participants were asked Which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? (Select all that apply)
Time frame: Baseline
Population: N=117 due to missing data on this item for three participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Asked family members or friends not to visit me | 105 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Physical distancing (keeping minimum 6 feet between you and others from outside your household) | 113 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Hand washing for at least 20 seconds | 114 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Avoiding touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands | 112 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Use disinfectants to clean hands when soap and water not available for washing hands | 114 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Staying home when you are sick or when you have a cold | 109 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Covering your mouth when you cough | 113 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Wearing a face mask | 115 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Staying at home even if you do not feel sick | 99 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Disinfecting surfaces | 114 Participants |
Primary
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Participants will report specific steps taken by their employers to reduce risk of contracting COVID-19 (e.g., requiring remote work, mask mandates, etc.). Participants were asked to Please check all of the following your workplace has done since the COVID-19 outbreak (Select all that apply).
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Required employees to wear face masks | 73 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Don't know/Not sure | 3 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Required employees to work remotely or from home | 27 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Suggested employees work remotely or from home | 23 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Suggested employees wear face masks | 41 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Provided employees with face masks | 58 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Required social distancing at work | 59 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Installed barriers / shields to reduce contact between employees and others | 31 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Taken employee temperatures before entering workplace | 61 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Asked COVID-19 screening questions of employees before entering workplace | 41 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | Was tested for COVID-19 | 47 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure | None of these | 5 Participants |
Secondary
Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19
Participants with type 2 diabetes were asked to report how the COVID-19 outbreak affected their access to type 2 diabetes supplies (insulin, needles, etc.). Participants were asked Has the COVID-19 outbreak affected your level of access to the following? (Select all that apply)
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Using survey skip logic, only those participants who selected yes to being previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were asked this question (n=13).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19 | Insulin | 2 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19 | Needles | 1 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19 | Blood glucose meters | 1 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19 | Testing strips | 3 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19 | Other diabetes medication | 0 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19 | No issues to report | 9 Participants |
Secondary
COVID-19 Screening
Participants were asked to report whether they have been screened for COVID-19 and by what method (by phone, online, at work, etc.). Participants were asked Were you screened for COVID-19? (Select all that apply).
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Screening | Yes, by phone | 9 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Screening | Yes, online | 7 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Screening | Yes, at a drive-through screening | 45 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Screening | Yes, at a healthcare clinic or hospital | 32 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Screening | Yes, at work | 27 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Screening | No | 28 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Screening | Don't know/Not sure | 6 Participants |
Secondary
COVID-19 Testing
Participants were asked to report whether they have been tested for COVID-19 and the results of the test. Participants were asked Have you had the nose swab test for the virus that causes COVID-19? (Mark all that apply)
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Testing | Yes, and I tested positive | 33 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Testing | No, I never tried to get tested | 20 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Testing | No, I tried to get tested but was not able to | 1 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Testing | Yes, and I am waiting for the results | 6 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Testing | Yes, and I tested negative | 54 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Testing | Don't know/Not sure | 9 Participants |
Secondary
COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy
Participants were asked to report whether they would accept a COVID-19 vaccine. Participants were asked If a vaccine for COVID-19 were available today, what is the likelihood that you would get vaccinated?
Time frame: Baseline
Population: N=113 due to missing data on this item for seven participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy | Extremely likely | 39 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy | Somewhat likely | 25 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy | Unlikely | 8 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy | Very unlikely | 9 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy | Don't know/Not sure | 32 Participants |
Secondary
Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services
Participants will be asked to report ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted access to healthcare (e.g., seeking routine care, getting necessary medications, etc.). Participants were asked In what ways has the COVID-19 outbreak affected your overall healthcare? (Select all that apply).
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services | I did not go to healthcare appointments because of concern about entering my provider's office | 20 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services | My healthcare provider canceled appointment | 14 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services | My healthcare provider changed to phone or online visits | 20 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services | My healthcare provider told me to self-isolate or quarantine | 21 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services | None of these apply | 53 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services | Don't know/Not sure | 5 Participants |
Secondary
Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits
Participants will be asked to compare their current dietary behaviors with before the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were asked How do you think your eating habits have changed compared to before the COVID-19 outbreak?
Time frame: Baseline
Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits | I feel that I am eating more healthy now than before the COVID-19 outbreak | 25 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits | I am eating about the same as before the COVID-19 outbreak | 41 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits | I feel that I am eating less healthy now than before the COVID-19 outbreak | 30 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits | I have not noticed | 18 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits | Don't know/Not sure | 5 Participants |
Secondary
Effects of COVID-19 on Employment
Participants were asked how COVID-19 has impacted their employment. Participants were asked In what ways has the COVID-19 outbreak affected your work? (Select all that apply).
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Employment | I lost my job permanently | 12 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Employment | I lost my job temporarily | 13 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Employment | I got a new job | 9 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Employment | I reduced my work hours | 27 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Employment | I increased my work hours | 4 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Employment | My job put me at increased risk of getting COVID-19 | 23 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Employment | I laid off employees | 4 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Employment | None of these apply | 27 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Employment | Don't know/Not sure | 5 Participants |
Secondary
Effects of COVID-19 on General Health Status
Participants will be asked to rate their general health status compared with before the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were asked Compared to the time before the COVID-19 outbreak, is your physical health status better, worse, or about the same?
Time frame: Baseline
Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on General Health Status | Better | 20 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on General Health Status | About the same | 74 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on General Health Status | Worse | 19 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on General Health Status | Don't know/Not sure | 6 Participants |
Secondary
Effects of COVID-19 on HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)
After reporting their most recent HbA1c reading, participants were then asked How different was this HbA1c reading from your average HbA1c reading before the COVID-19 outbreak?
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Using survey skip logic, only those participants who selected yes to being previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were asked this question (n=13).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) | Higher | 2 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) | About the same | 5 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) | Lower | 3 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) | Don't know/Not sure | 3 Participants |
Secondary
Effects of COVID-19 on Housing
Participants were asked how COVID-19 has impacted their housing situation. Participants were asked Please check all of the following that have happened to you since the COVID-19 outbreak.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: N=118 due to missing data on this item for two participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Housing | None of these | 98 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Housing | Don't know/Not sure | 1 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Housing | I have moved into a friend or family member's household | 3 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Housing | A friend or family member(s) have moved into my household | 12 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Housing | I became homeless (e.g., lived in a shelter, outside, or in a car) | 4 Participants |
Secondary
Effects of COVID-19 on Income
Participants were asked how COVID-19 has impacted their income. Participants were asked As a result of COVID-19, has your family income changed?
Time frame: Baseline
Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Income | Yes, it increased our income | 3 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Income | Yes, it decreased our income | 66 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Income | No | 43 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Income | Don't know/Not sure | 7 Participants |
Secondary
Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Not Specifically for Exercise)
After reporting how many times per week they engaged in at least 30 minutes of physical activity that was not specifically for exercise (total minutes of continuous activity, including walking, yard work, construction work, etc.), participants were then asked Is this more, less or about the same as the number of days you participated in at least 30 minutes of physical activity that was not specifically for exercise (total minutes of continuous activity, including walking, yard work, construction work, etc.) in a typical week before the COVID-19 outbreak?
Time frame: Baseline
Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Not Specifically for Exercise) | More | 27 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Not Specifically for Exercise) | About the same | 52 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Not Specifically for Exercise) | Less | 35 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Not Specifically for Exercise) | Don't know/Not sure | 5 Participants |
Secondary
Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Specifically for Exercise)
After reporting how many times per week they engaged in at least 30 minutes of a specific exercise session (such as swimming, walking specifically for exercise, biking, etc.), participants were then asked Is this more, less or about the same as the number of days you participated in at least 30 minutes of a specific exercise session (such as swimming, walking specifically for exercise, biking etc.) in a typical week before the COVID-19 outbreak?
Time frame: Baseline
Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Specifically for Exercise) | More | 17 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Specifically for Exercise) | About the same | 56 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Specifically for Exercise) | Less | 37 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Specifically for Exercise) | Don't know/Not sure | 9 Participants |
Secondary
Effects of COVID-19 on Weight
Participants were asked to report changes in weight. Participants were asked Have you noticed your weight change since the COVID-19 outbreak?
Time frame: Baseline
Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Weight | I have lost weight | 30 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Weight | I think I weigh about the same | 26 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Weight | I have gained weight | 34 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Weight | I have not noticed | 26 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Effects of COVID-19 on Weight | Don't know/Not sure | 3 Participants |
Secondary
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Participants were asked to report their greatest sources of stress from the COVID-19 outbreak (e.g., health concerns, financial concerns, etc.). Participants were asked What have been your greatest sources of stress from the COVID-19 outbreak? (Select all that apply)
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Financial concerns | 90 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Impact on work | 75 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Impact on your child | 79 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Impact on your community | 61 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Impact on family members | 75 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Access to food | 59 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Access to baby supplies (e.g., formula, diapers, wipes) | 24 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Health concerns | 75 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Access to personal care products or household supplies | 43 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Access to medical care, including mental health care | 32 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Access to medical supplies (e.g., prescriptions, testing supplies, etc.) | 27 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Social distancing or being quarantined | 47 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Other | 5 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | I am not stressed about the COVID-19 outbreak | 1 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Sources of Stress During COVID-19 | Don't know/Not sure | 2 Participants |
Secondary
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
Participants were asked to report which sources of information they trust the most to stay informed about COVID-19. Participants were asked What resource do you trust most for reliable information about COVID-19?
Time frame: Baseline
Population: N=117 due to missing data on this item for three participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences | 12 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | Community Clinic | 15 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | Dr. Sheldon Riklon's radio show or Facebook Live videos | 14 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | News outlets | 4 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | US Dept of Health (CDC, NIH, and other federal health agencies) | 40 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | Marshallese Consulate/RMI Ministry of Health | 7 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | Your pastor | 1 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | None | 1 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | Another healthcare organization | 1 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | Your state Dept of Health | 17 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | Other | 1 Participants |
| Marshallese Adults in the U.S. | Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information | Don't know/Not sure | 4 Participants |